ColumWa  (HnitJersiitp 
mtlieCitpoflrttigork 

THE   LIBRARIES 


Bequest  of 
Frederic  Bancroft 

1860-1945 


THE 
FRANCISCANS  IN  CALIFORNIA 


BY 


Fr.  Zephyrin  EngelJiardi,  0.  S.  F. 


WITH    A    MAP   AND    NUMEROUS    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


CUM   PERMISSU  SUPERIORUM. 


Printed   And    Published   At   The 

HOLY  CHILDHOOD  INDIAN  SCHOOL, 

HARBOR  SPRINGS,   MICHIGAN. 

1897. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  Year  1897,  by 

Zephyrin  Engelhardt, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress. 


/A  lp|rra)i3f^'7'V 


To 

Father    Junipero    Serra   and   his    Band   of 

Seraphic    Laborers    on    the    Pacific    Coast 

This    f  'olnme  is    Most  Affectionately 

Dedicated  by  their  Brother  in     Christ - 

The  Anther. 


Some  hints  coucerning  the  pronunciation  of  Spanish 
names  and   words  occurring  in  this   book. 

A  like  a  in  ah.  E  ike  e  in  tbev. 

I  like  the  /  in  bid.  O  like  o  in  so. 

U  like  00  in  wooti. 
C,   (in  America  generally),  before  i  and  c 

has  the  sound  of  5  in  so  or  must,  otherwise 

it  has  the  sound  of  c  in  care. 
G,  (before  e  and  ;'),  is  sounded  like  h  in   bill: 

otherwise  like  g  in  give. 
H  is  silent. 

J  is   pronounced  like  *  in  hall  or  hill. 
LL  as  in  Wi//iam. 
fi    as  nt  opiwjon,  or  like  nj. 
Q  like  k. 

X  has  the  sound  of  b  in  bat. 
Y,  when  it  stands  alone,  has  the  sound  of  ee: 

otherwise  as  in  English. 
Z  should  be  pronounced  like   tb   in  think 

or  bath;  but  it  is  frequently    sounded    as 

is  English. 
Ch    is  pronounced  like  cb  in  charity. 

Other  letters  are   sounded  as  in    English, 


- 1 


P  R  E  F  p  G  E. 

Much  has  l)een  written  about  those  iiohle  pioneers 
that  iirst  introduced  Christianity  and  civilization  into 
California,  !)ut  very  little  that  is  reliable.  Ignor- 
ance and  malice,  through  exaggeration  and  misstate- 
ments, have  succeeded  in  making  the  old  Fathers  ap- 
pear in  so  strange  a  light  that  even  their  friends 
fail  to  recognize  them. 

It  has  long  been  the  desire  of  their  succe  sors  in 
the  missionary  field  to  possess  accurate  and  more 
extensive  information  regarding  the  old  missions  aiul 
their  founders.  Unfortunately  the  Seraphic  Pioneers 
of  the  West  were  more  fond  of  work  than  of  record- 
ing what  they  accomplished.  Little  they  cared  what 
later  generations  thought  of  their  individual  share  in 
the  wonders  effected,  provided  the  ManUv  took  no- 
tice of  them,  and  marked  them  down  in  the  "Book 
of  His  Remembrance-'. 

Hence  comparatively  little  is  o'.i  record,  and  much 
of  this  must  be  accei)ted  upon  the  authority  of  writ- 
ers not  in  sympathy  with  the  aims  of  the  missionar- 
ies. 

Thus,  for  instance,  the  reader  will  find  H.  H.  Ban- 
croft frequently  quoted  in  relating  events  that  oc- 
curred after  the  year  1785;  for  nowhere  else  can  the 
same  facts  and  dates  be  found  described  so  minutely. 
Bancroft,  indeed,  deserves  well  of  the  Franciscans, 
even  though  his  bigotry  and  his  ignoranc<>  of  Catlt- 
olic  affairs  at  times  make  his  statements  exlnnuly 
doubtful.  However,  as  far  as  the  author  of  this  work 
has  been  able  to  discover,  everything  taken  from 
this  historian  may  be  considered  to  be  reliable,  and 
all  the  more  valuable  for  coming  from  a  non-Catholic 


-11- 

ftource.  Where  corrections  were  necessary  the  reader 
will  find  them  pointed  out. 

Down  to  the  year  1785  Ihe  writer  has  consulted 
the  original  Spanish  works  and  compared  the  facts 
recorded  with  the  statements  of  Bancroft,  which 
were  likewise  borrowed  from  the  same  ai  thors. 

As  to  tJie  statistics  concerning  the  missions,  the 
original  reports  of  the  Fathers  from  1786  to  1831 
were  at  hand.  From  1881  down  to  about  the  year 
1850,  excepting  Mission  Santa  Barbara,  Bancroft 
was  almost  the  only  authority  oifering  any  accurate 
information. 

The  author  sincerely  wishes  that  an  abler  pen  had 
been  selected  to  narrate  the  history  of  the  Seraphic 
Pioneers  of  California.  A  more  readable  and  enter- 
taining work  would  have  been    the    result. 

Volumes  might  have  been  tilled  easily,  but  having 
in  view  only  the  rescue  from  oblivion  of  the  names 
of  the  missionaries  and  their  principal  works,  the 
author  has  excluded  everything  not  bearing  on  the 
subject,  even  though  he  should  appear  dry  and  un- 
entertaining. 

He  was  compelled  to  take  this  course  not  only  be- 
caus3  he  was  disinclined  to  write  anecdotes,  but  also 
because  his  position  at  the  head  of  a  large  mission- 
ary district  and  of  an  Indian  industrial  school  made 
the  labor  of  obedience  and  love  a  most  arduous  un- 
dertaking. 

The  compiler  of  so  important  a  work  should  have 
nothing  else  to  distract  his  mind  or  to  occupy  his 
time.  As  the  author  did  not  enjoy  this  advantage  it 
is  with  many  misgivings  he  ventures  to  present  his 
brethren  and  the  lovers  of  history  with  the  fruit  of 
his  research  concerning  the  subject  upon  which  he 
Y/as  directed  to  write. 

Though  the  spare  time  of  four  years  was  consumed 
in  compiling  this  volume,  and  great  pains  were  taken 


„  in  -• 

to  have  the  figures  and  statements  correct,  under  the 
circumstances  errors  were  unavoidable.  The  reader 
will  find  a  list  of  them    at  the  end  of  the  book. 

As  Catholic  booksellers  demand  a  heavy  security, 
not  within  the  reach  of  a  poor  missionary,  for  the 
publishing-  of  a  historical  work,  the  author  decided 
to  utilize  what  facilities  his  school  all'orded  and  to 
have  the  volume  brought  out  at  this  estal)lishment. 
The  printing  done  by  unskilled,  youthful  hands,  in- 
structed for  that  purpose  by  himself,  added  immense- 
ly to  the  difficulties  of  his  position,  so  that  he  feels 
greatly  relieved  to  find  his  task  at  last  finished.  He 
hopes  that,  notwithstanding  all  its  defects,  the  book 
may  be  of  some  value  to  his  brethren  and  to  histor- 
ians in    general. 

At  all  events,  the  novelty  of  possessing  a  literary 
work  treating  about  Indian  missions  and  missionar- 
ies, written  and  printed  at  an  Indian  school,  may 
reconcile  the  readers  to  the  small  investment  which 
will  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indian  School 
with  whose  management  and  maintenance  the  author 
is    charged. 

Even  this  volume  will  offer  the  readers  a  glimpse 
of  what  it  is  possible  to  accomplish  with  the  'wards' 
of  the  nation  if  left  in  charge  of  their  natural  guar- 
dian  The  Catholic  Mlsslonarj/. 


IV- 


PART    I. 

GENERAL    HISTORY. 


UIIAPTEll     1. 

The  First  Missionaries.  V:irious  exiteditions.  Expulsion  of  Ihe 
Jesuits.  Franciscans  in  Cliarge  of  the  Lower  California  Mis- 
sions. Missions  and  their  Missionaries.  Mission  TemiMirahties. 
Don  Jose  (-alvez.  Dishonesty  of  the  Cconiisionados.  Pjoclama- 
tion  of  Don  Galvez.  Plans  for  Misi^ions  in  Upper  California. 
Departure  of  the  VesseLs.  The  Lnnd  Expeditions.  Fr.  Junipe- 
ro  Serra.  San  Fernando  De  Velicatii 1. 

CHAPTER     II. 

Some  Changes.  Epidemics.  Death  of  Fr.  Moran.  Government  In- 
structions. Fr.  Palou's  Protest.  His  Propositions.  More  Mission- 
Hries.  Governor  Barri's  Anim  )s;ty.  The  Franciscans  Cede  Lower 
California    to    the  Dominicans.    Their    Departure 16. 

CHAPTER      III. 

Statistics  of  the  Lower  Caiilornia  Missions.  Departure  for  Up- 
per California.  Boundary.    Liat  of  Missionaries 28. 

CHAPTER     IV. 

The  Second  Land  Expedition.  Fr.  Junipero  and  the  Muleteer. 
Names  Applied  to  Places  aioa^'  the  Road.  The  Expeditions 
by  S-XV.  Re-union.  Fr.  Jum'pero's  L^ttir.  In  S  nirch  or  Monte- 
rey. Founding  of  San  Du-g,,.  Rapacity  of  the  Natives.  Attack 
on  the  Mission.  First  Vicliin.  Characteristics  of  the  Indians. 
The  "Our  Father"   in   Diegueno .^j. 

CHAPTER    V. 

The  Coursv^  of  the  Expedition.  First  Baptism  in  Upper  Califor- 
nia. Hardships.  Sickness.  Council.  A  Mystery.  St.  Francis  and 
his  Mission.  Discovery  of  San  Francisco  Bay.  Return.  The 
Governor's  Resolution.  Painful  Suspense.  The  San  Antonio  Ar- 
rives. Fr.  Junfpero's  Letter 43, 

CHAPTER     VI. 

Land  Expedition  to  Monterey.  The  Cross.  Founding  of  San  Car- 
los. Fr.  Junfp?ro's  Account.  Exultation  in  Mexico.  Plans  for 
New  Missions.  New  Missionaries 55. 


-  VI  - 

CHAPTER    VII. 

Scarcity  of  Food.  Fr.  Serra's  Letter.  His  Journey.  Disnsrreeiuent 
between  the  Fr  President  and  Governor  Fa^'t's.  Fr.  Serra 
Goes  to  Mexico.  Missionaries  for  Lipjor  Californiii.  Fr.  Junipe- 
ro's  Illness  and  Recovery.  His  Petition  at.d  Success.  Report  on 
the  State  of  the  Missions 63. 

CHAPTER    VIII. 

Fr.  SiM-ra  Return?.  Exploring  Expeditions  by  Sea.  The  Fathers 
as    Chaplains.  New  Missions  Planned 74. 

CHAPTER    IX. 

Fr.  Junipero  Serra  Receives  the  Faculty  to  Administer  the  Sa- 
crament of  Confirmation.  Controversy.  High-Harded  Proceed- 
int?s  on  the  Part  of  the  Secular  Authorities.  Fr.  Serra  Sus- 
tained by  the  Viceroy.  H.  H.  Bancroft's  Bigotry.  Fr.  Serra 
Resumes   his   Work  of  Confirming.  Fr.  Juan  Crespi 80. 

CHAPTER     X. 

New  Franciscan  Custodies.  Fr.  Serra's  Disappointment  ard  Rea- 
son therefor.  Volunteer  Missionaries  Decline  to  Serve.  The  Fr. 
Guardian's  Defense  and  Charges.  H.  H.  Bancroft's  Lame  Ex- 
cuse. The  Truth  about  Governor  Neve's  Plans.  Fr.  Serra's  Pen- 
ance. His  Illness.  New  iViissionnries.  Last  Confirmation  Tour. 
Preparation  for  Death.  Fr.  Ssrra's  Last  Days.  His  Death.... 88. 

CHAPTER    XI. 

Desire  for  Relics.  Funeral  Service.  Fr.  Paterna's  Care.  Result 
of  Fr.  Junipero  terra's  Labors.  More  Conversions.  Biography. 
Fr.  Serra's  Successor.  New  Custodies.  Neve  Retired.  Unfortun- 
ate Position  of  the  Fathers  in  the  Spanish  Missions 99. 

CHAPTER    XII. 

Inspector  £'oler.  First  Direct  Proposition  to  Secularize  the  Mis- 
sions. The  Number  of  the  Missionaries  to  be  Reduced.  The  Fa- 
thers Protest.  Letter  Postage.  Charges  of  Severity.  Other  Com- 
plaints. Refutation  and  Counter- Charges.  State  of  the  Mis- 
sions   108. 

CHAPTER    XIII. 

S  arch  for  New  Mission  Sites.  Fr.  Lasuen's  Report.  New  Mis- 
sions. Arrival  and  Departure  of  Missionaries.  Fr.  Lasuen's  Du- 
ties. Mission  Reports.  Secularization.  Reduction  of  the  Sti- 
pends. Various  Troubles  of  the  Fathers.  Indian  Self-Govern- 
ment 116. 

CHAPTER    X:V. 

Fr.  Hora's  Accusation.  Investigation.  Spanish  Lnuguage  Obligato- 
ry. The  Fathers'  Sensible  Course.  Fr.  Las^uon's  Able  Reply. 
The  Missionaries  Officially  Exonerated.  The  Bishop's  Request. 
jiDteresting  Items.  Statistics.  Various  Industries.  Governor    Bo- 


-  VII  - 

rica  Retires.    Anothor    Altemiit    to    Changt     th3    Mission    Sys- 
tem  125. 

CHAPTER    XV. 

D?ath  of  Fr.  Lasuen.  Biography.  Bancroft  on  Fr.  Lasuon.  Fr. 
Tapis.  Superior.  Governor  Arrillaga's  Sensible  Report.  Fr.  Ga- 
sol's  Circular.  Fathers  Diaz.  Font,  and  Garc<''S  Cro.ss  Califor- 
nia by  Land  from  Sonora.  Exploring  Exi^editions.  Mission 
Santa  In^z  Founded.  Statistics 133. 

CHAPTER    XVI. 

Situation  of  the  Fathers  During  the  Revolutionary  Period. 
Want  of  Missionaries.  Unsuccefsful  Effort  to  Cede  Some  of 
the  Missions  to  the  Orizaba  Franciscans.  Office  of  Comisario 
Prefecto  Created.  Fr.  Sarria's  Circulars.  A  Warning  from  the 
Fr.  Guardian.  A  Request  from  the  Commissary  General.  Fr. 
Senan  Ordered  to  Write  a  History  of  the  Missions.  Fr.  Pay- 
eras'  Report.  Statistics 142. 

CHAPTER     XVII. 

Secularization  Published  in  California.  The  Fathers  Ready  to 
Leave.  Instructions  to  the  Missionaries.  Fr.  Payeras'  Protest. 
Expedition  to  the  North.  Independence  of  Mexico.  Death  of 
Fr.  Payeras.  Death  of  Fr.  S-fiau.  The  Fathers  Refuse  to  Take 
the  Oath  of  Allegiance.  Fr.  Martfnez  Banished 151. 

CHAPTER    XVIII. 

Secularization.  Destitution.  Missions  Taxed.  Indian  Revolt.  Statis- 
tics. Decree  of  Secularization  Published.  Opinion  of  Some  of 
the  Fathers.  Fr.  Duran's  Commentaries.  The  Pious  Fund.  Its 
History.  Echandia's  Regulations.  Fr.  Sanchez'  Criticism.  Fr. 
Peyri 160. 

CHAPTER    XIX. 

New  Missionaries  from  Zacatecas.  Concordato  Funeral.  Corporal 
Punishment.  Gov.  Figunroa's  Report.  His  Regulations.  Fr.  Du- 
ran's Letter.  Indians  Unwilling  to  be  "Emancipated."  Renewed 
Efforts.  Fathers  Diego  ard  Dura'i  Reply.  Six  Missions  Secu- 
larized. Statistics.  Missionary  Changes.  The  Rule  of  Plunder. 
The  First  Bishop  of  California 171. 

CHAPTER    XX. 

The  Diocese  of  California.  Election  of  the  First  B'shoji.  His  P  ts- 
toral  Letter.  Arrival  and  Reception.  His  Means.  Sa'  la  Barbara 
Chosen  for  his  Residence.  His  Disappointment.  Mis.sions  Re- 
stored. Missionary  Changes.  The  Bishop's  Efforts.  Fr.  Lu -an's 
Report.  Masonic  Hatred  Destroys  Valuable  Books  and  Manu- 
scripts. First  Seminary.   Secularization  Completed 18i. 

CHAPTER    XXI. 

California  in  the  United  States.  Orders  from  General  Kearney 
and  Gov.  Mason.  Mission  Property  Restored.  Other  Items.  Mis?- 


-  VIII  " 

sionaries  in  18iG.  D.nith  of  Bishop  G.uei'a.  Doath  of  Fr.  Daran. 
A  Novitiate  Established  at  Santa  Baibara.  The  New  Bishop. 
First  Franciscan  Priests  Ordained  in  California.  Death  of  Fr. 
Gonzalez.  The  Connnunity  Doomed  to  Extinction.  Incorporated 
into  the  Province  of  the  Sacrtd  Heait.Tho  first  Guardian. .IftG. 

CHAPTER    XXII. 

Missionary  Changes.  Fr.  Ferdinand  Elected  Provincial  of  the 
Province  of  the  Sacud  Heait.  Fr.  Fe;dinand  again  Guardian 
of  Santa  Barbara.  His  Tiagi(^  Death.  Biography.  Fr.  Servatius 
Altmicks.  Changes.  New  Foundations.  San  Luis  Key  Re-occu- 
pied by  Franciscans  from  Mex  co.  Proposition  to  Organize  a 
Custody  of  the  Iraniaculate  Heart  of  Mary  in  California.  The 
Commissariat  of  California 204. 

CHAPTER    XXIII. 

Method  the  Franciscans  Observed  in  the  California  Missions. 
Peculiarity  of  the  Spanish  Missions.  The  Mission  Buildings. 
Opinions  of  Dwindle  and  Forest.  Mission  Fare.  The  Commis- 
sary Department.  Dress.  Punishments.  Disaster.  The  Indian 
under  Control  of  the   Catholic  M'ssioniiry  ard  Otherwise.  .  .212. 


PART    II- 

LOCAL  HISTORY. 

CHAPTER  I. 

SA.V  DlEdO. 

San  Diego  Mission  Founded.  First  Missionaries.  Other  Missiona- 
ries. Fr.  Sena  Goes  to  Mexico  aid  Returns.  Preparations  for  a 
new  Chvirch.  Removal  of  the  M'ssiou.  Success  of  the  Fathers. 
Indian  Revolt.  Attack  on  the  Mis;on.  Death  of  Fr.  Jayme. 
Destruction  of  the  Buildings.  Brave  Defense 219. 

CHAPTER  II. 

SAX  DIEGO  {CONTIXUED). 

Fr.  Serra's  Happiness.  Sad  end  of  an  Inlian  Criminal.  The  Mis- 
sion Rebuilt.  Missionaries.  New  Reg^steis.  First  Public  Execu- 
fon  in  California.  Fr.  Serra  Confirms  at  San  Diego.  Fr.  Figu- 
er.  State  of  the  Mission.  Fathers  Torrens  and  Mariner.  An  A- 
queduet.  Remains  of  the  Dead  Missionarii-s  Transferred.  Vari- 
OLis  Missionaries.  New  Church.  Mission  Boundaries.  Fr.  Martin. 
Effects  of  S-cularization.  Statistics 231. 

CHAPTER   III. 
SAN  CARLOS. 
San  Ciirlos    Founded.    Conversions.    Removal.    Carmslo.    Fathers 
Crespi  and  Serra    Die.  Other    Missionaries.     New    Chv.rth.    Fr 


-  IX  -- 

Lasueu  Die?.  Missiouaiies.  Fr.  Tujol,  VMliils,  and  Carnicer. 
Mission  Lands.  Secularization.  Statistics.  Graves  of  the  Mission- 
aries  Discovered.  Church  Restored -211. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

SAX  AXTOXIO. 

Founding  of  San  ADtoni(\  Buildings  Erected.  Learning  the  Lan- 
guage. A  Straut^'e  Story.  Frosts  Kill  the  Uroj.s.  Indian  Shot. 
New  Church.  Fr.  Payeras.  Other  Missionaries.  Fr.  Sitjar  Dies. 
Interesting  Items.  Fr.  Sancho  Dies.  Mission  Lands.  Statistics. 
Secularization.  Indians  ill-treated.  Rev.  Doroteo  Ambris 256. 

CHAPTER    V. 

SAN    GABRIEL. 

Shu  Gabriel  F]stablished.  The  Picture  of  Our  Lady.  Scandalous 
Conduct  of  a  Soldier.  Indian  Attack.  Missionary  Changes.  Slow 
Progress  Fr.  Serra  Confirms  at  San  Gabriel.  Conspiracy.  Mis- 
sionary Changes.  Fathers  Cruzado  and  Sanchez  Die.  Fathers 
Ordmas,  Estevan,  and  Barcenilla  Retire.  New  Church.  San 
Bernandino.  Fathers  Dumetz  and  Miguel  Die 266. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

.S'.IA'  G  Aim  I  El.  [CONTINUED). 

Earthquake.  Death  of  Fr.  Nuoz.  Missionaries,  Fathers  Boscana 
and  Sanchez  D  e.  Mission  Lands.  Secularzation.  Poverty  of  the 
Mission.  Statistics.  Death  of  Fathers  Est^nega  and  Ordaz. 
John  Russel  Bartiett.  Los  Angeles  Star.  Mission  San  Gabriel 
Sold.  -'Our  Father"  in   Indian 272. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO. 

Founding  of  San  Luis  Obispo.  Missionaries.  Captain  Anza's  Ex- 
peditiou.  F.re  at  the  Mission.  Fr.  Serra  Confirms.  Death  of 
Fr.  Cavalier.  Departure  of  Fr.  Giribet.  Revolt.  Other  Items. 
Death  of  Fr.  Cipres.  Fr.  Martinez  Banished.  Mission  Lands. 
Statistics.  Fr.  Giii   Dies.  Sale  of  the  Mission 281. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Don  Galvez  and  St.  Francis.  Discovery  of  San  Francisco  Bay 
Exped.tion  t)  the  Bay  by  S^a.  Anza's  Land  Expedition.  The 
Presidio  Established.  Expedition  North  of  the  Bay.  Founding 
of   the  M.^Jion.    Dolores.  Th3  Indians.   Indian   Attack 288. 

CHAPTER    IX. 

SAN  IRAN  CISCO  [CON  TIN  T  ED). 

The  Indians  and  their  Customs  Fr.  Serra  Confirms.  Service  at 
the  Presidio.    Statistical.    Fr.  Francisco  Palou.   His     Writings. 


Fr.  Cambon.  Lieutenant  Moraga.    Troubles    with    the    Natives. 
Complaints 296. 

CHAPTER  X. 

^.I.V  FRANCISCO     {CONTINUED). 

A  Carmelito  Monastery  Plannc'd.  Rancho  Del  Rey.  Missionary 
Changes.  Fr.  Espi,  Garcia,  and  Fernandez  Retire.  The  Mission 
Buildings.  Vancouver's  Visit.  Fr.  Saenz  Retires.  The  Church. 
Great  Mortality.  Other  Items.  Branch  Mission  across  the  Bay. 
Statistical.  Missionary  Changes.  The  Inventory.  Statistics.  .301. 

CHAPTER  XI. 

SAN   yUAN    CAPISTRANO. 

First  Attempt  to  Found  the  Mission.  The  Founding.  Fr.  Serra's 
Danger.  First  Convert.  The  Missionaries.  Fathers  Amurrio  and 
Murgartegui  Retire.  Death  of  Fr  .Fuster.  Confirmation  at  San 
Juan.  Statistical.  New  Church  Begun.  Weaving.  A  Fire.  De- 
dication of  the  New  Church.  Fathers  Santiago  and  Faura  Re- 
tire. The  Missionaries.  An  Earthquake  Destroys  the  Buildings 
and  Kills  a  number  of  Indians.  Decline  of  the  Mission.  Fr. 
Boscana  Insulted.  Enancipation.  Inventory.  Fathers  Oliva  and 
Ordaz  Die.  L.-st  Missionaries.  Sale  of  the  Mission.  Statistics. 
The   "Our  Father" 314. 

CHAPTER    XII. 

SANTA    CLARA. 

Founding  of  the  Mission.  A  Harvest  of  Souls.  Sodomy.  Fr.  Serry 
at  the  Mission.  The  New  Church.  Fr.  Murguia  Dies.  Other 
Items.  Fathers  Pena  and  Noboa  Retire.  Vancouver's  Visit.  The 
Buildings.  Industries.  Indian  Troubles.  Another  Church  Build- 
ing Erected.  Fr.  Catala's  Death.  Biography.  Taxes.  Fr.  Viader 
Retires.  Zacatecans  Arrive.  Fr.  Moreno  Dies.  Fr.  Mercado  Re- 
tires. Fr.  Jose  Real  Retires.  Secularization.  Statistics.  The 
Lord's   Prayer 324. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

SAN  BUENA  VENTURA. 

Founding  of  the  Mission  Repeatedly  Delayed.  A  Beginning  Made 
at  Last.  The  Indians.  Governor  Neve's  Plan.  Report  of  1790. 
Vancouver's  Visit  and  Report.  Indian  Fight.  Missionary  Chan- 
ges. Death  of  Fr.  Santa  Maria.  Earthiiuake.  Indian  Fight  and 
Other  Items.  Death  of  Fr.  Sefian.  Biography.  Fr.  Altimira 
Retires.  Interesting  Items.  Death  of  F'athers  ouner,  Uria,  and 
Fortuni.  Secularization.  Last  Missionaries.  Sale  of  the  Mission. 
Statistics 336. 

CHAPTER   XIV. 

SANTA    BARBARA. 

The  Presidio  of  Santa  Barbara  Founded.  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  Dis- 
appointed.   Santa  Barbara  Mission  Founded  on  the  Old    Plan. 


-  XI  - 

The  First  Missionaries.  The  Buildingrs.  Conversions.  Tiles  Man- 
ufactured. More  Buildings.  Missionary  Chanfjes.  Death  of  Fr. 
P.iterna.  The  Tiiird  Church.  Wall  around  the  Property.  In- 
dustries. Report  of  1802.  X  Missionary  Station  at  Sagshpileel. 
Mission  Santa  Inez.  Other  Items.  The  Reservoir.  Fr.  Cortes 
Retires.  Missionary  Changes.  Earthquake.  New   Church 347. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

SAA'TA   BARBARA   [COXTIN UED). 

Indian  Revolt.  Opinion  of  the  Fathers.  Fr.  Amestoy  Retires. 
Death  of  Fr.  Antonio  Jaine.  Fr.  Ripoll  Retires.  Interesting 
Items.  Sf^cularization.  Statistics.  Mission  Reports.  Fr.  Antonio 
Jimeno's  Dpath.  Fr.  Jose  Jimeno  Retires.  The  Mission  Rented 
and  Sold.  The  Inventory.  The  Community  of  Santa  Barbara. 
Fathers  Romo  and  Codina.  Death  of  Fr.  Sanchez.  His  Biogra- 
phy  356. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

L/1  PURISIMA  CONCEPCION. 

Founding  of  the  Mission.  Success  of  the  Fathers.  Fathers  Arroi- 
ta  and  Fernandez  Ret  re.  New  Church.  Report  of  Fr.  Payeras. 
Missionary  Changes.  Earthquake  in  1812.  Destruction  of  the 
Buildings.  Mission  Removed.  New  Church.  Fire.  Death  of  Fa- 
thers Rodriguez  and  Paveras.  Indian  Revolt.  Last  Missionary. 
Statistics ". 362. 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

S^NTy^  CRUZ. 

Preparations.  Founding  of  the  Mission.  Fr.  Lasuen's  Report.  In- 
structions to  the  Guards.  Erection  of  Buildings.  Dedication  of 
the  Church.  Gloomy  Prospects.  Missionaries.  Fathers  Salazar, 
Lopez,  and  Fernandez  Retire.  Murder  of  Fr.  Quintaua.  Pun- 
ishment of  the  Criminals.  Missionary  Changes.  Fathers  Mar- 
quinez  and  01b(''S  Retire.  Disease  among  the  Indians.  Other 
Items.  Secularization.  Inventory.  The  Last  Missionary.  Statis- 
tics  370. 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

Lyt  SOLED^D. 

Founding  of  the  Mission.  Progress  in  Mission  Work.  The  Mis- 
sionaries. Fr.  Rubf  Retires.  Epidemic.  New  Church.  Death  of 
Gov.  Arrillaga.  Death  of  Fr.  Ibanez.  Biography.  Missionary 
Changes.  Items.  An  Election.  Fr.  Sarn'a  Starved  to  Death  at 
Soledad.  Biography.  State  of  the  Mission.  Unworthy  Treat- 
ment of  the  Missionary.  Secularization.  End  of  the  Mission. 
Statistics 380. 


-  xii  - 

CHAPTER  XIX. 
S/iN  yosE. 

Mission  San  Jost-  Established.  Success.  Missionaries.  Fr.  Cueva 
Retires.  Indian  Attack.  Description  of  the  Mission  by  Langs- 
dortt".  New  Church  Dedicated.  State  of  the  Mission  in  1820. 
Interesting  Items.  Statistics.  Secularization.  Fathers  Muro,  Qui- 
jas,  and  Gutierrez  Retire.  Temporal  Artairs.  Mission  San  Jose 
soul '^^y  • 

CHAPTER  XX. 

SAN  JUAN   BAUTISTA. 

Instructions  to  the  Guards.  Missionary  Stations.  Founding  of  the 
Mission.  The  First  Missionaries.  Missionary  Progress.  Indian 
Troubles.  Earthquake.  Controversy.  New  Church.  Fiithers  Lo- 
jjez,  Murtiarena,  and  Iturate  Retire.  Death  of  Fr.  Duianto. 
Death  of  Fr.  Tapis.  Biography.  Other  Missionary  Chang;  s. 
Secularization.  Inventory.  Statistics.  The  Mission  Sold.  Fr.  An- 
zar   the  Last  Missionary oUT. 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

SAN  MIGUEL. 

The  Mission  Site.  Ceremony  of  Foundation.  The  Beginning.  Mis- 
sionary Changes.  Fr.  Concepcion  De  Horra.  Fr.  Andnano 
Martinez.  Missionaries  Poisoned.  A  Fire.  Fr.  Martin's  Death. 
Biography.  Other  Items.  Departure  of  Fr.  Juan  Cabot.  Secu- 
larization. Inventory.  Statistics.  Sale  of   the  Mission 404. 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

SAN  EERNANDO. 

"Achois  Comihavit".  Founding  of  the  Mission.  Mission  Success. 
Contributions.  Church  Blessed.  Fr.  Pedro  Munoz  Retires. 
Death  of  Fathers  Lazaro  and  Landaeta.  Fr.  Jose  Antonio 
Uria  Retires.  Death  of  Fr.  Urresti.  Other  Missionaries.  Earth- 
quake. Death  of  Fr.  Ulibarri.  Fr.  Ibarra's  Complaint.  Mission 
Land.  Death  of  Fr.  Pedro  Cabot.  Inventory.  Statistics.  Fr. 
Bias  Ordaz  Manager  of  the  Property.  Sale  of  the  Mission.  Last 
Missionary 411. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

SAN  LUIS  EEY. 

Exploration  for  a  Mission  Site.  Mission  Established.  Success. 
Fr.  Peyri.  New  Church.  Various  Missionaries.  Fathers  Garcia 
and  Carranza  Retire.  Statistical.  San  Antonio  De  Pala.  A  Hcs 
pital.  Missionary  Changes.  Surprise  of  Fr.  Peyri.  Prosperity. 
Exaggeration.  White  Population.  Fr.  Peyri  Retires.  His  Biogra- 
phy.'^Other  Missionaries.  Statistics.  Secularization.  Inventory. 
Death  of  Fr.  Ibarra.  Biography.  Last  Mi^sionary.  Death  of 
Fr.  Zalvidea.  Biography.  Sale  of  the  Mission.  Modern  San 
Luis   Rey.  Freemasonry.'  A  Novitiate  for  Mexico.  Re-dedication 


-  XIII  

Reception  of  Novices.  The  Community  at  present 418. 

CHAPTER   XXIV. 

S/1hlT.4  INEZ, 

Thn  Mission  Site.  Founding  of  the  MidVion.  Th»  First  Mission- 
aries. Fr.  GutitTi-ez  Retires.  Mis:5ion  Sueces-i.  Earthqualte.  New 
Cliurch.  Missionarits.  Death  of  Fr.  Calzula.  Revoit.  Baild  ngs 
and  Lands.  Death  of  Fathers  Va-toria  and  La  Cuesta.  Secu- 
larization. Inventory.  Statistics.  Death  of  Fr.  Moreno.  Found- 
ing of  a  Seminary.  Sale  of  the  Mission.  The  College  Aban- 
doned.   The   '-Our   Father"   in  Indian 132. 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

SAN  RAF/EL. 

Mortality  at  San  Francisco.  Founding  of  the  Mission.  San  Ra- 
fael a  branch  of  San  Francisco.  Transfer  of  Indians.  Explo- 
rations. Progress.  Statistical.  Mission  Lauds.  Death  of  Fr. 
Aniorrts.  The  Zacatecaus.  Statistical.  Fr.  Mercado  Slandered. 
Secularization.  Inventory.  Sale  of  the  Mission.  Statistics.  The 
Lord's   Prayer  in   Indian 439. 

CHAPTER   XXVI. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  SOLANO. 

Explorations.  Founding  of  the  Mission.  Disapproval  of  the  Su- 
periors. Fr.  Altiraira.  A  Compromise.  Church  Dedicated.  The 
Name  of  the  Mission.  Santa  Eulalia  Mission  Station.  The 
Buildings.  Industries.  Statistical.  Contributions  from  San  Fran- 
cisco. Conversions.  Indian  Tribes  Belonging  to  the  Mission. 
Missionary  Changes.  Statistics.  The  "Our  Father"  In  Guiiu- 
co 446. 

PART  III. 

MODERN  HISTORY. 

CHAPTER   I.— Santa    Barbara 456. 

CHAPTER   II.  -  Pajaro.  Uo/s    Orphan  Asylum 459. 

CHAPTER  III.  -  San  Francisco.  Si.  Bouifjce\  Goldat  Gate  Ai\\  464. 

CHAPTER  IV.-  St.  Turibins   Minslon 469. 

CHAPTER    V.     Fruitvalc.    SI.  E.'isjb.-lb's 477. 


-  XIV  - 
CHAPTER    VI.— San  Francisco.  5^  tAnthotifs,  t/Jrnw  Stmt.  481. 

CHAPTER  VII.— Los  Angeles.    St.  Joseph's 484. 

CHAPTER  XIII.— Sacramento.   St.    Frauds' 488. 

CHAPTER   IX.-  Phcenix.    H.   (T^arfs ;  491. 


--XV 


LIST  or  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Tho  Pioneer  Teacher  of  Californin  (Frontis-piece) 

Founding  of  a  Franeiscan  Mission Piige   15. 

A  Typic-ai  Spanish  Franciscan  Missioc 58. 

Father  Juni'pero  Serra 9G. 

Franciscan  Missionary  College  at   Zacatecas 172. 

Presidio  and  Town  of  Santa  Barbara  in  1835 186. 

Rt.  Rev.  Garcia  y  Moreno,  first  Bishop  of  California 189. 

Fr.  Gonzalez  Rubio  and  the  Santa  Barbara  Community 201. 

Fr.  Ferdinand    Bergmeyer 205. 

Fr.  Michael  Richaidt.  ." 210. 

Death  of  Fr.  Luis  Jay  me 22?. 

San  Diego  Mission  as  it  is 243. 

San  Cdrlcs  in   ruins 251. 

San  Ciirlos    rostored 256. 

San  Antonio  do  Padua 261. 

Fr.  Ger(')umo   Boscana 274. 

Mission  San  Gabriel 278. 

Mission  San  Luis  Obispo 284. 

Mission  Dolores  after  Secularization 307. 

Mission  Dolores,  or  San  Francisco  de  Asis  at  present 312. 

San  Juan  Capistrano  after  the  earthquake ,320. 

San  Juan  Capistrano  in  1865 325. 

Santa  Clara  mission  in  1849 335. 

Mission  San  Buenaventura  in  early  days 3.39. 

San  Buenaventura 346. 

Mission  Santa  Barbara  in  1865 ,355. 

Community  of  Santa  Barbara  in  1880 300. 

Mission  La   Purisima  Concepcion ,369. 

Mission  Santa  Cruz 378. 

Miss'oa  La  Soledad 386. 

Misson  San  Jose- 392. 

Mission  San  Juan  Bautista 4-01. 

Mission  San  Miguel 408. 

Missior   San  Fernando 41,3, 

Mission  Station  of  San  Antonio  at  Pala 421. 

Mission  San  Luis  Rey  in  early  days 426, 

Corridors  of  San  Luis  Rey 431. 

Mission  Santa  In^z 438. 

Mission  San  Francisco  Solano 450. 

Fr.  Antonio  Peyri 454'. 

Front  and  Garden  of  Santa  Barbara  Mission 457. 

St.  Francis'  Orphanage  at  Piijaro 460. 

Fr.  Clementin  Deymann 462, 

St.  Boniface'  Church  at  San  Francisco 466. 

Indian  Sweathouse 47I. 

Mission  St.  Turibius 474] 

Fr.  Kilian  Schloesser 473". 

St.  Elisabeth's  Church  at  Fruitvale 480, 

St.  Anthony's  Church  at  San  Francisco 482. 

St.  Joseph's  Church  and  Convent  at  Los  Angeles 487. 

St.  Francis'  Church  and  School,  Sacramento 489. 


PART    I. 

GENEUAL    HISTORY. 
GliJIP^BR    I. 

The  First  Missionaries— Vaeious  ExrEDiTioNS— Expulsion  Of  The  Jesu- 
its—Franciscans In  Charge  Of  The  Lower  California  Missions- 
Missions  And  Their  Missionaries -Mission  Temporalities— Don 
Jose  Galvez— Dishonesty  Of  The  Comisionados— Proclamation  Of 
Don  Galvez— Plans  For  Missions  In  Upper  California— Departure 
Of  The  Vessels— The  Land  Expeditions— Fr.  Junifero  Serra— San 
Fernando  De  Velicata. 

The  sons  of  St.  Francis  for  (lie  first  time  set  foot 
on  California  soil  in  1598,  just  three  hundred  years 
ago.  In  the  year  before,  Viceroy  Monterey  of  Mexico 
ordered  an  expedition  to  set  out  for  the  purpose  of 
exploring  the  northwestern  coast,  and  he  requested  a 
number  of  Franciscans  to  accompany  the  fleet,  in 
order  to  spread  the  light  of  the  Gospel  in  the  re- 
gions that  might  be  discovered.  Five  religious  of  the 
Order  were  accordingly  chosen  for  this  work.  These 
seraphic  pioneers  were  Fr.  Francesco  de  Balda,  as 
commissary,  Fathers  Diego  de  Perdomo,  Bernardino 
de  Zamudio,  Antonio  Tello,  of  the  province  of  Xalis- 
co,  Nicolds  de  Arabia,  or  Sarabia,  and  the  lay- 
brother  Cristobal  Lopez,  (1) 

(I)  Zarato  Salmeron,  'Relaciones,'  no  12.  Salmeron  doos  not  mention  Fa- 
tlior  A'ltonlo  Tollo ;  but  tho  nimo.i  as  Riven  above  are  found  in  t!io  'Intro- 
duccion  Uibliocraflca,'  \y\p.  XIX  of  tlio  'Cronica  Miscelanea  dc  la  Santa 
Provincia  do  Xalisco  (Jalif-ro).  libro  II.  Guadalajara  ISOl.  Fr.  Tello  is  th.i 
author  of  the  'Historia  dc  Xalisco  y  do  la  Nueva  Vizcaya,'  and  of  tho 
'Cron.  Misf^.  de  la  S.  Prov.  de  Xalisco,'  publ.  in  1053.  Vide  also  'Coleccion 
do  dpc.  para  la  Hist,  do  Mexico,'  loin.  2. 


-~  2  — 

Under  the  romm.ind  of  Sebnstinn  Vizcaino  tlie  fleet 
sailed  I'roni  Acapulco  about  the  byginning  of  luOG.  On 
reaching  the  port  of  ]\Jnzat]an  the  explovcis  landed 
to  take  ill  fresh  water.  Here,  during  Ihe  FJeven  days 
that  were  passed  in  the  nei*,^hborliood,  forty  of  the 
soldiers  seized  tlie  opportunity  to  desert  their  com- 
mander. The  Indiiius  were  found  to  be  very  nuuicr- 
ous,  but  entirely  devoid  of  clothing.  Father  Balda 
meanwhile  grew  sick,  causing  him  to  remain  behind 
when  the  fleet  passed  on  to  another  port.  Eight  days 
were  spent  there  among  the  natives  who  received  the 
white  stangers  very  hospitably.  In  one  port  the  Fa- 
thers remained  for  fifteen  days;  and  in  the  district 
of  what  is  now  La  Paz  the  expedition  continued  for 
two  months.  The  missionaries  at  this  place  asked  the 
Indians  to  bring  their  children  so  that  they  might  be 
taught  tlie  knowledge  of  God  and  His  works.  The  re- 
quest was  readily  granted.  Unfortunately  the  work  of 
the  Fathers  was  interrupted  by  orders  from  the  com- 
mander, who,  seeing  his  provisions  run  low,  and  find- 
ing the  country  unequal  to  support  his  men,  deter- 
mined to  abandon  the  undertaking.  The  Indians  had 
meanwhile  grown  very  much  attached  to  the  religious 
whom  they  earnestly  entreated  to  remain  with  them, 
whereas  the  soldiers  were  as  heartily  disliked.  The 
Fathers,  however,  had  no  choice  in  the  matter,  and 
reluctantly  accompanied  the  fleet  homev/ard.   (2) 

Thus  ended  the  first  attempt  to  Christianize  the 
natives  of  Lower  California.  "Hence  to  the  children 
of  St.  Francis,"  says  Gleeson,  "must  be  granted  the 
honor  of  having  first  unfurled  tho  banner  of  our  holy 
religion  on  California  soil."  (3) 

Six  years  later,  1603,  Vizcaino  healed  another  ex- 
pedition for  a  like  object.  He  was  this  time  accom- 
panied by  three  Discalced  Carmelites.  After    putting 

(2)    Salmeron,  'Relaciones,'  13-14.        (3)    The  Catholic  Church  iu  C^l.ioruia 
by  Rev.  W.  Gleeson,  vol.  I,  p.  79. 


into  various  ports  along  the  coast,  tlio  fleet  entered 
San  Miguel  Bay  on  the  tenth  of  November.  On  land- 
ing Vizcaino  named  tlje  bay  San  Diego  do  Alcalii 
(St.  Didacus),  doubtless  with  reference  to  iiis  flagship, 
and  also  to  the  day,  November  12th,  whicli  is  dedi- 
cated to  San  Dieg-o.  From  liere  the  expedition  pro- 
ceeded north  to  about  the  forty-third  degree  of  lati- 
tude, and  then  returned  to  Mexico.   (-1) 

In  the  year  1CG8,  Francisco  Luzivilla  fitted  out  an 
expedition  at  his  own  expense,  with  a  view  of  for- 
ming a  colony  on  the  coast.  Two  Franciscan  Fathers, 
Juan  Curanco  and  Juan  Kamirez,  accompanied  him. 
Whilst  these  religious  exerted  themselves  in  trying  to 
instruct  the  natives,  Luzivilla  organized  a  little  colony 
at  Puerto  de  la  Paz;  but  the  difficulties  proved  so 
great  that  he  had  to  abandon  the  project.  (5) 

The  last  expedition  undertaken  at  the  expense  of 
the  government  set  out  in  lG8o.  It  was  attended  by 
three  Jesuit  Fathers,  Eusebio  Kino  (Kuelm),  Juan 
Bautista  Copart,  and  Pedro  Matias  Goni.  Tlie  expedi- 
tion landed  on  the  2d  of  June,  1C83,  and  remained 
till  September  1085.  Durin^^  this  time  four  hundred 
adults  were  prepared  for  baptism ;  but  as  tlie  mis- 
sionaries were  unable  to  remain  longer  than  the  com- 
mander and  his  crew,  none  of  the  Indians,  except 
those  in  danger  of  death,  Avere  received  into  the 
Church.  Twelve  years  later,  the  country  w-as  entrust- 
ed to  the  same  Fathers,  and  the  missions  were  regu- 
larly established  and  continued  until  1768,  when  an 
ungreatful  Masonic  government  expelled  the  devoted 
missionaries,   (6) 

In  June,  ]7G7,  on  the  enforcement  of  the  decree  of 
expulsion  against  the  Jesuits  in  Mexico,  the  Califor- 
nia missions  were  ofl'ered  to  the  apostolic  college  of 
San  Fernando,  Mexico,  of  which    Father    Jose  Garcia 


(4)    Salmeron.  'Rolaci9a<»s',  20-32.  (5)    Olooson,  I,  82-S3. 

(«)    Ibid.  I,  84. 


wag  then  p;narflian.  The  Sonora  missions  were  trans- 
fori-ed  to  the  Franciscan  colleges  of  Quer^taro  and  Ja- 
lisco. Tlic»  trust  was  acceiitetl,  and  arran^onicMits  were 
made  l)y  the  college  to  have  seven  Fathers  set  out 
from  San  Fernando  who  were  to  be  joined  by  five 
others  taken  from  the  Sierra  Gorda  missions  under 
Fr.  Junipero  Serra.  tlien  among  the  Indians  in  the 
Sierra  Gorda  district,  However,  nine  religious  were 
finally  selected  at  the  college,  as  it  was  not  certain 
that  five  Fathers  could  be  spared  in  the  Sierra  Cor- 
da.  The  nine  missionaries  were:  Father  Junipero  Ser* 
ra,  originally  from  the  Franciscan  province  of  Mai' 
lorca,  doctor  of  theology,  commissary  of  the  Holy 
Ofllce,  and  president  or  superior  of  the  missions  in 
California;  Francicco  Palou  of  the  same  province; 
Juan  Moran  of  the  province  of  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception; Antonio  Martinez  of  the  province  of  Bur- 
gos; Juan  Ignacio  Gaston  of  the  same  province;  Fer- 
nando Parron  of  the  province  of  Estremadura ;  Juan 
Sancho  de  la  Torre  of  the  province  of  Mallorca ; 
Francisco  Gomez  of  the  province  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception;  and  Andres  Villumbrales  of  the  same 
province.   (7) 

Befoee  taking  leave  tlie  missionaries  asked  the  Fa- 
ther Guardian's  blessing.  He  gave  it  with  fervor  and 
said:  "Go.  Fathers,  and  dearly  beloved  Brethren, 
with  the  blessing  of  God  and  of  our  holy  Father  St. 
Francis,  to  labor  in  the  mysterious  vineyard  of  Cali- 
fornia which  our  C  itholic  sovereign  has  confided  to 
our  care.  Go,  with  confidence  along  with  your  sup- 
erior, the  Fr.  Lector  Junipero,  whom  I  appoint  pres- 
ident of  you  all  ai;d  of  all  the  missions.  I  need  not 
say  anything  more  Ihan  that  you  should  obey  him  as 
you  obey  me;  and  now  farewell  with  God.'  He  could 
I)roceed  no  further.  Fr.  Junipero,  too,  was  so  afi'ected 
that  lie  could  not  utter  a  syllable.  The  little  band  of 

(7)    Palou,  'Noticias',  I,  1-;};  'Vida  dol  Padro  Juulporo  Sorra,'  p.  5J-55. 


^-  5  - 

missionaries  left  the  college  of  Srn  Fernando,  Mexi- 
co, for  their  new  field  of  labor  on  the  same  day, 
July  14th,  17G7.  After  a  journey  whie'i  lasted  thirty- 
nine  days,  they  reached  Tepic  on  the  21st  of  August. 
They  were  we'come  1  hy  tb.e  Franciscans  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Jalisco,  who  possessed  a  hospice  at  this 
place.   (8) 

FiNDiXQ  the  newly  appointed  governor  of  Califor- 
nia, Gaspar  de  Portold,  with  fifty  men  ready  to 
sail,  Fatliers  Palou  and  Gaston,  at  the  request  of  Fr. 
Junipero,  set  out  with  him  on  August  24th ;  but  the 
ship  was  driven  back  to  Matanchel  on  September  5th. 
Fr.  Palou  relates  that  when  the  tempest  was  at  its 
height,  and  all  expected  to  perish,  Fr.  Gaston  cast 
some  moss  from  the  famous  Cross  of  Tepic  upon  the 
raging  billows,  and  Fr.  Palou  vowed  to  ofl'er  up  a 
High  Mass  if  they  were  saved,  whereupon  the  storm 
instantly  subsided.  The  vow  was  fervently  fulfilled 
as  soon  as  the  hospice  was  reached,  the  entire  crew 
of  the  ship  assisting  at  the  ceremonies.   (9) 

Meanwhile  the  other  Fathers  from  the  Sierra  Gor- 
da  had  arrived.  These  five  religious  were  Jose  Mur- 
guia,  Juan  Ramos  de  Lora,  Juan  Crespi,  Miguel  Cam- 
pa  y  Cos,  and  Fermin  Francisco  Lazuen.  At  the  re- 
quest of  the  missionaries  the  college  sent  two  more 
Fathers,  Avho  reached  Tepic  on  the  last  day  of  De- 
cember. They  were  Dionisio  Bastera  and  Juan  de 
Medina  Veytia.   (10) 

TiiEUE  were  now  sixteen  religious  ready  to  take 
charge  of  as  many  missions  on  the  peninsula  of 
California.  During,  their  enforced  stay  at  Tepic  the 
Fatliers  did  not  remain  idle,  but  conducted  missions 
in  the  neighboring  districts.  At  last,  on  the  14th  of 
March,  17CS,  they  were  able  to  embark  at  San  Bias, 
on  the  Concepcion,  the  same    ship  that    had    brought 

(8)    Vida,  55;  Noticias,  I,  U.  (9)    Noticias,  I,  4-6. 

(10}    Noticias,  I,  7,  12. 


the  victims  of  Masonic  hatred,  the  Jesuits,  from 
Lower  California.  The  sixteen  Franciscans  reached 
Loreto,  the  principal  mission,  on  April  1st  after 
nightfall.  On  the  following  day,  which  was  Holy  Sat- 
urday, Fr.  Junipero  Serra  and  his  companions  for 
the  first  time  walked  upon  the  soil  of  California. 
They  at  once  proceeded  to  the  church  of  Our  Lady 
of  Loreto,  the  Patroness  of  the  peninsula,  in  order  to 
give  thanks  for  their  safe  arrival.   (11) 

On  Easter  Sunday,  and  likewise  on  Monday  and 
Tuesday,  High  Mass  was  sung  by  Father  Serra  in 
honor  of  Our  Lady  of  Loreto  in  thanksgiving  for 
the  safe  arrival  of  the  missionaries.  After  Mass  the 
Fr.  President  made  an  address  to  the  assembled 
multitude,  in  which  he  declared  that  the  Franciscans 
would,  as  far  as  possible,  labor  for  the  people  in  the 
manner  their  predecessors  had  done.  After  the  Mass 
of  Tuesday  Fr.  Junipero  read  his  plan  for  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  Fathers  as  follows:  San  Jos6  del 
Cabo,  Father  Juan  Moran;  Santiago  de  las  Coras,  Fr. 
Jose  Murguia;  Nuestra  Senora  del  Pilar  (Todos  San- 
tos), Fr.  Juan  Ramos  de  Lora;  Nuestra  Senora  de  los 
Dolores  (La  Pasion),  Fr.  Francisco  Gomez;  San  Luis 
Gonzaga;  Fr.  Andres  Villaiiumbrales  ( Villumbrales) ; 
San  Francisco  Javier,  Fr.  Francisco    Palou  ;  San    Jos4 

(11)  Noticiis,  I,  S-1";  Vida,  53;  Bine,  Hist.  North  M.  S.  Vol.  I,  p.  484. 
The  event  is  perpetuated  in  the  "Libros  do  Misiou,"  in  the  handwriting  of 
Father  Junipero  in  the  followiuB  words:  "Dia  dos  de  Abril,  Sabado  de 
Gloria  de  esto  afio  1768  entramos  a  esta  Mission  y  Real  Presitiio  de.  Lore- 
to, cabezera  de  esta  Peninsula  de  California  diez  y  seis  Relipiosos  sacerdo- 
tes,  predicatores,  misioneros  apostolicos  del  Colegio  de  Propaganda  Fido 
de  Mexico,  del  orden  seraflco,  enviados  de  nuestros  Prelados  padres  Mini- 
tros  de  todas  las  misiones  do  esta  Provincia,  quo  en  nombre  de  su  Mapes- 
tad  Catolica,  (q.  Dios  gde),  por  decreto  del  Exenio  Sr.  Marques  de  Croix 
Virrey  y  Capitan  General  de  esta  Nueva  Espafia.  se  pusieron  a  cargo  del 
dho  apostolico  colegio  exijelidos  de  esto  Peninsula  y  deinas  Dominios  del 
Catholico  Mouarca,  pr  motivos  a  su  Magd  reservados,  los  P.  P.  de  la  Sac- 
rada  Compailia  de  Jesus,  y  habiondo  yo,  el  infra  escripto  Presindeate  do 
dhos  Reliniosos,  por  el  expresado  ColeKio  resuelto  quedarme  a  ndministrnr 
por  mi  mismo  esta  Mision  y  Real  Presidio  en  coinpafiia  de  P.  Fr.  Fernan- 
do Parr-on,  uno  do  los  de  uumo  y  colepio,  assipn6  a  las  demas  Misiones  los 
Ministros  en  osta  forma."  Then  follow  the  nam-js  of  the  Fathers. 


ComouKlfi,  Fr.  Antonio  Martinez;  Purisima  Conoep- 
cion  de  Ciulegonio,  Fr.  Juan  Sancho  de  la  Torre ; 
Santa  Rosalia  de  Muleg^,  Fr.  Juan  Gaston;  San  Ig- 
nacio,  Fr.  Miguel  de  la  Campa  y  Cos;  Santa  Gertru- 
dis,  Fr.  Dionisio  Basterra;  San  Francisco  de  Eorja, 
Fr.  Francisco  Fermin  Lazuen;  Santa  Maria  de  los 
Angf^ies,  Fr.  Juan  Medina  Veytia ;  Nuestra  Sefiora 
de  Loreto,  Fathers  Junipero  Serra  and  Juan  Fernan- 
do Parr  on.   (12) 

All  tlie  Fathers  were  pleased  with  the  ordinances 
of  their  superior,  and  each  one  thanked  God  for  the 
field  assigned  him.  On  the  following  day  Fr.  Serra 
once  more  fervently  exhorted  them  to  labor  in  the 
Lord's  vineyard  wi<:h  credit  to  their  apostolic  college. 
Each  Father  then  agreed  to  say  twenty  Holy  Masses 
on  hearing  of  the  death  of  any  one  of  their  number, 
and  nine  Masses  for  the  repose  of  the  soul  of  any  of 
the  Fathers  attached  to  the  college  of  Quer^taro. 

Leaving  Fr.  Serra  and  his  companion,  Fr.  Juan  Fer- 
nando Parron,  at  Loreto,  the  fourteen  religious  as- 
signed to  the  other  missions  departed  together  for 
San  Javier,  where  they  were  hospitably  received  by 
the  chaplain  of  the  royal  troops,  the  Kev.  Pedro  Fer- 
nandez, on  the  evening  of  the  eighth  of  April  After 
resting  a  day  the  missionaries  started  for  their  res- 
pective stations  on  the  tenth,  five  going  south  and 
eight  travelling  north,  while  Fr.  Palou  remained  at 
San  Javier.  On  reaching  his  mission  each  Father  re- 
ceived from  the  military  comisionado  the  church 
with  its  belongings,  together  with  the  dwelling  and 
household  furniture.  An  inventory  was  drawn  up  in 
duplicate  of  all  the  property  so  received,  and  signed 
by  the  missionary  and  comisionado.  One  of  these  cer- 
tificates was  preserved  in  the  archives  of  each  mis- 
sion, the  other  was  sent  to  the  Fr.  President,  who 
forwarded  all    the  documents   to  the    college    of    San 

(12)     NotLcias,  I,  20-22. 


Fernando,  Mexico.  At  Loroto  only  flic  church  ar.d 
sacristy  was  turned  over  to  the  missionaries,  but  not 
the  dwelling;  for  the  latter,  as  well  as  all  the  tem- 
poral affairs,  remained  in  charge  of  the  governor 
with  whom  the  tv.'o  Fathers  were  obliged  to  board. 
The  missionaries  at  all  the  other  missions  found 
themselves  in  a  like  predicament;  they  were  fur- 
nished with  board  by  the  comisionados,  and  their 
functions  did  not  extend  beyond  matters  purely  cc- 
clesiatsical.  (15}) 

"The  evils  of  such  a  system,"  says  the  Protestant 
historian  H.  H.  Bancroft,  "had  been  clearly  foreseen. 
The  comisionados  could  not  be  expected  to  take  a 
very  deep  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  country,  the 
prosperity  of  the  missions,  or  the  comfort  of  the  na- 
tives. They  lacked  skill,  interest,  and  conscience  for 
an  ecclesiastical  administration  of  the  temporalities. 
The  Fathers  could  no  longer  attract  the  pagans  by 
gifts  or  clothing;  and  their  loss  of  power  caused  the 
neophytes  to  have  less  respect  for  them  than  for  the 
Jesuits It  has  long  since  been  demonstrated  impos- 
sible to  reach  the  heart  of  the  savage  through  ab- 
stract ideas  of  morality  and  elevation  of  character. 
A  religion,  in  order  to  find  favor  in  his  eyes,  must 
first  meet  some  of  his  material  requirements.  If  it  is 
good,  it  will  clothe  him  better  and   feed  him    better, 

for  this  to  him  is  the  chief  good  in  life The  resnlt 

of  depriving  the  Franciscans  of  the  temporal  affairs 
of  the  missions  justified  the  Fr.  President's  remon- 
strances. The  missions  rapidly  declined  under  the 
new  missionaries,  and  it  soon  became  clear  that,  un- 
less the  spiritual  and  the  temporal  authority  Avere 
reunited,  a  few  years  would  sulTice  to  undo  all  that 
the  Jesuits  had  accomplished."   (14) 

The  viceroy,  to  whom  the  whole  matter  had  been 
referred,  left  it  to  the  decision  of   Don  Josd    Galvez, 

(13)  Noticias.  I,  21-21.  (U)  Banc,  Hist,  N.  M.  St.,  I,  433;  Hist.  Nat.  Rue.  1,33. 


who  wns  on  liis  \\t\y  to  the  Jalisco  coast  to  embark 
for  the  peninsula.  Galvez  had  cotiie  to  Mexico  in 
17G5  as  visitndor  general  of  New  Spain.  He  was  in- 
vested by  King  Charles  III,  with  almost  absolute 
powers  to  investigate  and  reform  the  administration 
of  the  government  in  its  different  branches.  Independ- 
ent of  the  viceroy  in  many  respects,  only  nominally 
subordinate  in  others,  he  was  to  all  intents  the  high- 
est autliority  in  New  Spain.  In  addition  to  his  pow- 
er and  independence,  Galvez  was  also  remarkable  for 
his  practical  good  sense,  business  ability,  untiring 
energy,  and  disregard  of  all  routine  formalities  that 
stood  in  his  way. 

The  visitador  general  arrived  at  Cerralvo  Island 
the  Gth  of  July,  and  proceeded  to  the  mining  dis- 
tricts of  Santa  Ana.  Tlse  whole  province  was  soon 
in  a  flutter  over  the  investigations  and  decrees  of 
the  great  man.  He  immediately  called  for  exact  re- 
ports from  the  missionary  and  comisionado  of  each 
mission.  Then  he  made  a  tour  of  investigation  in  the 
south,  beginning  with  San  Jos^  del  Cabo  where  he 
ordered  a  church  to  be  erected.  Galvez  soon  detected 
the  evils  and  abuses  of  the  existing  system.  The  re- 
medy was  radical,  and  promptly  applied.  On  August 
12th  he  issued  a  decree  ordering  the  comisionados 
to  turn  over  all  mission  property  to  the  missionaries, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  send  in  their  accounts 
through  the  Fathers,  who  were  to  examine  and  sign 
them.  Fr.  Palou  published  two  extracts  of  letters  in 
which  the  visitador  general  expressed  his  indignation 
at  the  rascalities  of  the  comisionados;  yet  it  appears 
that  all  escaped  punishnient  at  the  intercession  of 
the  missionaries.   (15) 

The  indefatigable  visitador  next  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  forming  of  settlements,  and  the  improve- 
ment   of  the    condition  in    which   he    found  the    In- 

(15)    Noticias.  I,  24-29;    Vida,  57;    Banc,  Hist.  Cal.  I,  115. 


--  10  — 

dians.  If  his  teformatory  measures  were  not  always 
successful,  it  was  not  owing  to  any  lack  of  energy  or 
sagacity  on  the  part  of  their  author.  Lands  and  na- 
tives were  found  to  be  very  unequally  divided  a- 
mong  the  missions,  and  many  changes  were  made  in 
order  to  remedy  the  disproportion.  Dolores  and  Sau 
Luis,  for  want  of  sufficient  land  and  water,  were 
abandoned,  and  their  neophytes  transferred  to  Todos 
Santos,  whose  few  people  were  sent  to  Santiago.  Sur- 
plus families  of  San  Javier  were  added  to  San  Jose 
del  Cabo,  while  the  surplus  of  Guadalupe  and  San- 
ta Gertrudis  were  transferred  to  San  Jose  Comundii 
and  Purisima.  Certain  transfers  of  northern  families, 
for  the  relief  of  poor  missions  like  Borja  and  Santa 
Maria,  were  abandoned  on  account  of  the  reluctance 
of  the  Indians  to  leave  their  homes.  (16) 

TiiEKE  was  ample  room,  it  appears,  for  the  visita- 
dor's  good  offices.  In  a  proclamation  of  November  23d, 
1768,  he  expresses  his  surprise  and  disappointment  at 
the  state  of  affairs  in  which  he  found  the  peninsula 
establishments,  after  they  had  been  in  charge  of  the 
secular  comisionados  but  a  short  while.  After  all  the 
liws  made  and  the  moneys  granted,  he  expected  to 
find  thriving  settlements;  but  instead  of  these  he 
finds  mere  haciendas  de  campo,  or  farms,  with  hous- 
es for  the  Fathers,  soldiers,  and  ^servants  only.  The 
natives,  having  been  withdrawn  from  the  seashore, 
where  they  lived  by  fishing,  go  naked  and  are  forced 
to  wander  in  the  mountains,  living  on  roots  and 
berries,  often  obliged  to  work  without  pay.  Hence 
they  look  with  dislike  upon  agriculture,  and  regard 
civilization  as  the  greatest  evil.  Missions  with  fertile 
lands  need  laborers,  wliile  rancherias  (17)  are  col- 
lected in  sterile  parts.  No  Indian  is  permitted  to 
to  own  property.  This  system  has  reduced  the  po- 
pulation   to    7,149    souls.    In    the    proclamation,    and 

(16)    Noticias,  I,  30-33.        U")    A  coUoction  pf  nqtivo  huts. 


in  a  letter  to  Fi-.  Lasuen  of  the  eaine  date,  the 
vipitador  general  announces  his  determination  to  im- 
prove this  state  of  things  by  settling  the  Indians 
in  fixed  domiciles,  where  they  might  till  the  soil 
and  enjoy  the  fruits  of  their  labor:  and  he  appeals 
to  the  Fathers  to  help  him.  To  prevent  the  missions 
from  being  overcrowded,  he  issued  an  order  that  no 
mission  keep  more  Indians  than  it  could  feed  and 
clothe;  at  the  same  time  he  sent  supplies  and  cloth- 
ing to  the  poorer  ;  missions  in  the  north.  Moreover 
Don  Galvez,  by  employing  surgeons,  endeavored  to 
check  the  progress  of  disease,  especially  of  syphilis 
which  was  causing  great  havoc.  Fr.  Palou  says  that 
nearly  all  the  natives  at  Santiago,  and  many  at 
Todos  Santos,  were  afflicted  with  this  disease.   (18) 

Though  busy  with  so  many  different  matters,  the 
visitador  did  not  neglect  the  project  of  extending 
Spanish  dominion  northward.  After  careful  investiga- 
tion he  resolved  to  send  four  expeditions,  two  by 
land  and  two  by  water,  which  were  to  start  sepa- 
rately, but  all  to  unite  at  San  Diego  and  then  press 
on  to  Monterey.  The  proposed  occupation  of  nortliern 
country  was  to  be  spiritual  as  well  as  military.  The 
natives  were  to  be  converted,  and  not  only  presidios 
or  garrisons,  but  missions  also  were  to  be  established. 
The  Fr.  President  was,  therefore,  invited  to  come 
down  to  Santa  Ana  for  a  personal  interview  with  the 
visitador.  Fr.  Junipero  gladly  accepted  the  invitation 
and  arrived  at  Santa  Ana  on  October  31st,  17G8.  Here 
they  agreed  that  tliree  missionaries  siiould  go  with 
the  two  packet-boats,  and  another  follow  in  ii  third 
sliip  later  on,  whilst  one  Father  accompanied  the 
first  land  expedition,  and  Fr.  Serra  together  with  the 
governor  lead  the  second  expedition  by  land. 

The  visitador  decided  to  found  three  missions  in 
Upper  California:  one  at  the  port  of  San    Diego,  the 

(18)     Noticias,  I,  2T-2«:    Bancroft,  Hist.  N.  M.  States,  I,  486-487. 


-  12  - 

second  at  Mohteray,  and  a  third,  Which  should  le 
dedicated  to  St.  Bonaventare,  somewhere  between 
these  two  places.  Another  on  the  frontier  of  Cali- 
fornia Avas  also  decided  upon,  in  order  to  facilitate 
communication  between  the  old  and  the  new  estab- 
lisliments.  The  vestments,  altar  vessels,  ornaments, 
and  other  church  furniture  for  the  new  missions  were 
to  be  supplied  by  the  old  establishments;  surplus 
grain  and  other  articles  of  food  were  to  be  taken  as 
gifts,  while  implements  and  live-stock  were  to  be  re- 
garded as  loans,  and  as  such  repaid  in  kind.  Vest- 
ments, sacred  vessels,  and  quantities  of  linen,  laces, 
silks,  and  other  articles  for  church  uses,  taken  from 
the  royal  warehouse  at  Loreto,  or  collected  at  the 
missions,  were  at  once  packed  and  for  the  most  part 
sent  by  water  to  the  new  establishments.  Many  of 
the  old  vestments  and  church  ornaments,  some  dating 
1)ack  perhaps  to  this  first  invoice,  are  still  preserved 
in  some  of  the  missions  of  California.  Galvez  him- 
self, from  his  headquarters  at  Santa  Ana,  superin 
tended  the  collection  at  La  Paz  and  Cape  San  Lucas 
of  everything  that  was  to  be  forwarded  by  sea.  Fr. 
Fernando  Tarron  was  then  sent  to  La  Paz  from  Lo- 
reto to  be  ready  to  accompany  the  expedition  by 
water.   (19) 

Befoee  returning  north,  Fr,  Serra  visited  the  three 
missions  Todos  Santos,  Santiago,  and  San  Jose  del 
Cabo.  Finding  that  Santiago  could  be  attended  very 
well  by  a  secular  priest,  he  turned  the  mission  over 
to  Rev.  Juan  Antonio  Baeza,  who  had  been  called 
by  the  visitador  to  take  charge  of  the  place.  Fr. 
Junipero  now  returned  to  Loreto  by  land,  and  ar- 
rived there  on  the  last  day  of  January,  17C9.   (20) 

On  the  21st  of  November  the  pious  visitador  gen- 
eral   issued    a    proclamation    naming    St.  Joseph    pa- 


(19)    Vida,  58-CO;    Noticias,  I,  33-37,       l20)    Noticias,  I.  as. 


■10 

tron  of  the  expeditions  to  Upper  Cnlifornin.  In  it 
lie  referred  to  the  driving  away  of  the  locusts  from 
San  Jose  del  Cabo  in  1707,  through  the  intercession 
of  St.  Josopli,  as  an  additional  reason  for  placing 
the  Monterey  expeditions  under  the  saint's  powerful 
protection.  lie  moreover,  requested  tlie  Fatliers  to 
celebrate  Holy  Mass  in  the  saints  honor  on  the 
lOth  of  every  month,  and  to  recite  the  litany  of 
All  Saints  while  the  expeditions  continued,  in  order 
to  obtain  divine  protection  through  St,  Joseph's  in- 
terceission.  To  obtain  the  assistance  of  tlie  Blessed 
Virgin,  the  protectress  of  all  the  California  missions, 
the  missionaries  were  to  add  regularly  the  Salvo 
Regina  in  honor  of  the  Queen  of  heaven.  The  load- 
ing of  the  ship  San  Cdrlos  was  superintended  by  Don 
Galvez  in  person,  the  visitador  often  lending  a  hand 
in  stowing  away  an  unwieldy  package,  greatly  to 
the  encouragement  and  edification  of  his  men  and 
other  ^\itnesses.  He  was  particularly  zealous  in  pack- 
ing for  San  Buenaventura,  which  he  called  his  mis- 
sion, and  was  delighted  at  having  done  his  work 
more  quickly  than  Fr.  Junipero,  who  packed  for 
Mission  San  Carlos.   (21) 

On  the  9th  of  January,  1709,  the  San  Carlos  and 
her  crew  were  ready.  All  who  were  to  make  the 
voyage  north  then  confessed  their  sins,  attended 
Holy  Mass,  received  Holy  Communion,  and  listened 
to  a  parting  address  of  the  visitador  Don  Galvez. 
He  reminded  them  that  theirs  was  a  glorious  mis- 
sion, that  they  were  going  to  plant  the  Cross  among 
the  heathens,  and  he  charged  them  in  the  name  of 
God,  the  king,  and  the  viceroy  to  respect  their 
priests,  and  to  maintain  peace  and  union  among 
tliemselves.  The  Fr.  President  then  solemnly  blessed 
the  vessel,  the  Hag,  the  crew,  and  Fr.  Barren,  wlio 
was   intrusted  with  the   spiritual  affairs    of  the  com- 

(21)    Vide,  50-00  i    Banc,  IJiBt,  C«l.  vol.  I.  119. 


-  14  — 

pany.  This  ceremony  over,  the  San  Carlos  put  to 
sea.  The  ship  commanded  by  Vincente  Vihv  had  on 
board  sixty-two  persons,  including  Fr.  Parron,  Lieu- 
tenant Pedro  Fag^-!  with  twenty-five  infantry  men, 
the  engineer  Miguel  Con.3tan8o,  and  the  surgeon  Dr. 
Prat. 

While  the  Fr.  President  returned  to  Loreto  to 
make  preparations  for  the  land  expeditions,  Don 
Galvez  g;ave  his  attention  to  the  San  Antonio,  which 
was  to  follow  the  San  (^arlos.  After  tlie  usual  cere- 
monies and  an  exhortation  by  the  visitador,  the  San 
Antonio  under  Juan  Perez  sailed  from  Cabo  do  San 
Lucas  on  the  fifteenth  of  February,  the  fenst  of  the 
Translation  of  St.  Anthony,  patron  of  the  vessel. 
Besides  the  crew,  she  carried  Fathers  Vizcaino  and 
Gomez.   (22) 

On  March  24th  the  first  land  expedition  command- 
ed by  Fernando  Rivera,  and  composed  of  Fr.  Crespi, 
a  company  of  twenty-five  soldiers  from  Loreto,  and  a 
band  of.  forty-two  native  Californias,  set  out  from 
Velicatd  on  the  northern  frontier,   (23) 

Meanwhile  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  was  busy  collecting 
the  necessary  articles  from  the  old  missions.  After 
spending  several  days  at  San  Javier  with  Fr.  Palou 
whom  he  appointed  suj)erior  of  the  Lower  California 
houses,  he  slowly  journeyed  towards  the  north.  Al- 
though suffering  excruciating  pains  from  a  sore  leg, 
the  Fr.  President  visited  every  missionary  station  ex- 
cept Santa  Rosalia  de  Mulege,  whicli  lay  eighteen 
leagues  out  of  the  road,  and  at  last  joined  Governor 
Portold  at  Santa  Maria  on  May  fifth.  Leaving  this 
place  on  the  11th,  the  expedition  arrived  at  Velicata, 
where  a  mission  was  to  be  founded  on  Pentecost  Sun- 
day, May  ]4th.  Fr.  Serra  at  once  blessed  the  great 
rross,  and  named  the  new  mission  in  honor  of  San 
Fernando,  the  holy  king  of  Castile  and  Leon.  He  then 

(•«)    Vido,  60-Gl;    Banc,  Hist.  Cal.  I,  r20.    (23)    Vida.  65. 


15 


—  16  — 

sang  High  Mass  and  preached  on  the  feast  of  the  day. 
Thus  Velicatd,  the  only  mission  founded  by  the  Fran- 
ciscans on  the  peninsula,  came  into  existence.  After 
I)lacing  San  Fernando  in  charge  of  Fr.  Campa,  Fr. 
Junipero,  on  the  next  day,  proceeded  with  the  ex- 
pedition on  its  way  to  Upper  California. 

To  supply  the  northern  missionary  field  with  a 
sufficient  number  of  priest?,  at  Fr.  Serra's  request, 
the  collego  had  sent  Fathers  Juan  Escudero,  Juan 
Vizcaino,  and  Benito  Sierra  to  the  peninsula  early 
in  1709.  Santiago,  San  Jos^  del  Cabo,  and  Loreto 
were  turned  over  to  secular  priests.  By  these  ar- 
rangements six  religious  became  available.  One  of 
them,  however,  had  to  remain  at  Velicatd.   (2-1) 

We  now  leave  the  expeditions  on  their  way  to  the 
north,  in  order  to  devote  a  few  pages  to  the  missions 
and  missionaries  in  Lower  California. 


GriflP'PER  II. 


Some    Ciwcies— "Sr-iDEMtcs— Dbat:i    O^    Fs.     Monw— G ivanM^itGST     In- 
sTCCTioNs— Fb.  Palou's    Pkotest— His    Peotositioxs— More     Missio.v- 

AKIE8— GOVEUNOR    BaRKI's     AsiMOSlTV— ThE     FRANCISCANS     CEDE     LoWEH 

California    To  The   Dominicans— TaEiR   Departvee— Mission   Statis- 
tics. 

Aftek  concluding  his  labors  in  connection  with  the 
expeditions  to  San  Diego  and  Monterey,  Don  Jos^ 
Galvez  came  to  Loreto  about  the  middle  of  April, 
1769,  accompaneiJ  by  the  two  Franciscan  Fathers  Ju- 
an Escudero  and  Juan  Benito  Sierra,  who  had  lately 
arrived  from  Mexico.  On  the  1st  of  May  he  sailed 
over  to  Sonora,  taking  with  him  the  Rev.  Pedro  Fer- 
nendez,  who  had  been  chaplain  of  the  presidio  of 
Loreto.  Fr.  Palou  now  placed  Fr.  Escudero  in  charge 
of    San  Francisco    Javier,  his  own    mission,  and   sent 


(24)    Vida.  6.-70 ;    Noticias,   I,  30-39;    81?    58!  Baac,  Hist.  N.  M.   Stitos.  I. 
400-401. 


-  17  - 

Benito  Sierra  to  Miileg^.  Fr.  Juan  Gaston  went  to 
Purisima  Concepcion,  left  vacant  by  the  departure 
of   Fr.  Crespi   for  the  north.     (1) 

About  June,  1769,  a  deadly  epidemic  broke  out 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  peninsula,  and  raged 
with  fury  particularly  at  San  Jose  and  Santiago.  Fr. 
Jose  Murguia  was  attacked  by  the  disease  while  at 
San  Jose,  and  had  to  be  removed  to  Todos  Santos.  Fr. 
Juan  Moran,  then  stationed  at  San  Jose,  attended 
the  sick  with  much  zeal.  One  day  while  hearing 
the  confession  of  a  sick  member  of  his  flock  at 
some  distance  from  the  mission,  he  was  himself 
stricken  with  the  dreaded  malady  and  died  on  the 
18th  of  July,  1769,  before  the  curate  of  Santiago 
could  reach  him.  Fr.  Palou  was  much  grieved  be- 
cause the  missionary  had  died  without  the  sacraments, 
but  he  was  also  comforted  by  the  knowledge  of 
Fr.  Moran's  virtuous  life  and  heroic  self  denial  dur- 
ing the  epidemic.  San  Jose  after  that  was  only  a 
station  of  Santiago. 

No  sooner  had  this  pestilence  subsided  than  an- 
other broke  out,  folloAved  by  a  third  more  fatal, 
causing  dreadful  ravages  in  all  the  missions.  Over 
three  hundred  persons  died  at  Todos  Santos,  while 
many  perished  in  the  mountains,  whither  they  had 
fled  for  safety.  Rendered  desperate  by  the  mortali- 
ty, the  Guaicuris  about  Todos  Santos  rose  in  rebel- 
lion, so  that  the  governor  had  to  go  in  person  to 
check  them.  In  August  a  ship  brought  to  Loreto 
cloth  to  the  value  of  $8,000,  which  was  sent  by  Don 
Galvez  as  a  compensation  for  goods  taken  from  the 
missions  for  the  establishments  in  Upper  California. 
Fr.  Palou  at  once  distributed  the  cloth  among  the 
suffering    natives.    (2) 

The  acting  governor  retired  and  Avas  suceeded  on 
October  23d,  1769,  by  Matias  de  Arniona  as  governor 

(1)     Noticias,   I,  60-6-),  (2)     Ibid.    68-72, 


—  IG  — 

Tho  latter  brought  insiriictions  intended,  so  v/roto 
Don  Galvez  to  Fr.  Paloii,  to  remove  all  difficulties 
in  the  airairn  of  tho  peninsula.  These  instructions 
were  to  tlic  eUcct  that  wh.atever  wai3  needed  at 
Loroto,  waa  to  bo  I'urnishod  from  tho  storehouse  at 
Loreto  at  Fr,  Falou's  request ;  but  thoy  required  that 
the  native  laborers  at  the  saltworks  of  Carmen  Island 
should  Avork  for  thsir  rations  without  other  pay,  and 
that  the  salinas  should  be  regularly  settled  with 
mission  Indians.  Fr.  Palou  objected  to  tho  clauses 
relating  to  tho  saltworks,  and  declined  to  obey  them, 
for  tho  reason  that  thore  must  bo  somo  error,  as 
no  provisions  had  been  made  for  (he  families  of  tho 
laboring  Indians.  All  the^  missionaries  agreed  with  Fr. 
Palou  that  they  must  decline  to  manage  the  tempor- 
al all'airs  of  tho  missions,  if  the  instructions  were  to 
be  carried  out.  A  fall  report  was  forwarded  to  the 
Father  Guardian  of  San  Fernando  through  Fr.  Dioni- 
sio  Basterra,  who  was  retiring  to  Mexico  on  account 
of  ill  health.  H)  sailed  on  th-3  19th  of  Mir-h,  1770, 
and  on  July  lOtli  pressnted  a  petition  which  embod- 
ied all  ideas  of  Fr.  Paloa.  It  wai  a  sweeping  reform 
bill.  Don  Galvcz  accepted  the  petition,  l)ut  it  seemi 
Ii?    did    n')!:!ung    in    the    matter    at     that  tlin:\ 

TiiE  following  requests  of  Fr.  Palou  were  subse- 
cjuently  granted :  tliat  the  cofnisario,  a  government 
official,  should  settle  his  mission  account.;;  that  the 
prices  for  mission  products  sliould  ])e  l)etter  regulat- 
ed; that  Loreto  should  receive  the  balance  due  at 
the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits,  and  whatever  had  l)een 
taken  since  from  the  rancho;  that  the  solteros,  (sin- 
gle persons),  at  Santa  Ana  should  return  to  their 
respective  missions;  that  the  mission  Indians  should 
not  be  compelled  to  work  on  the  San  Bias  trans- 
ports ;  besides  similar  demands  wliich  Fr.  Palou  does 
not     specify.    (8) 

(;  )     Noticia^  I,    7>S;     SMOO 


—  19  — 

In  August,  1770,  Iho  nev/s  of  tlic  success  of  tho 
Monterey  expediiionR,  of  the  groat  luimlier  of  Indinna 
discovered  nloug  their  mnrcli  of  COO  leagues,  and  of 
the  I'nnny  sitcfs  suiluble  for  uiisBionR  and  pueblos,  (4) 
reached  tho  viceroy  and  Don  Galvoz  at  Mexico 
tlirouj;li  Fr.  Junlpero  Serra.  The  ijoaloua  president  at 
the  same  lime  took  occasion  to  plead  for  more  niis- 
eionaries  supplied  with  everything  necessary  for 
church  and  farm.  In  his  letter  to  the  Fr.  Guardian 
he  wrote  that,  though  one  hundred  religious  came, 
there  would  be  vrork  for   all. 

FoiiTUNATELY,  ou  II.XY  ODth,  shoi'tly  bDroro  thoso 
news  reached  the  capital,  forty-nine  Franciscans  had 
arrived  from  kSpain.  The  viceroy  and  Don  Galvez  at 
once  asked  the  jamruian  to  sent  thirty  of  these  to 
California.  Ten  Fathers  v.'ere  to  be  put  in  charge  of 
five  new  missions,  which  were  to  be  founded  in  Up- 
per California,  and  named  for  San  Francisco  de  Asis, 
Santa  Clara,  San  Gabri<  1  Arcangel,  San  Antonio  de 
Padua,  and  San  Luis  Obispo  de  Tolosa,  respective- 
ly. Ten  other  religious  should  be  placed  in  charge 
of  five  missions  to  l^e  established  between  San  Fer- 
nando de  Velicata  and  San  Diego,  and  named  respec- 
tively San  Joaquin,  Santa  Ana,  San  Juan  Capistra- 
no,  San  Pasqual  Baylon,  and  San  Felix  de  Cantali- 
cio.  The  ten  remaining  Fathers  vrere  to  l^e  distribut- 
ed as  assistants  among  the  old  missions  having  only 
one  priest.  When  the  Fr.  Guardian  communicated 
tlio  viceroy's  wishes  to  t!i3  religious  at  the  college  of 
San  Fernando,  thirty  friars  at  once  volunteered  for 
tho  California  missions,   (u) 

Having  been  provided  with  vetsments  and  every 
kind  of  church  furniture,  and  400  pesos  each  for  trav- 
elling expenses,  the  thirty  volunteers  set  out  from 
Mexico  in  October  1770.  After  reaching  Topic,  tliey 
were  obliged  to  wait  till  January,  and  some  even  till 

(1)    Town:;  01-  scltclmcnts,       (5)    Vida,    101-115;    Noticiis,   I,  lOl-iC;:;  107. 


—  20  — 

February,  of  the  next  year  for  an  opportunity  to 
embark  for  the  Californias.  Nor  could  more  than  ten 
Fathers  sail  on  the  2d  of  January,  when  they  left 
San  Bias  for  Monterey  in  the  packet-boat  San  An- 
tonio. After  a  voyage  lasting  fifty-two  days,  they 
reached  San  Diego  on  March  12th.   (6) 

The  twenty  remaining  religious  embarked  on  the 
San  Carlos  for  the  Lower  California  missions  in  the 
forepart  of  February,  1771,  but  contrary  winds  car- 
ried them  as  far  south  as  Acupulco.  Being  in  need 
of  fresh  water,  they  put  into  the  port  of  Manzanilla, 
where  they  found  themselves  in  imminent  danger  of 
shipwreck.  The  vessel  was  stranded,  but  by  means  of 
boats  the  Fathers  succeeded  in  gaining  the  deserted 
shores  of  Colima.  The  ship  was  so  mucli  damaged 
that  the  captain  informed  the  viceroy  of  the  danger 
they  should  incur  by  again  venturing  out  into  the 
sea  with  her.  Upon  receiving  this  information,  the 
viceroy  directed  the  missionaries  to  reach  Sinaloa  by 
land,  and  thence  to  cross  the  gulf  in  a  barge.  Obey- 
ing these  instructions,  they  made  the  journey  of  one 
hundred  miles  on  foot.  The  hardships  of  this  trip 
were  so  great  that  one  of  the  Fathers,  Leguna  pro- 
bably, died  on  the    road.   (7) 

The  ship  had  meanwhile  Ixcn  repaired,  and  two 
Fathers,  Figuer  and  Senra,  took  passage  in  her  for 
the     north,     reaching     Loroto  on  the  80th  of  August. 

(6)  The  Fathers  sailing  to  Monterey  in  tlie  Sao  Antonio  were:  Antonio 
Paterna,  Antonio  Cruzado,  Francifco  Dumetz,  Angel  Somera,  Micruel 
Pieras  or  Piercos,  Buenaventura  Sitjar,  Domingo  Juncosa,  .Jos6 
Caballer,  Luis  Jaime  or  Jayme,  and  Pedro  Benito  Cambon.  (7)  The 
missionaries  tliat  set  out  with  the  San  Carlos  were  the  following  Fa- 
thers: Juan  Prestamero,  Eamon  Usson,  Marcelioo  Senra,  Tomds  do  la 
Pefia,  Vinccnte  Imas,  Francisco  Echasco,  Martin  de  Palacios,  Manuel 
Lago,  Pedro  Arrigatbar,  Jos6  Lsguna,  Gregorio  Amurrio,  Juan  Figuer, 
Vincento  Fustor,  Antonio  Linares,  and  Vinceuto  Santa  Maria,  only 
fifteen  as  given  in  Palou,  Noticias  I,  p.  103—104.  Fatlicr  Juan  Antonio 
coming  at  another  time  reached  Corralvo  on  the  22d  of  March.  Palou 
Xoticias  I,  136,  says  that  both,  Fr.  Jos6  Herrera  and  Fr.  Francisco 
Tejada,  remained  at  Topic  on  account  of  sickness.  Herrera,  it  seems, 
never  reached  California.  Vida,  101— ll.'i;  Noticias  I,  101—103;  107; 
Banc.    Hist.   N.  M.  St.  I,  722. 


The  others  chose  to  go  by  kind  rather  than  to  trust 
themselves  to  an  unseaworthy  vesseL  They  were, 
hov/over,  picked  up  by  the  packet-boat  Concepcion, 
and  hmdcd  at  Lorcto  on  November  24th.  Fr.  Palou 
was  al)scut  at  tlic  time,  but,  as  soon  as  he  heard 
of  the  arrival  of  the  religious,  he  wrote  to  the  new 
governor,  and  asked  him  to  send  the  necessary  guards 
for  at  least  two  nev,'  mirricns,  which  were  to  be  found- 
ed as  directed  1)y  the  viceroy.  The  governor  replied 
lluit  he  could  not  spare  any  soldiers  for  the  present; 
new  missions,  therefore,  could  not  be  established. 

Aftee  reporting  the  state  of  aliairs  to  the  viceroy 
and  to  the  Fr.  Guardian  at  Mexico,  Fr.  Palou 
distributed  thc^  nineteen  nevrcomers  among  tlie  exist- 
ing    missions    as    follows : 

Mission  San  Fernando  de  Yelicatd — Fathers  Vincente 
Fuster  and  Antonio  Linares  as  assistants  to  Fr.  Mi- 
guel de  Campa. 

Mission  Santa  Gertrudis — Fr.  Gregorio  Amurrio  as 
companion  to  Fr.  Juan  Sancho. 

Mission  San  Ignacic — Fr.  Jose  Legomera  v.-ith  Fr. 
Juan  de  Medina  Yeytia. 

Mission  Santa  Rosalia  de  Mulege — Fr.  Pedro  Arre- 
guibar  as  assistant  to  Fr.  Sierra. 

Mission  Guadalupe — Fr.  Manuel  Lago  with  Fr. 
Andres  Yillaumbrales. 

Mission  Purisima — Fathers  Francisco  Echaso  and  Mar- 
tin Pahicios  to  assist  Fr.   Gaston. 

Mission  San  Jose  Comundu — Fathers    Juan    Prestamc- 
ro,  Tomas  de  la  Peiia,  and  Vincente   Imas. 
Mission    San    Javier — Fr.    Ramon    Usson    as    compan- 
ion to  Fr.  Fernando  Parron. 

Mission  Loreto — Fr.  Vincente  Santa  Maria  vrith  Fr. 
Jose    Murguia. 

Mission  Todos  Santos — Fr.  Miguel  Sanchez  as  com- 
panion to  Fr.  Marcelino  Senra. 

Missions  Santiago  and  San  Jose  del  Cal)o — Fr.  Vill- 
uendas  as  companion  to  Fr.  Juan  Antonio   Kiol)o(), 


Fi'.  Francisco  Javier  Tejada,  who  had  been  left  sick 
at  Tepic,  did  not  arrive  until  April  1772.  Fathers 
Juan  Figuer  and  Jose  Legun.i  are  not  named  in 
the  distribution  of  the  missionaries.   (8) 

Fr.  Palou  now  sent  to  Governor  Barri  a  formal 
renunciation  of  Mission  Todos  Santos.  He  rec(:mnien("- 
ed  that  the  feAV  and  incorriji-ibly  bad  Indians  be 
distributed  nmonsi;  otlier  missions,  and  niro  sui^-gestcd  a 
transfer  of  Spanirh  settlers  fr(  m  Santa  Ana  to  Todos 
v^'rntcr.  Ihe  governor  positively  refused  to  accept  the 
renunciation  until  he  could  consult  the  viceroy.  "Tliis 
refusal  made  it  evident",  says  Bancroft,  "that  the 
captious  ruler  would  oppose  the  Fathers  at  every 
point.  Governor  Barri,  who  had  come  with  his' family 
to  Loreto  in  April,  at  tlrst  seemed  disposed  to  act  in 
harmony  with  Fr  Palou,  tho  prasident,  or  superi- 
or, of  the  LoAver  California  misGions ;  but  this  state  of 
things,  unfortunately,  did  not  last  long,  and  Barri 
turned  out  to  be  the  bitterest  enemy  of  the  Francis- 
cans in  California."  (0) 

Before  this  occurrence,  Fr.  Palou,  whD  wa3  in  tho 
northern  part  of  tho  peninsula  making  preparations 
for  new  establishments,  liad  been  notified  by  Gover- 
nor Barri  of  a  revolt  at  Todos  Santos,  and  reruestcd 
to  return.  The  revolt  was  not  serious  in  itself,  as  Fr. 
Palou  had  concluded,  but  it  led  to  unpleasant  consc- 
ciuences.  The  Indians  had  complained  of  the  cruelty 
of  the  majordomo.  Such  complaints  from  the  Guaicu- 
ris  were  frequen':,  and  generally  unfounded,  hence 
the  Fr.  President  refused  to  act  in  the  matter.  Then 
the  Indians,  instigated  by  some  shrewd  malcontents, 
appealed  to  the  governor,  including  in  their  com- 
j)laint  charges  against  the  Father,  notably  that 
he  denied  the  governor's  right  to  interfere  in  tho 
mission  management.  Barri,    a    hotheaded    and    stub- 

(8)  Vlda,  116-n7,  Noticlis,  I,  Ui-Vii;    Biocroft,  Hist,  N.  M,  St,  I,  732, 

(9)  Ncticias  I,  lge-141;    B^jic,  Hist,  N,  M.  St,  I,  731-732. 


—  2a  — 

born  man,  was  very  angry  at  this;  nor  coulJ  any 
explanation  from  Fr.  Palou  mollify  his  Avrath.  Thus 
bei!;an  a  feud  -which  increased  in  bitterness  until  the 
iiovcrnor,  contrary  to  all  the  regulations,  openly  or- 
dered the  missionaries  to  cofinne  themselves  to 
preacliing,  teachinii;,  and  saying  Mass,  and  not  to 
meddle  with  the  temi)()ralities,  nor  with  the  punish- 
ment of  the  Indians.  It  was  a  great  triumph  for  the 
unruly  among  the  natives,  who  flocked  to  Barri  with 
complaints  on  all  occasions.  They  became  insolent  and 
independent,  and  wasted  the  property  until  it  seemed 
the  evil  days  of  llic  comisionados  had  returned.  Filled 
villi  indignation,  Fr.  Palou  wrote  a  letter  to  the 
Fr.  Guardian,  and  entreated  him  to  appeal  to  Iho 
viceroy.  The  letter  was  sent  through  Fr.  Juan  Escu- 
dero,  who  sailed  on  tlie  25th  of  October,  and  reached 
Mexico  in  December  177J. 

Fr.  Rafael  Verger,  was  then  guardian  oi  th^ 
college  of  San  Fernando.  On  learning  the  state  cf 
allairs,  he,  together  witli  the  discretory,  prepared  a 
long  memorial  for  the  viceroy  in  behalf  of  the  Cali- 
fornia missions.  The  document,  quoted  at  length  by 
Fr.  Palou  on  pages  327-180  of  his  Noticias,  contained 
eighteen  different  reciuests.  Ola  vse  sixteen  is  especial- 
ly no':a])lo,  1':  requested  that  tho  D  )minican  Fathers, 
or  others,  take  charge  of  four  missions  in  the  south- 
ern part  cf  the  peninsula,  namely  :  ^an  Jose  del  Oa- 
bo,  Santiago  de  las  Coras,  Tcdos  Santos,  and  San 
Javier,  besides  three  missions  in  the  noiih,  namely : 
La  Purisima  Concepcion,  Nuestra  Senora  do  Guadalu- 
pe, and  Santa  Ivcsalia  de  Mulege.  By  this  arrange- 
ment the  Franciscans  retained  control  oC  missions 
Loreto,  San  Jose  Comundi'i,  San  Ignacio,  Santa  Ger- 
trudis,  and  San  Borja.  The  memorial,  thougli  ans- 
wered in  a  favorable  tone  by  Viceroy  Bucareli,  pro- 
duced no  direct  or  immediate  results.  (10) 

1,10)    Notjcias   I,  11C-I;;0;    Banc.  Hist,  Norfi  ^'9?.  St,  I,  Tfl;    Vida,  117-113, 


—  U  - 

In  his  report  of  February  12,  1772,  Fr.  Palou,  in 
answer  to  an  inquiry  whether  or  not  "Armona's  (11) 
orders  for  the  good  of  the  Indians  were  carried  out," 
says :  "Armona's  name  cannot  even  be  mentioned  in 
the  presence  of  Governor  Barri,  who  dcckires  that  he 
came  to  ruin  the  i)eninsuLa.  In  tlie  presence  of  Fr. 
Escudero  he  declared  that  he  did  not  wish  to  be  in 
liarmony  with  me."  Something  should  be  done  to 
prevent  his  interference  with  missionary  efforts  in 
behalf  of  the  Indians.   (12) 

The  Indians  were  not  slow  to  take  advantage  of 
this  unfortunate  state  of  things :  they  became  more 
insolent  and  refractory  every  day ;  and  more  than 
once  open  rebellion  was  barely  averted.  Having  ex- 
hausted his  ingenuity  in  seeking  a  remedy,  Fr.  Palou, 
at  last,  sent  Fr.  Juan  Ramos  de  Lora  to  Mexico  to  lay 
the  whole  matter  before  the  viceroy.  Fr.  Ramos  de- 
parted in  January  1772,  and  reached  the  capital  in 
March.  At  this  time  the  question  of  ceding  a  part  of 
the  missions  in  Lower  California  to  the  Dominicans, 
as  recommended  by  the  Franciscans,  was  under  dis- 
cussion, and  the  arrival  of  Fr.  Ramos  witli  his  griev- 
ances contributed  materially  to  the  final  surrender 
of  the  entire  peninsula  to  the  Dominican  Order.  Un- 
der date  of  June  1st,  1771,  the  Fr.  Guardian  request- 
ed Fr.  Palou  to  send  a  full  report  regarding  the 
si^iritual  and  the  temporal  affairs  of  each  mission  in 
Lower  California.  This  order  of  his  superior  did  not 
reach  Fr.  Palou  until  the  18th  of  January,  1772, 
shortly  after  Fr.  Ramos  had  gone  to  Mexico.   (13) 

Fk.  Palou's  report,  which  was  dated  February  12th, 
1772,  and  covers  52  pages  of  the  Noticias,  contained 
a  sketch  of  the  history,  location,  and  condition  of 
each  establishment ;  also  a  summary  of  the  past  griev- 
ances and  necessary    reforms.  Tlie    registered  popula- 

(11)    Former  povornor  of  California.  (12)     Noticias   I,   li^t-l!>9. 

(13)    Noticias,  I,  111-U3;  Vida,  US 


tion,  a  lai'iie  part  wandering  in  the  mountains,  was 
5,074  in  thirteen  missions.  San  Francisco  de  Borja 
with  1,579  souls  was  the  kirgest;  Sa>n  Jose  del  Cabo 
witli  fifty  the  smallest.  Most  of  tho  mission  cattle 
were  running  wild.    (11) 

Long,  however,  before  this  document  reached  its 
destination,  the  missions  had  been  ceded  to  the  Do- 
minicans. The  Franciscan  guardian  of  San  Fernando, 
Fr.  Rafael  A^erger,  and  the  Dominican  vicar-general, 
Fr.  Juan  Pedro  de  Iriarte,  signed  a  concordato,  or 
agreement,  on  April  7th,  1772,  which  was  witnessed 
by  Viceroy  Bucareli  on  the  30th  of  the  same  month. 
In  general  terms  it  gave  to  the  Dominican  Order  the 
entire  peninsula,  with  all  its  missions,  up  to  San 
Juan  de  Dios,  a  point  just  beloM'  San  Diego;  while 
the  Franciscans  were  to  retain  San  Diego  and  the 
missions  north  of  that  place,  with  the  privilege  of 
extending  their  estal)lishments  without  limit  to  the 
north  and  northwest.   (15) 

In  a  letter  of  June  10th,  in  which  the  Fr.  Guardian 
announced  the  result,  he  directed  Fr.  Palou,  to 
surrender  the  property  and  to  send  the  Fathers  back 
to  the  college,  except  Fathers  Senra,  Murguia,  Usson, 
and  Figuer,  who  were  destined  for  the  Monterey  mis- 
sions. Fr.  Palou  also  was  permitted  to  join  the  Fa- 
thers in  the  north,  if  he  wished  to  do  so.  The  news 
reached  California  on  the  31st  of  August,  and  was 
welcomed  by  the  ringing  of  bells  and  a  High  Mass  of 
thanksgiving.  Fr.  Palou  instructed  the  religious  at  the 
various  missions  to  prepare  their  accounts,  in  order  to 
be  ready  for  the  transfer  when  their  "successors  and 
brothers"  should  arrive.  Meanwhile,  one  was  to  re- 
nuiin  at  each  mission,  and  the  rest  were  to  come  to 
Loreto.  On  October  14th  ten  Dominicans,  nine  priests 
and  one  lay-brother,  arrived  on  the  ship  Lauretana 
and    were    hospitably    received    by    the     Franciscans. 

(U)    NotLcias,  I,  11!-195.        (15)    Ndticias,  I,  196-215 ;       Vida,  118. 


They,  however,  declined  to  accept  the  surrender  of 
the  missions  until  their  superior,  Fr.  Iriarte,  should 
arrive.  Six  Franciscans,  nevertheless,  departed  on 
the  19th  of  October.  These  Avere :  Fathers  Martinez, 
Echaso,  Somera,  Palacios,  Imas,  and  Arreguibar.  Two 
more,  Fernando  Parron  and  Minuel  La-vo,  embarked 
for    Mexico  on-  the    2d  of   December.   (16) 

Meanwhile  the  rest  of  the  Dominicans  v;ho  liad 
sailed  from  San  Bias  were  shipwrecked,  and  snltered 
terribly  both  on  land  and  by  sea.  Four  of  them  died, 
includina;  Fr.  Iriarte ;  nor  did  the  remainder  arrive 
at  Loreto  until  May  12th,  1773.  On  the  death  of  Fr. 
Iriarte,  Fr.  A^incente  Mora  had  become  president  of 
the  Dominican  missionarie::;  in  Lower.  California,  but 
he  declined  to  accept  the  missions  formally  until  ho 
should  be  confirmed  in  his  ofFice.  He  consented  to 
receive  the  property,  however,  and  to  begin  work  on 
the  inventories.  The  Franciscan  Fathers  insisted  on 
the  greatest  care  in  taking  the  r.cccunls,  because  the 
vindictive  Barri  had  accused  them  of  plundering  the 
missions.  The  result  showed  that  all  was  in  perfect 
order,  and  that  the  mission  funds  and  dues  had  ir- 
creased  from  $8,9G0  to  $10,010  since  tlie  expulsion  of 
the  Jesuits. 

When  the  ceremonies  of  thanksgiviu,;^  and  Avelcomo 
had  been  concluded,  the  Dominicans  vrore  sent  to 
their  respecti  'O  missionf,  and  it  only  remained  for 
Fr.  I  alo  1  to  attend  to  a  few  matters  preparatory  to 
his  departure  for  Alia  California,  whither  he  had  re- 
solved to  go  with  seven  of  his  brother  missionaries ; 
but  he  met  vrith  opposition  in  completing  his  arrange- 
ments. Barri  prevented  him  from  collecting  some 
cattle  which  by  the  viceroy's  order  were  to  be  fur- 
nished for  the  north ;  and,  though  Fr.  Palou  had  au- 
thority to  take  twenty-five  Indian  families  for  Mon- 
terey, he  could  barely   obtain  half   that   number.    In 

1,-0,    Notlcla,   I,    ns  liJU, 


May,  1778,  Fr.  Pnlon  with  ten  Dominicans  left  foi* 
Muleg6.  Later  on  ho  visited  and  delivered  to  them 
the  missions  of  Guadalupe,  San  Ignacio,  Santa  Ger- 
triidis,  Eorja,  Santa  Maria,  and  San  Fernando.  Then 
he  started  with  six  companions  for  San  Diego,  where 
he  arrived  at  the  end  of  August.  Fr.  Cambon  was 
left  at  San  Fernando  de  Yelicata  in  charge  of  certain 
church  property  which  had  been  taken  from  the  old 
missions  for  the  new  foundations  by  order  of  Don 
Galvez.  Governor  Barri  saw  here  a  last  opportunity 
to  annoy  the  Franciscans.  Insisting  that  the  property 
had  been  stolen,  he  ordered  Lieutenant  Velasquez  in 
command  at  Velicata  not  to  permit  its  removal.  Fr. 
Cambon  could  do  nothing  but  report  this  fresh  an- 
noyance.  In  July  1774,  an  order  finally  came  from 
the  viceroy  which  directed  that  the  goods  should  be 
forwarded  without  delay,  but  it  was  nearly  a  year 
before  tho  last  of  the  articles  were  delivered.  (17) 

The  Franciscans  now  had  no  further  interest  of  im- 
portance in  the  peninsula  missions.  Six  Fathers, 
therefore,  departed  for  Mexico  on  the  Concepcion 
May  27th,  177r.  These  Fathcs  vrcro :  Juan  Gaston, 
Juan  Sancho,  Vincente  Santa  Maria,  Juan  Antonio 
Rioboo,  Antonio  Linares,  and  Francisco  Javier  Teja- 
da.  The  Fathers  AndroB  Villaumbrales  and  Benito 
Sierra,  together  with  the  Sindico  Manuel  Garcia  Mo- 
rales, sailed  in  another  vessel  on  June  15th  to  touch 
at  Cerralvo  for  the  missionaries  in  the  south  of  the 
peninsula.  Only  Fr.  Campa  and  Fr.  Juan  Medina 
Yeylia  still  remained  in  Lower  California  for  awhile 
longer  to  wind  up  the  all'airs  of  their  brethren.   (18) 

(17)     Notlcias,    I,    231-250,  (Ih)     Ibid.   251-252. 


e^pP^FER    III. 


Statistics  Of  Tle  Lc^^EE  Califciima   Mismoks— DEr.'.KiLr.i:   Tce  Upper 
Calefoenia— Boundary— List  Of  Missioxaeies. 

According  to  Fr.  Francisco  Palou's  report,  dated 
Loreto  February,  12tli,  1TT2,  the  Franciscan  missions 
in  Lower  California,  at  the  time  of  the  transfer, 
Avere  tlie  following'  from  south  to  north : 

1.  Mission  de  San  Jose  del  Caho.  This  mission  was 
founded  in  1730  by  the  Jesuit  Father  Nicolas  Tamas- 
cal,  Avho  with  Fr.  Santiajio  later  on  suffered  death  at 
the  hands  of  the  Indians.  Towards  the  close  of  April 
1768  the  place  was  given  in  charge  of  the  Franciscan 
Fr.  Juan  Moran,  who  labored  there  until  his  death 
fourteen  months  after.  Fr.  Juan  Rioljoo  succeeded 
him.  There  were  but  fifty  Indiana  left   in    177:2.   (1) 

2.  Mission  dc  Santiago  de  Las  Coras.  The  Jesuit 
Fathers  founded  this  mission  about  1720,  and  contin- 
ued there  until  their  expulsion  in  1768.  The  Francis- 
can Fr.  Jose  Murguia,  was  appointed  missionary  in 
April  1768.  In  April  1769  a  secular  priest,  Rev  Fr. 
Bfx^za,  began  to  administer  the  affairs  of  the  nev/ 
curacy  until  November  1770,  when  the  mission  was 
again  turned  over  to  the  Franciscans,  and  Fr  Fran- 
cisco Villuendas  became  the  missionary.  Bancroft 
claims  that  Fr.  Juan  Kioboo  was  stationed  at  Santia- 
go with  Fr.  Villuendas.  Owing  to  an  epidemic  which 
had  carried  away  a  great  number  of  Indians,  there 
remained,  on  the  departure  of  the  Franciscans  in 
1772,    only    seventy    souls,.    (2) 

S.  MiisioJi  de  Naestra  Scnora  del  Pilar,  or  Todos 
Santos.   This  mission    was     established    in    1719    at    a 

(1)     Noti  m,  ,    I,  111-146.        (2)     Ibid.    146-117. 


—  29  — 

pla:^3  c.ilk\l  Li  Fa-:.  Tlio  Jesuits  were  in  charge  un- 
til til  nr  (l.nxirhir^  in  17oS,  w'aen  th?  Franciscans  ap- 
P3ar3:l.  Fr.  Ju.i.i  Kinu:;  do  Lnw  wa-.  appointed  the 
first  -missionary.  He  h^bored  assiduously  until  Janua- 
ry 1772,  when  he  was  sent  to  Mexico  on  a  mission 
to  the  ii'overnment.  Fathers  Marcelino  iSenra  and  Mi- 
guel S.indiez  succ-edecl  him.  Wh?n  tlieso  Fathers  de- 
parted there  were  still  170  Indians  ;it  the  mission  or 
in  the  neighborhood.   (3) 

4.  Mission  de  Sa,:i  Frz^ic^i.-^j  Javier.  The  Jesuit 
Fathers  remained  in  chavg3  of  Sin  Javier  from  the 
time  of  its  foundation  Oel-a])3r  161,'),  to  1768,  wlien, 
on  April  6th,  Fr.  Francisco  Palou  vras  appointed  for 
the  place  by  Fr.  Junipero.  From  that  day  until  No- 
vember 24,  1771,  eighty-three  children  were  baptized, 
115  Indians  buried,  and  14  couples  were  married. 
Three  stations  were  atiached  to  San  Javier  without 
either  chapels  or  dwellings  for  the  missionary.  Fath- 
ers Fernando  Parron  and  Kamon  Usson  were  sta- 
tiont^d  at  tliis  mission  when  the  transfer  took  place. 
On  their  departure  212  Lulians  resided  in  the  neigh- 
borhood.   (4) 

5.  Jlission  (Ic  Nucstra  Scnora  de  Loreto.  Fr.  Juan 
Maria  de  Salvatierra,  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  cele- 
brated the  first  Mass  there  on  October  25th,  1697.  Up 
to  the  time  of  their  departure  in  February  1768,  the 
Jesuits  had  baptized  646  souls;  interred  1829  dead;  and 
united  292  couples  in  marriage.  The  Franciscans  suc- 
ceeded the  Jesuits  in  April  1768.  Fathers  Junipero 
Serra  and  Fernando  Parron  were  the  first  missiona- 
ries. At  the  close  of  1771  the  Fathers  had  baptized 
76  Indian  and  Spanish  children,  interred  131  dead, 
and  Idessed  20  marriages.  Fathers  Santa  Maria,  Pa- 
lou, and  Murguia  were  also  stationed  at  Loreto  for 
a  time.  When  the  Fathers  departed  in  1772  they  left 
160  Indians    about     the    mission.    (5) 

Ci)     Noticias,  I,  117-119.  (1)     Ibid.  ir,l-ir,C.  (.'))     Ibid.  150-159, 


—  CO  — 

G.  Mission  (U  Sen  Jd23  ch  Coinondu.  Twenty 
laague  north  v/as  tlio  mission  of  San  Jo8j,  estab- 
lished in  1708.  Its  first  niisfiionary  was  the  Jesuit  Fa- 
ther Julian  (le  Mallorca.  On  the  8lli  oC  April  17C8  it 
l^assocl  into  the  hancb  of  the  Franciscaiis,  and  Fr. 
Antonio  Martinez  was  chosen  for  the  place,  iiy 
the  9th  of  December,  1771,  thera  had  been  baptized 
94  children,  211  dead  interred,  and  28  couples  unit- 
ed in  marriage.  Fathers  Prestamcro,  Pena,  and  Imas 
were  stationed  at  Comondti,  after  Fr.  Antonio's  de- 
parturo.  In  1772  the  natives  numbered  210  souls.  (G) 

7.  Mission  dc  La  Parisima  Concc2)oioii  do  Cade- 
f/omo.  La  Puri-sima  v/as  founded  by  the  Jesuits  in 
1710.  In  April  17G8  the  Franciscan  Fr.  Juan  Crespi 
took  charge.  From  that  date  until  December  8th, 
1771,  thirty-nine  children  were  baptized,  120  inter- 
ments took  place,  and  fifteen  couples  were  married. 
Fathers  Gaston,  Ecliaso,  and  Palacios  were  the  other 
missionaries  of  La  Purisima.  168  Indians  remained 
after  the  Franciscans   left    Lower   California.    (7) 

S.  Mission  de  JSfaestrct  Sanora  dc  Oucidalupc.  This 
mission,  established  by  the  Jesuits  in  April  1720, 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Fr.  Juan  Sancho  de  la 
Torre  in  April  1768.  In  September  1771  the  records 
showed  the  names  of  53  baptized  children,  130  deaths, 
and  28  couples  united  in  marriage.  Fathers  Manuel 
Lago  and  Andres  Yillaumbrales  succeeded  Fr.  fc'ancho, 
and  on  their  departure  in  1772  they  left  110  natives 
at    the    mission.    (8) 

0.  Mission  de  Santa  Rosalia  de  Mulcc/e.  The  Je- 
suits continued  in  charge  of  this  mission  from  its  es- 
tablishments until  January  17G8,  when  the  Francis- 
can Fr.  Juan  Gaston  was  appointed  to  succeed  them. 
He  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  Fathers  Sierra  and  Ped- 
ro Arreguibar.  They  had  baptized  48  children  by  the 
last    of   August  1771,  buried  113  Indians,  and  blessed 

(G)     Noticias,  I,    1G9-101.  (71     IbiJ.    I'JJ-iai.  (>S)     Ibll.     l'H-lG(i. 


—  31  — 

17  niarrlagcs.  In  1772  there  were  180  Indians   lat    the 
mission    and    in    the  vicinity.  (9) 

10.  Mission  de  San  Ignacio.  Fr.  Juan  Bautista 
Liiyono  of  tlie  Society  of  Jesiia  founded  this  mission 
in  January  1728.  In  April  1708  the  Franciscan  Fr. 
Mipiel  do  hi  Caiiipa  y  Cos  v.-aH  phiccd  in  cliar{;'C  of 
kS:in  Iji'nacio.  Fathers  Joso  Lei;-omera  and  Andrea  Vill- 
avaiibralcs  were  aleo  elalioncd  at  Ibis  mission  for  a 
time.  Up  to  Aug-ust  1771,  fifteen(?)  children  had 
b^en  baptized,  293  Indians  buried,  and  GS  couples 
joined  in  matrimony.  At  the  same  time  there  were 
foaud  in  and  about  the  mission  55S  natives.  (10) 

11.  Mission  de  Santa  Gcrtncdis.  This  mission, 
founded  by  the  Jesuit  Fathers  in  July  1752,  was  put 
in  charge  of  the  Franciscan  Fr.  Dionisio  Basterra  in 
April  17G8.  The  other  Fathers  stationed  there  were 
Juan  Sancho  and  Gregorio  Amurrio.  Until  August 
1771  they  baptized  251  children,  and  buried  403  In- 
dians, besides  blessing  102  marriages.  Santa  Gertru- 
dis  was  one  of  the  most  populous  missions,  1,138  In- 
dians being  on  the  records  when  the  report  was 
made  in  August  1771.    (11) 

12.  Mission  dc  Sii.i  Francisco  de  Borja.  The  Jes- 
uits labored  at  this  mission  from  its  estal)lisliment  in 
1759  until  January  1763.  In  May  of  that  year  the 
Franciscan  Fr.  Fermin  Francisco  Lasuen  began  his 
work  among  the  Indians  of  San  Francisco.  lie  with 
Fr.  Senra  baptized  401  persons,  of  whom  20  vrere 
adults;  499  Indians  were  interred,  and  273  couples 
united  in  marriage.  Five  stations  were  attended  from 
Borja,  namely:  San  Juan  with  160  souls;  San  Fran- 
cisco Regis  with  92  souls;  Longeles  with  155  souls; 
Guadab^'^f^  with  256  souls;  and  San  Ignacio  with  356 
souls.  Ihes3  stations  had  neither  chapels  nor  dwell- 
ings f(r  th^  priests.  At  Borja  itself  there  were  184 
souls.   Tll.,,    when    the    report    was    sent    to   Mexico, 


(0)     Noticl 


—  32  — 

there  were  1,479  natives  in  cliargo  of  the  Francis- 
cans. (12) 

13.  Mission  de  Santa  Maria  de  Los  Aiu/eles.  This 
was  the  Last  mission  established  by  the  Jesuits  in 
Lower  California.  They  remained  from  the  time  of 
its  foundation,  October  16th,  1766,  until  their  expul- 
sion by  the  Masonic  government  of  Spain,  at  the 
beginning  of  1768.  The  Franciscan  Fr.  Juan  de 
Veytia  took  charge  in  May  1763.  As  there  was  no 
church  nor  dwelling  for  the  priest,  he  at  once  erect- 
ed both  structures  of  adobe,  and  roofed  them  with 
tules.  From  his  arrival  to  September  1771,  199  adults 
and  91  childred  were  baptized,  108  dead  buried,  and 
120  couples  united  in  the  bonds  of  matrimony.  The 
mission  record  contained  the  names  of  523  Indians 
attached    to    the    mission    in   September  1771.     (13) 

14  Mission  de  San  Fernando  de  Velicata.  This 
was  the  only  mission  established  by  the  Franciscans 
in  Lower  California.  It  was  situated  about  100 
leagues  south  of  San  Diego.  The  lirst  Mass,  as  we 
have  seen,  was  celebrated  on  the  15th  of  May,  1769. 
The  Fathers  stationed  there  at  different  times  were 
Campa,  Fuster,  Linares,  and  Cambon.  When  Fr.  Pa- 
lou  prepared  his  report  on  the  missions  in  Septem- 
ber 1771,  the  number  of  Indians  baptized  had  reached 
380,  of  whom  306  were  adults.  Only  twelve  Indians 
had  died,  but  86  couples  had  been  joined  in  Christian 
marriage.  The  number  of  Indians  remaining  at  the 
mission  Avas  296.   (11) 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that,  from  April  1768  to  Sep- 
tember 1771,  the  Franciscans  in  Lower  California,  San 
Jose  del  Cabo,  Santiago,  and  Todos  Santos  not  inclu- 
ded, baptized  1731  persons,  of  whom  531  were  adults, 
buried  2165  dead,  and  blessed  787  marriages.  As  the 
Fathers  did  not  leave  the  peninsula  until  the  follow- 
ing year,  the  number  of  baptisms,  including  those  of 

(12)    Noticias,  I,  17.>178.        (13)    Ibid.  178-li:5.        (U)    Ibid.  IS;:- 191. 


-  BS  — 

the   three    missioiiG,    whose    records    are    not    extant, 
will    easily   reach   2000. 

LEAViNa  Fr.  Cambon  at  San  Fernando  de  Velicatd 
to  wind  up  the  allairs  of  the  mission,  Fr.  Palou  with 
Fathers  Tedro  Benito,  Cambon,  Amurrio,  Lasuen, 
Prestamero,  Fiistcr,  Murgiiia,  and  Carapa,  journeyed 
northward  to  join  the  Fathers  in  Upper  California. 
On  the  19th  of  August,  1773,  a  cross  was  placed  on  a 
hiii;h  rock,  five  leagues  above  the  Arroyo  San  Juan 
Bautista,  and  fifteen  leagues  Ijelow  S:in  Diego,  to 
mark  the  boundary  between  Franciscan  and  Domini- 
can territory.  The  cross  bore  the  inscription;  ''■Divi- 
sion de  las  mislones  de  nuestro  Padre  Santo  Do- 
mingo y  de  nuestro  Padre  San  Francisco,  ano  1773. 
The  Te  Deuin  vras  then  sung  with  extraordinary 
joy:  "Cantamos  con  extraordinaria  alegria  el  Te 
Doum  Laudamus."   (15) 

(15)  Noticias  I,  25G-259.  The  following  is  an  alphabetical  list  of  the 
Franciscans  that  were  at  any  time  in  Lc'uct  Cfliicinia  iuni  Aiiill'CfS  (o 
August     1773.   Horrora,  howovor,  diod  beforo  reaching  the  missions. 

Amurio,    Grogorio ;  Murgula,  Jos6  ; 

Arroguibar,   Podro ;  Palacios,  Martin  ; 

Basterra,    Dionisio;  Palou,  Francisco; 

Cambon,    Pedro;  Parron,  Fernando; 

Campa    y  Cos,  Miguel;  Pcna,    Thomas  do  la; 

Crespi,  Juan;  Prestamero,  Juan; 

Echaso,  Francisco  ;  Ramos  de    Lora,  Juan  ; 

E-cudoro,  Juan;  Rioboo,  Juan  Antonio; 

Figuer,  Juan;  Sanchez,  Miguel; 

Fuster,  Vincente ;  Bancho    de  la  Torre,  Juan; 

Gaston,  Juan  Ignacio;  Santa  Maria,   Vincente; 

Gomez,  Francisco:  Sonra,    Marcelino; 

Herrcra,  J0.36  ;  S^rra,  Juuipero; 

Imas,    Vincents;  Sbrra,  Jum   B3aito; 

Lago,    Manuel;  Somora  ,  Angel; 

Lasuen,  Firmin.Francisca;  Tojada,  Francisco  Javier; 

Logomera,  Jos6;  Usson,  Ramon; 

Leguaa,    Jos6;  Veytia,  Juan   de  Medina; 

Linares,  Antonio;  Villaumbrales,   Aidr6s  ; 

Martinez,  A-itoalo;  VUliondi^,  ? 


Moran,  Juan ; 


Vizcaino,   Jus 


—  8i  — 


The  Second  Lakd  ExrEDixioN— Ff.  JfNirEEo  And  The  Mi'leteee— Names 
Applied  To  Places  Along  The  Eoae— TrE  Exieeitions  By  Sea- 
Reunion— Fr.  JuNirEEo's  Letter— In  Seaech  Cf  Montli;ey— Fcuming 
Of  S.vn  DiEdo— Rapacity  Of  The  Natives— Attack  On  The  Mission— 
FiEST  Victim— Ceaeacixeistics  Of  The  Ineiank— Ti;e  'Oue  Fateee" 
In    DiEGLTiio. 

As  we  have  seen  before,  the  first  land  expedition 
for  the  establishment  of  missions  in  Upper  California 
started  out  from  Velicata  on  March  2-ith,  1769,  and 
reached  San  Diego  on  May  14th,  after  marching  52 
days.  Having  placed  Fr.  Miguel  Campa  y  Cos  in 
charge  of  the  nawly-founded  mission  of  San  Fer- 
nando, Fr.  Junipero  Serra  accompanied  the  second 
land  expedition  under  Governor  Portola  which  left 
San  Fernando  on  the  evening  of  May  15th,  the 
day  after  Pentecost  Sunday.   (1) 

On  travelling  three  leagues,  at  a  place  called  San 
Juan  de  Dios,  Fr.  Junipero's  leg  became  so  swol- 
len as  to  indicate  mortification ;  he  could  not  rest 
a  moment,  so  intense  was  the  pain.  The  governor  sug- 

(1)  Vida,  page  71.  It  may  be  well  to  preserve  tlio  namos  applied  by 
these  first  expeditions  between  Velicatft  and  San  Dicco.  Tl.oy  are  lieie 
Riven  from  Fr.  Crespi's  Primcra  Expcdicion  as  per  Bancroft.  Tlio  addi- 
tions in  parentheses  are  those  applied  by  the  second  or  PortoM  party: 
Velicatd  to  San  Juan  do  Di6s  aroyo,  4.5  leagues;  Santos  Martiros  ar- 
royo,  3  loapues;  Lis  Palmas  arroyo,  3  leagues;  San  Angolo  do  Fulgino 
arroyo,  or  ('orpus  Christi,  3.5  1. ;  Alamos  arroyo,  3.5  1. ;  Cioncguilla  i.  1. ; 
San  Eicardo  (Santa  Humiliana),  3  1.  ;  San  Vinconto  Ferrer  (Sta  Potro- 
nila),  3  1.;  San  Dionisio  Rio,  31.;  San  Loon  arroyo  (San  AndriSs  Hispo- 
lo),  21. ;  San  Angel  do  Clavacio  (S.  Paciflco),  61.;  S.  Tolmo  pozo  (Stos 
Mart  ires),  .1  1.  ;  San  Rafael  (Sta  Margarita),  3  1.;  S.  Bcrnab(5,  5  1.;  Sta 
Isabel  (S.  Guido),3l;  Alisos  arroyo  (S.  Nazaiici),  5  1.;  Jacobo  Ilirico 
(S.  Antoalo),  21.;  S.  Aisolim  (S.  B.isili  >),  3  1. ;  S  m  F.-ancisco  Solano  (S. 
A'ltanio),  1.51.;  S.  Jo.-g3  (3.Ato'i6::c  i0  3),  2  1.;  St);  Mirdres  (S.  Gorvasio), 
3  1.;  S.Pedro  Martyr  (Sta.  Migueliaa),  2 1. ;  Santos  Ap6  ;tolos,  31.;  Sta 
Cruz  (Visitacion),  1  1;  Sta  Monica  (S.  Juan),  3.51.;  S.  Estanislao  vallo 
(S.  Juan  Bautista),  41. ;  S.Juan  Bautista  (San  Juan  Capistrano)  ;  S. 
Antonio  vallo  (S.Francisco  Solano),  41.;  San  Pio  (San  Bisnvenuto),  4. 1. ; 
Stos  Martiros  pocita  (Cilrcel  do  S.  Podro),  3  1.  ;  Santi  Spiritu  on  San 
Diego  Bay.     Banc.  H.  N.  M.  St.  I.  490. 


—  85    — 

gcsted  that  he  go  back;  but  the  Father  would  not 
hear  of  it,  as  he  hoped  to  reach  San  Diego.  "If 
not",  he  added,  "let  God's  will  be  done."  The 
governor  now  ordered  a  litter  to  be  made,  but  the 
humble  Serra  would  not  consent  to  be  carried  by  liu- 
man  beings.  In  this  extremity  he  prayed  to  God  most 
fervently  for  assistance ;  then  calling  a  muleteer, 
Juan  Coronel  by  name,  he  said  to  him,  "My  son, 
can  you  lind  some  remedy  for  my  sore  foot  and  leg?" 
"What  remedy  can  I  have?"  Coronel  replied.  "I  am 
not  a  surgeon.  I  am  only  a  mule-driver,  and  can  cure 
the  wounds  of  my  beasts  only."  "Well,  my  son",  said 
the  sufferer,  "imagine  that  I  am  one  of  those  ani- 
mals, and  that  this  is  one  of  their  wounds,  vrhich 
pains  me  so  much  that  I  cannot  sleep;  then  apply 
the  same  remedy  you  vrould  apply  to  one  of  the 
beasts."  "This  I  will  do  to  please  you,  Father,"  said 
the  man.  Taking  some  tallow  he  mixed  it  with  herbs 
and  applied  the  poultice  to  the  sore  leg  of  Fr.  Juni- 
pero.  God  rewarded  the  humility  of  His  servant.  The 
patient  rested  quietly  that  night,  and  the  next  morn- 
ing, to  the  surprise  of  every  one,  he  arose  early  to 
recite  matins  and  lauds,  and  olfer  up  the  Holy  Sac- 
rifice.  (2) 

The  expedition  now  proceeded  and  reached  San  Die- 
go on  July  1st,''  after  a  march  lasting  forty-six  days. 
The  ship  San  Antonio  had  arrived  there  with  Fathers 
Juan  Vizcaino  and  Francisco  Gomez  as  early  as  April 
11th,  but  the  crew  did  not  land,  as  the  San  Carlos, 
which  had  sailed  some  time  before,  Avas  not  found. 
The  San  Antonio's  orders  were  to  wait  twenty  days 
for  the  San  Carlos  before  proceeding  to  Monterey. 
Two  days  before  the  twenty  days  had  elapced,  that  is 
on  the  20th  of  April,  the  long-looked  fcr  San  Carles 
came  in  sight.  The  reason  for  its  delay  was  that  scur- 
vy had  broken  out  among  the  men  and    attacked    ev- 

(2)    Vida,  7::-74. 


—  86  — 

ery  one,  and  that,  in  ac  dtion,  it  had  missed  the  port 
and  had  sailed  beyond  it  before  the  mistake  was  dis- 
covered. The  voyage  had  lasted  110  days.  Fr.  Fer- 
nando was  on  board  all  the  while.  On  arriving  at  the 
port  of  iSan  Diego,  the  sick  were  removed  to  the  sliore 
by  the  crew  of  the  San  Antcnio,  where  they  received 

from    Dr.  Pratt    and    the     tliree    Franciscans    all    the 

« 

care  tliat  the  circumstances  allowed.  The  crew  of  the 
San  Antonio  was  now  attacked  by  the  scourge,  so 
that  for  two  weeks  those  that  were  well  had  more 
than  enough  to  do  in  caring  for  the  sick  and  burying 
the  dead.  Of  about  ninety  soldiers,  sailors,  and  me- 
chanics considerably  less  than  one  third  survived. 
Fortunately  relief  came  by  the  first  land  expedition 
under  Rivera  on  May  14th.  Fr.  Crespi,  who  kept  a 
diary  of  the  march,  also  arrived  with  Kivera. 

On  the  arrival  of  Portola  and  Fr.  Junipero  Serra, 
the  four  expeditions  were  again  united  at  San  Diego. 
The  next  day,  July  2d,  being  the  feast  of  the  Visita- 
tion, the  California  pioneers,  126  in  number,  celebrat- 
ed their  reunion  by  a  solemn  Mass  of  thanksgiving  in 
honor  of  St.  Joseph,  the  patron  of  the  enterprise.  On 
the  following  day,  knowing  that  the  San  Antonio 
was  to  return  at  once  to  San  Bias,  Fr.  Junipero  hast- 
ened to  write  an  interesting  letter  to  Fr.  Falou, 
which  in  substance  is  as  follows :   (3) 

''My  dear  friends, — Thanks  be  to  God  I  I  arrived 
the  day  before  yesterday,  the  first  of  the  month,  at 
this  truly  fine  and  justly  famous  port  of  San  Diego. 
Here  I  found  those  that  had  set  out  before  me,  both 
by  land  and  by  sea,  except  those  tliat  have  died.  Fa- 
thers Crespi,  Vizcaino,  Parron,  and  Gomez  are  with 
me  and  quite  well,  thanks  be  *to  God!  Here  are  also 
the  two  vessels,  the  San  Carlos  and  the  San  Antonio; 
the  former,  however,  without  sailors,  all  having  died 
of    the    scurvy,    except  one  who  with    the    cook    sur- 

(;!)    Vida,  73-70.        Bancroft    Hist.   California,   Vol.   I,   127-i;;G. 


—  87  — 

vivos.  Though  slic  sailed  a  iiioiith  and  a  half  later, 
the  San  Antonio  reached  here  twenty  daj^s  before  the 
San  Carlos,  the  latter  arriving  just  as  the  former 
was  preparing  to  sail  for  Monterey.  While  assisting 
the  crew  of  the  San  Carlos,  her  own  sailors  were  at- 
tacked by  the  malady  which  carried  oil'  eight  of  her 
men.  In  consequence  of  ^his  Iocs,  the  San  Antonio 
returns  to  San  Bias  to  obtain  enikis  fcr  herself  end 
the  San  Carlos. 

The  causes  of  the  late  arrival  of  San  Carlos  were 
two :  the  first  was  a  lack  of  fresh  water,  which 
forced  h.er  men  to  look  for  water  on  the  coast.  The 
liquid  thus  oljlair.ed  proved  unwholesome  and 
caused  the  sickness  among  her  crew.  The  second 
cause  of  the  delay  was  an  error  in  which  all 
shared  regarding  the  exact  location  cf  the  port  of 
San  Diego.  They  had  supposed  it  to  be  situated  in 
the  thirty-third  or  thirty-fourth  degree  of  north  lat- 
itude. Strict  orders  had  been  given  to  Captain 
Villa  of  the  San  Carlos  to  keep  out  in  the  open  sea 
until  they  should  arrive  at  the  thirty-fourth  degree, 
and  then  to  make  for  the  shore  in  search  of  the 
port.  But  as  the  port  in  reality  lies  thirty-two  de- 
grees and  thirty  four  minutes  north  latitude,  the  ves- 
sel moved  beyond  the  point  of  her  destination,  mak- 
ing the  voyage  last  longer  than  necessary.  The  men 
daily  grew  worse  from  the  cold  and  from  Inid  water, 
and  they  must  all  have  perished  had  they  not  dis- 
covered the  port  about  the  time  they  did ;  for  they 
were  quite  unable  to  lower  the  boat  to  procure  fresh 
water,  or  to  do  anything  whatever  for  their  preser- 
vation. Fr.  Fernando  did  everything  in  his  power 
to  relieve  the  sick,  and,  although  he  arrived  much 
reduced  in  tlesh,  he  did  not  grow  sick,  but  is  quite 
well. 

Our  journey  to  this  place  was  a  happy  o.ie.  Though 
I  started  out  with  a  sore  leg,  it  daily  grew  better,  with 
th3  help  of  God,  and  now  it  is  as  sound  as  the  other. 


Wo  have  not  suffered  from  hunger  or  other  privations, 
neither  have  the  Indian  neophytes  that  came  with  us 
suffered  any  hardships,  but  all  arrived  safely  and  in 
good  health.  I  have  continued  my  diary  and  forward 
it  to  you  at  the  first  opportunity.  The  tract  through 
which  we  passed  is  generally  very  good  land,  with 
plenty  of  water.  There,  as  well  as  here,  the  country  is 
neither  rocky  nor  overrun  with  brushwood.  In  some 
places  the  road  was  good,  but  the  greater  part  of  the 
way  was  bad.  About  midway  the  valleys  and  rivulets 
began  to  be  delightful.  We  found  vines  of  a  large 
size,  and  in  some  cases  quite  loaded  with  grapes. 
We  also  found  an  abundance  of  roses  which  ap- 
peared to  be  like  those  of  Castile.  In  fine,  it  is  a 
good  country,  and  very  different  from  Old  California 
. .  .We  have  seen  immense  numbers  of  Indians.  All 
those  on  the  coast  contrive  to  make  a  living  by 
means  of  various  seeds  and  by  fishing.  The  latter 
they  carry  on  by  means  of  rafts  made  of  tules  (4) 
in  the  shape  of  canoes,  with  which  they  venture  a 
great  w^ay  out  upon  the  ocean.  The  Indians  are 
very  civil.  All  the  males,  old  and  young,  go  entire- 
ly naked;  the  women,  however,  and  the  female 
children  are  decently  covered  from  their,  breast 
downward.  On  our  whole  journey  we  found  that 
the  Indians  treated  us  with  confidence  and  good  will, 
as  though  they  had  known  us  all  their  lives;  but, 
when  Ave  offered  them  any  of  our  victuals,  they  in- 
variably refused  to  accept  them.  All  that  these  In- 
dians cared  for  was  clothing,  and  only  for  some- 
thing of  this  sort  would  they  exchange  their  fish  or 
whatever  else  they  possessed.  During  the  whole 
march  we  found  hares,  rabbits,  and  some  deer,  and 
also  multitudes  of  wild  goats.  The  mission  has  not 
as  yet  been  founded,  but  it  will  soon  be  done.  I 
pray  God   to   preserve    your     health    and    life    many 

(4)    A  kind  of  bullrushes. 


—  89  — 

years  to   come Port     and    intended     mission    of 

San   Diego   in  North   California,    July   8d,    1769. — Fr. 
Jiinipero  Serra." 

Ox .  the  sixth  of  July  the  San  Antonio  sailed  for  * 
San  Bias.  It  had  already  been  decided  that  the 
land  expedition  in  search  of  Monterey  should  leave 
on  the  14th  of  July,  the  feast  of  the  Seraphic  Djc- 
tor  St.  Bonaventure.  The  party  was  comi)osed  of 
Governor  Portola,  Fathers  Crespi  and  Gomez,  two 
Indian  neophytes  from  Old  California  as  attendants, 
Captain  Fernando  Rivera  y  Moncada  with  a  ser- 
geant and  twenty-six  soldiers.  Lieutenant  Pedro 
Pages  witli  seven  soldiers,  engineer  Don  Miguel 
Constanzo,  seven  muleteers,  fifteen  Christian  Indians 
of  Lower  California,  and  one  servant  of  the  Gover- 
nor. Everything  having  been  arranged.  Holy  Mass 
was  celebrated  by  each  of  the  Fathers  in  honor  of 
St.  Joseph,  the  patron  of  the  expedition,  and  in 
honor  of  St.  Bonaventure,  whose  feast  fell  on  that 
day.  The  party,  then  started  northward  at  four  o' 
clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  travelled  two  leagues 
and  a  half  before  camping  for  the  night.  Fr.  Crespi 
kept  a  diary  of  the  march  in  which  he  noted  all 
the    interesting    occurrences   along  the   road. 

After  their  departure  there  remained  at  San 
Diego  Captain  Villa,  Dr.  Pratt,  the  mate  Canizares, 
Fathers  Serra,  Parron,  and  Vizcaino,  a  guard  of 
eight  soldiers,  live  convalescent  Catalan  volunteers, 
a  few  sick  siilor.-;,  live  able-bodied  seamen,  a  car- 
penter, a  blacksmith,  three  servants,  and  eight  Low- 
er   California   Indians.    (5) 

The  16th  of  July  was  selected  for  the  day  on 
which  the  first  mission  of  Upper  California  should 
be  founded.  On  that  date  the  Church  in  Spain  com- 
memorates the  triumph  of  the  Cross  over  the  Cres- 
cent  in  1212;    besides   it    was   the   feast   cf  Our  Lady 

(5)      Vida,    81-82. 


of  Mount  Carmel.  Fr.  Jiinipero  solemnly  blessed  the 
cross  vv'hich  had  been  raised  on  a  suitable  spot  facing 
the  port.  High  Mass  was  then  sung  by  the  Fr.  Su- 
perior, and  thus  the  mission  of  San  Diego  de  Alcala 
was  formally  established.  The  place  was  called  Cosoy 
by  the  natives,  now  Old  Town.   (6) 

Seveeal  huts  were  at  once  erected,  one  of  which 
was  used  as  a  chapel.  The  Indians  now  began  to  draw 
near,  but,  as  no  one  understood  their  language,  little 
progress  could  be  made  beyond  gaining  their  good 
Avill  by  oifering  them  some  trinkets  and  clothes.  They 
invariably  refused  anything  in  the  line  of  food ;  if  a 
lump  of  sugar  was  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  child,  he 
would  spit  it  out  as  though  it  were  poison.  Had  the 
natives  been  as  greedy  for  food  as  they  Avere  for 
some  other  articles,  the  Fathers  and  soldiers  would 
soon  have  found  themselves  at  the  verge  of  starva- 
tion. The  Indians  were  so  eager  to  obtain  articles  of 
clothing  that  they  stole  anything  Avithin  their  reach, 
even  the  sheets  from  the  beds  of  the  sick  soldiers. 
One  night  some  of  the  thieves  Avere  caught  on  board 
the  ship  cutting  sails  and  rox)es,  so  that  tAvo  of 
the  eight  soldiers  Avere  obliged  to  guard  the  vessel 
ever  after.  Persuasion,  threats,  and  even  the  noise  of 
firearms  Avere  met  Avith  ridicule.  Trusting  to  their 
numbers  and  strength,  and  not  knoAving  the  deadly 
effects  of  the  Spanish  Aveapons,  the  savages  resolved 
to  get  possession  of  everything  by  killing  the  Fathers 
and  their  companions.  They  made  the  attempt  en 
August  12tli  and  18th,  but  AvithdreAV  Avhen  they  found 
resistance.  On  the  loth  of  August,  the  feast  of  the 
Assumption,  Avhen  Fr.  Junipero  had  just  finished  cele- 
brating Mass,  the  Indians  again  attacked  the  li,- 
tle  camp.  Fr.  Fernando  Avith  tAvo  soldiers  had  gone 
on  board  the  ship  to  say  Mass  for  the  creAv.  Only 
four  soldiers  remained  in  the  company  of  two  Fathers. 

(6)    Vila,  82-SJ;      Glcoson,    11,21. 


—  41  — 

A  large  party  of  Indians  armed  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows and  clubs  fell  upon  the  crippled  band.  The  cor- 
poral and  his  few  comrades,  together  with  the  car- 
penter and  blacksmith,  gave  the  alarm  and  lired  at 
the  enemy,  who,  seeing  the  eil'ect  of  the  firearms, 
fled,  taking  their  dead  or  wounded  along  with  them. 
Fr.  Vizcaino,  at  the  tirst  alarm,  rai.sed  the  mat  of  his 
hut  to  see  if  any  one  had  been  killed,  when  his  hand 
v.'as  pierced  by  an  arrow.  At  the  same  time  his  serv- 
ant, Jo3e  Maria  Vegerano,  rushed  in  and  fell  at 
his  feet  exclaiming:  "Father,  absolve  mo;  I  have 
been  mortally  wounded."  Fr.  Vizcaino  gave  him  ab- 
solution, and  in  a  few  moments  the  soul  of  Jose  Ma- 
ria returned  to  its  Creator.  A  few  days  later  the  In- 
dians appeared  with  peaceful  dispositions,  and  asked 
that  their  wounded  be  received  at  the  mission  for 
medical  treatment.   (7) 

A  stockade  was  now  thrown  around  the  camp,  and 
the  natives  were  no  more  allowed  to  bring  weapons 
within  the  mission  enclosure.  Safety  was  thus  assured, 
but  no  progress  made  in  missionary  work.  One  youth, 
indeed,  about  fifteen  years  of  age,  daily  called  on  the 
Fathers,  and  Fr.  Junipero,  especially,  bestowed  many 
favors  upon  him.  The  good  Father  endeavored  to  teach 
the  boy  a  little  Spanish,  and  after  a  while  asked  his 
pupil  to  move  some  of  the  natives  to  have  their  child- 
ren baptized.  One  day  a  child  was  brought,  and  from 
signs  made  the  Fathers  understood  that  it  should  re- 
ceive baptism.  Fr.  Junipero  full  of  joy  requested  the 
corporal  to  act  as  godfather,  and  then,  surrounded  by 
the  soldiers  and  Indians,  proceeded  with  the  usual 
ceremonies.  When,  however,  he  raised  his  hand  to 
pour  on  the  regenerating  water,  the  Indians  snatched 
th3  child  away  from  the  surprised  priest,  and  hur- 
ried away.  The  soldiers  wished  to  pursue  the  offend- 
ers,  but   Fr.    Serra  forbade     it,    and   attributed    tie 

(7)    Vida,  82-b5. 


—  42  — 

frustration  of  the  baptism  to  his  own  sins.  Even  in 
subsequent  years,  when  relating  the  incident,  tears 
would  fill  his  eyes.   (8) 

Meanwhile  new  cases  of  sickness  occured  and  death 
carried  away  eight  soldiers,  four  sailors,  one  servant, 
and  six  Christian  Indians,  so  that,  wdien  Gov.  Portola 
returned,  only  about  twenty  persons  survived.  Little 
w^onder,  then,  that  small  progress  was  made  in  mis- 
sionary work.  'Prior  to  April  1770,  a  year  from  the 
first  appearance  of  the  Spaniards,  not  a  single  neo- 
phyte was  enrolled  at  the  mission.  In  all  the  mission- 
ary annals  of  the  northwest  there  is  no  othor  imtant 
where  paganism  remained  stubborn  so  long.'  (9) 

Theee  is  some  explanation  in  the  character  of  the 
Indians  for  this  barren  result  of  missionary  efforts. 
"The  missionaries  found  these  natives  as  a  nation  la- 
zy, cruel,  cowardly,  and  covetous.  Their  features  were 
thick  and  heavy,  showing  no  ray  of  mental  or  moral 
elevation.  They  were  contemptible  physically  as  well 
as  intellectually,  so  that  Humboldt  classes  them  as 
low  in  the  scale  of  humanity  as  the  inhabitants  of 
Van  Dieman's  Land,  who  were  the  nearest  approach 
in  the  human  fabric  to  brute  creation.  Their  language 
was  a  strange  jargon ;  and  here  arose  the  first  of  the 
many  obstacles  that  beset  the  paths  of  the  Fatlierp. 
Having  tenderly  nursed  the  sick  crusaders  to  health, 
the  indomitable  Fr.  Serra  and  his  companion  set  to 
v\^ork  to  acquire  the  Indian  tongue.  Then  began  the 
dawning  of  Christian  light."   (10) 

(S)     Vida,  86.  (9)  Bancroft,  Hist.  Calif..  I,  i:!9. 

(10)  "Old  Missions  of  Californii",  p.  IC.  Tho  "Our  Father'  in  tlio  lan- 
guapo  of  tlie  Diegucnos,  according  to  Mofras,  Explor.,  Tom.,  II,  p.  095,  is 
as  follows:  "Nagua  anall  amal  tacaguach  naguaneuuxp  mamamulpo  ca- 
yuca  amalbo  mamatam  meyayam  canaao  amat  amaibo  quexuik  ecliasau 
naguagui  ilaiia  clionnaquin  ilipil  meiiequo  pachis  ccbeyucliapo  iiagua 
quexulc  flaguaich  nacaguaihpo  namechamol  anipucli  ucli-gualich-cuiapo. 
N acuiuch-pambo-cuchlicL-cuiatpo-fi amat.  >' apuij a. 


—  43 


TuF  CofKSE  Of  The  Expedition— Fikst  Baptisji  In  UrrEE  Califoknia— 
HAKDsniPS— Sickness— CoENciL— A  Mvsteky— St.  Feancis  And  His  Mis- 
sion—Discovert Of  San  Francisco  Bay— Return— The  Governor's  Res- 
olution—Painful Suspense— The  San  Antonio  Akeives— Fe.  JunIpe- 
Eo's  Letter. 

While  the  incidents  related  in  the  preceding  chap- 
ter occurred,  Gov.  Portola  continued  his  march  in 
obedience  to  the  instructions  of  the  visitador-general, 
Don  Galvez.  The  course  and  the  events  of  the  jour- 
ney are  fully  described  in  a  diary  kept  by  Fr.  Crespi 
which  is  still  extant.  From  San  Diego  to  their  first 
halting  place,  where  there  were  several  springs,  they 
encountered  great  numl^ers  of  hares  and  rabbits. 
Though  the  night  was  well  advanced,  two  Indians  ap- 
peared, one  of  whom  made  a  long  speech  of  which 
the  Spaniards  understood  not  a  word ;  but  on  couclud- 
ing  they  presented  some  sardines  to  the  governor.  In 
return  they  received  some  beads  and  clothes.  Four 
days  after  setting  out  from  San  Diego,  July  18th,  the 
explorers  reached  a  pleasant  valley  in  which  Mission 
San  Luis  Rey  was  later  on  built.  They  named  the 
place  San  Juan  Capistrano.  A  number  of  Indians,  all 
naked,  except  the  women  who  were  modestly  cov- 
ered with  deer  skins,  welcomed  the  strangers,  and 
presented  some  nets  of  their  own  make.  On  the  22d 
they  arrived  at  a  place  which  they  called  "Los  Cris- 
tiaiios",  or  "Caiiada  del  Bautismo",  because  the  na- 
tives here  permitted  two  dying  children  to  be  bap- 
tized. The  two  happy  little  ones  were  named  Maria 
Magdelena  and  Margarita.  This  was  the  first  baptism 
administered  by  the  Franciscans  in  Alta  or  Upper 
California.    (1)' 

(1)    Life  cf  Serra,  35;     Bancroft,  Hist.  CaL,  I,  145. 


—  44  — 

On  the  24th  they  camped  in  sight  of  the  islands  of 
San  Clemente  and  Santa  Catalina,  and  reported  San 
Pedro  Bay  as  being  five  leagues  distant.  The  28th  of 
July  found  the  party  encamped  near  a  river,  which 
they  called  "Temblores",  because  all  that  day  and 
night  they  felt  terrific  shocks  of  earthquake.  This  vras 
the  Santa  Ana  River,  or  Rio  Jesus  de  los  Temblores. 
Here  Mission  San  Gabriel  was  afterwards  founded. 
On  the  second  of  August  tlie  expedition  forded  the 
Rio  de  Porciuncula,  now  the  north  branch  of  the  San 
Gabriel,  and  stopped  where  the  city  of  Los  Angeles 
stands.  On  that  day  the  children  of  St.  Francis  cele- 
brate Portiuncula,  or  Our  Lady  of  the  Angels,  Nues- 
tra  Senora  de  los  Angeles,  wiience  the  city  derived 
its  name  Los  Angeles.   (2) 

On  Sunday  the  6th,  while  approaching  the  head  of 
the  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  they  were  visited  by  In- 
dians who,  by  marks  on  the  sand  resembling  ships, 
conveyed  the  news  that  these  vessels  had  been  seen. 
The  men  everywhere  w^ent  naked,  but  the  Avomen 
Avere  covered  with  skins  of  deer  or  rabbits.  Along  the 
coast  the  Indian  tents  w^ere  larger,  and  each  family 
occupied  a  separate  hut.  These  dwellings  were  of 
spherical  shape,  and  composed  of  a  few  poles  stuck 
in  the  ground  and  brought  together  in  a  conical  form, 
w4th  bundles  of  sagebrush  thrown  over,  leaving  an 
opening  at  the  top  for  the  emoke  to  escape,  and  the 
air  and  light  to  enter.  The  Indians  made  canoes  of 
-pine  boards,  often  capable  of  carrying  ten  fishermen. 
To  w^ork  out  the  timber  they  only  used  tools  made  of 
flint,  as  iron  and  steel  we:e  not  know^i  to  the  natives-. 
Along  the  channel  the  Spaniards  obtained  large  quan- 
tities of  fish,  which  was  one  of  their  chief  articles  of 
food  during  that  portion  of  the  journey.  The  country 
was  settled  by  Indians  wdio  lived  in  towns,  one  of 
which  they  reached  on  August  14th  and  named  Asun- 

(2)    Banc.  Hist.  Cal.  1, 14M46. 


-  45  — 

cioii.  It  is  identical  in  site  with  the  modern  San  Bue- 
naventura. On  tho  18th  the  expedition  passed  a  vil- 
lage called  Laguna  de  la  Concepcion,  in  the  vicinity 
of  what  is  now  Santa  Barbara,  perhaps  on  the  exact 
spot, .  since  the  presidio  was  founded  later  at  a  place 
said  to  have  been  named  San  Joaquin  de  la  Laguna 
by  these  first  explorers.  (8) 

On  the  27th  of  the  same  month  they  came  upon 
Point  Concepcion.  The  natives  were  still ,  friendly,  but 
poorer  and  less  numerous  north  of  the  Point.  On  the 
30tli  a  large  stream  was  crossed,  probably  the  Rio 
Santa  Inez,  called  at  its  discovery  Santa  Rosa,  and 
on  September  1st  the  camp  was  pitched  at  the  Lagu- 
na de  San  Daniel,  probably  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Santa  Maria.  Next  day  Sergeant  Ortega  was  taken  ill 
and  ten  of  the  men  began  to  complain  of  sore  feet. 
Turning  inland,  not  far  from  what  is  now  Point  San 
Luis,  they  crossed  the  hills  l)y  a  somewiiat  winding 
course,  and  on  the  7th  encamped  in  the  Canada  de 
los  Osos,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  later  San  Luis  Obispo. 
The  sierra  of  Santa  Lucia  then  impeded  further  prog- 
ress, and  on  the  16th  the  travellers  turned  to  the 
right  and  l)egan  to  climb  the  mountain  range,  "con 
el  credo  en  la  boca",  as  Fr.  Crespi  writes,  one  league 
per  day  being  counted  good  progress  by  infirm  sol- 
diers in  such  a  rough  country.  From  the  17th  to  the 
lOth  the  party  was  on  the  Ploya,  or  ravine,  de  la 
Sierra  de  Santa  Lucia,  at  the  headwaters  of  the  Rio 
San  Antonio,  near  wiiere  the  mission  of  the  same 
name  was  afterwards  founded.  On  the  20th  the  lofty 
range  northwest  Avas  ascended,  and  from  the  highest 
ridge,  probably  Santa  Lucia  Peak,  the  Spaniards  gazed 
upon  a  boundless  sea  of  mountains,  "a  sad  siDectacle 
for  poor  travellers  worn  out  by  the  fatigues  of  so 
long  a  journey,"  sighed  Fr.  Crespi.  The  cold  began  to 
grow  severe,  and  some  of  the  men   were    disabled    by 

CJ)     Bauc.    I,  116-llH. 


-  46  — 

scurvy ;  yet,  for  the  glory  of  God,  and  with  unfailing 
confidence  in  their  great  patron  St.  Joseph,  they 
pressed  bravely  onward,  after  remaining  four  days  in 
a  little  mountain  canon  dedicated  to  the  Llagas  de 
San  Francisco,  or  Wounds  of  St.  Francis.  Wending 
their  way  down  the  slope,  on  the  26th  they  camo  to  a 
river,  which  they  called  San  Elzeario,  or  Santa  Del- 
fina,  believed  by  the  Spaniards  to  be  the  Rio  del 
Carmelo,  but  which  was  the  Nacimiento.  They  fol- 
lowed its  course  for  several  days  until  at  last  they 
again  arrived  at  the  long-sought  sea.  The  stream  now 
bears  the  name  Salinas.   (4) 

On  October  1st  the  governor,  the  engineer,  and  Fr. 
Crespi  with  five  soldiers  climcd  a  hill,  from  the  top 
of  w4iich,  Crespi  says,  "we  saw  the  great  entrance, 
and  conjectured  that  it  was  the  one  which  Oabrero 
Bueno  puts  between  Point  Afio  Nuevo  and  Point  Fi- 
nos of  Monterey."  The  soldiers  explored  Point  Finos 
on  both  sides,  but  did  not  recognize  the  port  of  Mon- 
terey for  which  they  had  come  so  far.  Divine  Provi- 
dence, doubtless,  blinded  them  that  they  might  pro- 
ceed further  north  and  make  a  more  interesting  dis- 
covery. On  the  fourth  of  October,  the  feast  of  St. 
Francis,  after  a  solemn  Mass  celebrated  in  a  brush- 
wood tent,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Salinas  River,  a 
meeting  of  all  the  officers  and  Fathers  was  held  to 
deliberate  on  what  should  be  done.  The  governor 
proposed  going  back,  because  Monterey  had  not  been 
found  where  it  was  said  to  be,  and  provisions  vv-cre 
becoming  scarce,  whilst  a  large  number  of  the  sol- 
diers were  disabled;  but  each  person  present  being 
asked  to  express  his  opinion  freely,  the  unanimous 
opinion  of  the  two  Franciscans  and  the  officers  was 
"that  the  journey  be  continued  as  the  only  expedi- 
ent remaining,  in  tlie  hope  of  finding  by  the  favor 
of  God  the  desired  port  of  Monterey,    and  in    it    the 

(4)    Banc.  I,  148-151. 


—  47  — 

San  Jo£6  to  cupply  our  needs;  and  that,  if  God 
should  permit  that  in  the  search  for  Monterey  we  all 
perish,  \xe  shall  fulfill  our  duty  to  God  and  men  by 
working  together  until  death  in  the  accomplishment 
of  thQ  enterprise  on  which  we  have  been  sent." (5) 

"It  is",  says  Bancreft  himself,  "and  must  ever  re 
main  more  or  less  inexplicable  that  the  Spaniards 
should  have  failed  at  this  time  to  identify  Monterey. 
The  description  of  landmarks,  as  given  by  Vizcaino 
and  Cabrera  Bueno,  w^as  tolerably  clear,  and  in  fact 
these  landmarks  had  been  readily  recognized  by  Por- 
tola's  party  at  their  first  arrival  on  the  bayshore.  Yet 
Avith  the  harbor  lying  at  their  feet,  and  with  several 
landmarks  so  clearly  defined  that  Vila  and  Serra  rec- 
ognized them  at  once  from  the  reports  at  San  Piego, 
and  penetrated  the  truth  of  the  matter  in  spite  of 
their  companions'  mystification,  the  Spanish  officers 
could  find  nothing  resembling  the  object  of  their 
search."  (6) 

Fe.  Crespi's  remarks,  in  addition  to  what  has  been 
related,  are  as  follows:  "In    view   of   what   has    been 

said and  of  our  not  finding  in    these    regions 

the  port  of  Monterey,  so  celebrated  and  so  praised  in 
their  time  by  men  of  character,  skilful,  intelligent, 
and  practical  navigators,  who  came  expressly  to  ex- 
plore these  coasts  by  order  of  the  king  .  .  .  we  have 
to  say  that  it  is  not  found  after  the  most  careful  ef- 
forts made  at  the  cost  of  much  sweat  and  fatigue ; 
or  it  must  be  said  that  it  has  been  filled  up  and  des- 
troyed Avith  time,  though  we  see  no  indications  to 
support  this  opinion;  and  therefore  I  suspend  my 
judgment  on  this  point;  but  what  I  can  say  with  as- 
surance is  that  with  all  diligence  on  the  part  of  the 
comandante,  officers,  and  soldiers,    no    such    port    has 

been  found At  Point  Pinos  there  is  no  port,  ilor 

have  we  seen  in  all  our  journey  a  country  more  des- 

(5)    Cic-pi  in  Bancroft.,  Hist.  C'al.  I,  151.        (G)    Banc.  I,  152. 


—  48  — 

olate  than  this,  or  people  more  rude,  Sebastian  Viz- 
caino to  the  contrary  northwithstanding."   (7) 

Fr.  Palou,  whom  Fr.  Gleeson  (8)  follows,  regarded 
the  concealment  of  the  port  as  a  miraculous  interpo- 
sition of  God  at  the  intercession  and  in  the  interest 
of  St.  Francis; (9)  for  on  starting  from  the  penin- 
sula, after  completing  arrangements  for  the  new 
missions  of  San  Dicjio,  San  Carles,  and  Sen  Buena- 
ventura, Fr.  Junipero  had  asked  Don  Galvez,  when 
not  finding  the  name  of  St.  Francis  among  the  pro- 
posed missions,  "and  for  our  Father  St.  Francis  is 
there  to  be  no  mission?"  The  visitador  general  re- 
plied: "If  St.  Francis  wants  a  mission  let  him  cause 
his  port  to  be  found,  and  it  shall  be  established 
there."  "Si  San  Francisco  quierc  mision,  que  haga 
se    halle    su    puerto,  y  se  le  pondra,"    (10) 

It  having  been  determined  to  proceed,  the  expedi- 
tion crossed  the  Salinas  River,  an  entered  Pajaro 
valley.  Here  they  encamped  on  the  bank  of  a  stream 
they  called  Pajaro  (Bird),  from  a  stuffed  bird  found 
among  the  natives.  Seeing  that  there  were  numerous 
herds  of  deer,  elk,  and  antelopes,  the  whole  party 
rested  for  three  days  on  the  banks  of  a  small  lake, 
probably  that  near  which  now  stands  the  Catholic 
Boys  Orphan  Asylum  in  charge  of  tlie  Franciscan  Fa- 
tliers.  After  leaving  this  place  the  expedition  ad- 
vanced very  slowly,  as  sixteen  men  had  lost  the  use 
of  their  1  nibs,  and  had  to  bo  rubbed  vvith  oil  every 
evening,  fastened  to  the  tijeras,  or  wooden  frame,  in 
the  morning,  and  raised   to  the  l)acks  of   the  mules. 

On  the  17th  the  explorers  forded  a  river  named  by 
them  San  Lorenzo,  at  the  site  of  the  present  Santa 
Cruz;  and   on  the  2^kl  Ano  Nuevo  was    passed.    Meat 

{!)  Banc.  I,  152.  (8)  Hist.  Cath.  Cli.  in  Calif.  Vol.  II.  aV.'iS.  (9)  Vida,  88. 
"Luepro  que  lei  esta  noticia  atrlbui  ;■  <li-i)  isicion  divina  ol  quo  no  liall- 
ando  1 1  oxpedicioa  ol  pa3rto  d?  Moi':  ■;-.'>•  lui  cl  paramo  quo  l(i  ,'ofialaba  ol 
antiguo   derotoro,  siguiesn  harta  llogar  cl  Puoitcj  do  N.  P.    S.    Francirco." 

(10)     Vida,  88. 


—  49  — 

had  long  before  given  out,  and  now  vegetables  be- 
came scarce ;  rations  were  accordingly  reduced  to  five 
tortillas  of  bran  and  flour  a  day.  PortoM  and  Kivera 
also  Avere  added  to  the  sick  list.  On  the  28th  the 
rains  began,  and  the  men  were  attacked  by  diarrhoea. 
On  the  30th  the  party  reached  a  point  with  detached 
rocks,  or  farallones,  where  the  hills  barred  the  pas- 
sage along  the  shore.  It  was  called  Point  Angel  Cus- 
todio  and  Point  Almejas,  now  San  Pedro.  On  the 
last  day  of  October  the  Aveary  travellers  climbed  the 
hill,  and  were  rewarded  with  the  sight  of  the  port  of 
San  Francisco.  There  was  no  mistaking  the  land- 
marks so  clearly  pointed  out  by  Cabrera  Bueno.  The 
sorely  tried  party  recognized  them  immediately.  St. 
Francis  had,  indeed,  and  unexpectedly,  brought  his 
two  disciples,  and  the  expedition  which  they  had  ac- 
companied, to  the  port  that  bears  his  name.  Strong 
in  this  conviction,  the  pilgrims  descended  the  hill 
northward,  and  encamped  near  the  beach  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  sheet  of  water  known  to 
the  Spaniards,  from  that  time,  as  the  Ensenada  de 
los    Farallones.   (11) 

On  the  second  of  Novemlier  some  soldiers,  who  had 
gone  out  to  hunt,  discovered  a  great  inland  sea 
which  was  named  San  Francisco  Bay.  Camp  was 
broken  on  the  4th  and  the  march  resumed.  Crossing 
the  San  Bruno  from  a  place  just  above  Point  San 
Pedro  on  the  6th,  the  wanderers  pitched  their  camp 
on  a  stream  flowing  into  the  bay,  probably  San  Fran- 
cisquito  Creek  near  Searsville.  Here  they  remained 
four  days,  suffering  considerably  from  hunger.  On  the 
11th  of  November,  after  Holy  Mass,  a  council  of  the 
officers  and  the  Franciscans  Crespi  and  Gomez  was 
held,  when  it  was  decided  to  return,  as  further 
search  for  Monterey  was  useless.  The  same  afternoon 
they  set  out  on  their  return  march,  and  after  twenty- 

(11;    BaBcroft,  H,  C,  I,  ir.--ir.7, 


—  50  — 

six  days  reached  Carmelo  Bay.  Here  they  remained 
from  November  28th  to  December  10th,  making  some 
additional  explorations,  but  still  failing  to  find 
the  port  of  Monterey.  Before  leaving  Carmelo  Bay  a 
large  cross  was  erected,  on  a  knoll  near  the  beach, 
bearing  the  inscription,  "Dig  at  the  foot  and  thou 
wilt  find  a  writing."  The  buried  document  was  a 
brief  narrative  of  the  expedition  with  a  request  that 
the  commander  of  any  vessel  arriving  soon  -should  sail 
down  the  coast  and  try  to  ccmmunicate  with  the  land 
party.  The  copy  of  it  in  Crespi's  diary  closed  in 
these  words:  "Glory  be  to  God,  the  cross  was  erect- 
ed on  a  little  hillock  close  to  the  beach  of  the 
small  harbor  on  the  south  side  of  Point  Finos,  and 
at  its  foot  we  buried  the  letter."  RQcrossing  the  per- 
insula  the  Spaniards  set  up,  on  the  very  shore  of  the 
harbor  which  they  could  not  find,  another  cross  with 
the  inscription :  "The  overland  expedition  from  San 
Diego  returned  from  this  place  on  December  9th 
1769,  starving."  Below  the  San  Luis  Obispo  region 
the  natives  began  to  1  ring  an  abundance  of  fish  and 
other  food,  so  that  there  was  no  further  sutt'ering. 
Finally,  on  January  24,  1770,  the  weary  party  ap- 
proached the  enclosure  of  San  Diego,  and  announced 
their  arrival  by  a  discharge  of  musketry.  (12) 

DuKiNG  Fortola's  absence  of  six  months  and  eight 
days  no  progress  had  been  made  in  mission  work 
at  San  Diego,  save  the  addition  of  a  few  tule  luits. 
Fathers  Serra  and  Parron  were  just  recovering  from 
the  scurvy ;  and  Fr.  Vizcaino  was  still  suffering  from 
the  arrow  wound,  v.iiile  eight  of  the  volunteers  had 
died.  Nor  did  the  return  of  the  governor  contribute 
anything  towards  brightening  the  aspect  of  affairs, 
since  he  himself  was  much  disheartened,  because 
Monterey  had  net  be?n  found,  and  because  the  San 
Antonio    with  her    supplies  had  not  yet  returned,  al- 

(ri)    B;ncroft  I,  160.163:      "Our  Contcnial,"' 11 ;    Vida,  88;    Bancroft,  I,  16;J. 


-  M  - 

though  double  the  time  required  for  the  voj-age  had 
already  elapsed.  Portold's  plan,  therefore,  was  to 
make  a  careful  inventory  of  the  supplies  on  hand, 
reserve  enough  for  the  march  to  Velicatd,  and  aban- 
don ,  San  Diego  when  the  remainder  should  be  ex- 
hausted, which  would  be  the  case  about  tlie  20th  of 
March.  This  day  he  fixed  as  the  date  of  departure, 
unless  supplies  arrived  meantime.  (13) 

The  Fathers,  especially  Serra  and  Crespi,  were 
greatly  alarmed  at  the  governor's  resolution,  particu- 
larly when  they  remembered  that  already  166  years 
had  elapsed  since  the  Spaniards  had  visited  that  har- 
bor, and  that,  in  case  it  were  now  abandoned,  cen- 
turies might  pass  ere  others  would  return.  Hence  they 
strenuously  opposed  the  abandoning  of  the  enterprise. 
Fr.  Junipero  Serra  formed  the  heroic  resolution  to 
remain  alone,  even  though  all  others  should  forsake 
"my  poor  mission  of  San  Diego."  That  it  was  a  poor 
place  indeed  we  may  gather  from  a  letter  of  Fr  Ju- 
nipero to  Fr.  Palou.  He  wrote:  "One  of  our  greatest 
drawbacks  is  the  want  of  news  and  a  proper  inter- 
course with  you,  but  being  blessed  with  good  health, 
a  tortilla  Avitli  some  lierbs  from  the  field  are  suffi- 
cient for  our  daily  sustenance.  If  they  send  cattle 
from  Yelicata,  forward  a  little  incense,  an  ordo,  and 
the  lioly  oils,  in  case  you  have  received  them'  from 
Guadalajara.  My  diary,  and  that  of  Fr.  Crespi,  will 
be  copied  and  sent  you  as  soon  as  possible."  On  re- 
ceipt of  the  letter  from  his  superior,  Fr.  Palou  im- 
mediately called  on  the  lieutenant  governor,  beseech- 
ing him  to  order  a  captain  and  nineteen  soldiers  to- 
gether with  sufficent  cattle  for  San  Diego,  to  prevent 
the  mission  from  being  abandoned.  The  governor 
readily  acceded  to  the  request  (14) 

Early  in  March,  however,  the  San  Antonio  had 
not  vet    appeared  and    the    condition    of    affairs    was 


(13)    Vid?,  Sfi  94.       (U)    Vida,  K-H. 


—  52  — 

growing  desperate.  Fr.  Jiinipero  went  to  Captain  Vila 
of  the  San  Carlos,  still  lying  in  the  port,  and  request- 
ed permission  for  himself  and  Fr.  Crespi  to  remain 
on  board  the  vessel  until  provisions  should  arrive,  so 
that  they  might  be  afforded  an  opportunity  to  reach 
Monterey  by  sea,  in  case  the  governor  and  his  men 
abandoned  the  mission.  The  captain  gladly  consented 
to  this  arrangement.   (15) 

Meanwhile  men  and  officers  were  waiting,  prepara- 
tions Avere  being  made  for  the  departure,  the  Fathers 
were  praying,  and  the  days  were  passing  one  by 
one,  but  no  vessel  came  in  sight.  The  sole  topic  of 
conversation  was  the  abandoning  of  the  northern 
country,  and  every  word  was  an  arrow  to  the  soul 
of  Fr.  Serra;  still  he  could  only  pray  unceasingly, 
and  trust  to  the  intercession  of  St  Joseph,  the  patron 
of  the  expedition.  In  his  honor  a  novena  was  begun 
which  was  to  close  on  the  saint's  feast,  March  19th, 
the  day  before  the  one  of  iinal  abandonment  of  the 
mission. 

"Gently  smiled  the  morning  sun  on  that  moment- 
ous morrow,  as  it  rose  above  the  hills  and  warmed  to 
happiness  the  myriads  of  creatures  beneath  its  benig- 
nant ray.  Lovely  beyond  description  was  the  scene  on 
the  beautiful  bay  in  its  fresh  spring  border  hiding 
behind  the  hills.  At  an  early  hour  the  Fathers  were 
abroad  on  the  heights,  for  they  could  neither  eat  nor 
rest.  The  fulfilment  or  failure  of  their  hopes  was  now 
to  be  decided.  Fr.  Junipero  sang  High  Mass  and 
preached  with  unusual  fervor.  The  day  tlien  slowly 
wore  away.  Noon  came,  and  the  hours  of  the  after- 
noon, and  yet  no  sail  appeared.  The  suspense  was 
painful,  for  the  redemption  of  this  bright,  fresh  par- 
adise was  more  than  life  to  these  holy  men ;  and  so 
all  the  day  they  watched  and  prayed,  watched  with 
strained  eyes,  and  prayed,    not    with   lips    only,    but 

(ir,)  Yida,  9.-)-90. 


-  53- 

with  all  tlos3  soul-longings  which  Cmnigcience  alone 
can  translate.  Finally,  as  tlie  sun  dropped  below  the 
horizon,  and  all  hope  was  beginning  to  vanish,  a  sail 
appeared  in  the  distance  like  a  winged  messenger 
from  heaven,  and  before  twilight  deepened  into  dark- 
ness the  long  sought  vessel  was  in  the  offing.  Cali- 
fornia was  saved,  blessed  be  God!  and  they  might 
yet  consummate  their  cherished  plans.  The  ship  was 
soon  again  lost  to  view;  the  momentary  sight  of  the 
vessel,  however,  served  to  fill  all  with  new  courage. 
Four  days  later  the  San  Antonio  entered  the  harbor 
bearing  joy  to  every  heart.  Fr.  Junipero  attributed 
the  momentary  view  of  the  ship  on  the  19th  of 
March  to  the  powerful  intercession  of  St.  Joseph,  and 
he  never  ceased  thanking  God  for  the  favor;  for  a 
long  time  thereafter  he  had  a  Mass  sung  in  honor  of 
the  holy  Patriarch  on  the  19th  of   each  month."   (16) 

When  the  viceroy  and  the  visitador  general  had 
learned  from  the  captain  of  the  San  Antonio  that 
the  expedition  Ijy  land  had  left  San  Diego  in  search 
of  Monterey,  and  that  men  and  provisions  were 
needed,  they  resolved  to  provide  the  supplies  at 
once.  The  same  vessel  was  ordered  northward  in  De- 
cember, after  certain  vexatious,  but  unavoidable,  de- 
lays. Captain  Perez  had  orders  to  sail  for  Monterey 
direct,  where  it  v/as  supposed  Portola  would  be 
found;  but  fortunately  he  was  obliged  to  enter  the 
Santa  Barbara  channel  for  water,  and  the  natives 
there  explained  that  the  land  expedition  had  re- 
turned southward.  Even  then  Perez  in  liis  perplexity 
would  have  gone  to.  Monterey,  had  not  the  loss  of  an 
anchor  forced  him  to  turn  about,  just  in  time  lo 
prevent  the  abandon'ment  of  San  Diego. 

Besides  an  abundance  of  supplies,  the  San  Antonio 
b --ought  instructions  from  Don  Galvez  and  the  vice- 
roy   which  drove  from  Portold's  mind  all  thought   cf 


(16)    Vida,  9(5;       Bancroft.  I.  lGG-i67 


—  54  — 

abandoning  the  country.  Accordingly  two  expeditions 
were  organized,  one  to  go  by  land  and  tlie  other  to 
proceed  by  water.  About  the  middle  of  April  both 
se:  out.  Fr.  Junipero  accompanied  the  sea  expedition, 
whilst  Fr.  Crespi  joined  the  land  party  under  Gover- 
nor Portola.  Before  sailing,  Fr.  8erra  again  wrote  to 
his  dear  Fr.  Francisco  Palou.  Among  other  things 
he  said :  "Quite  late  last  night  Captain  Juan  Perez 
sent  word  that  we  were  to  embark  that  same  night, 
a  summons  which  was  speedily  complied  with,  as  I 
had  previously  sent  on  board  everything  necessary. 
At  an  early  hour  this  morning  I  said  Mass.  Fathers 
Parron  and  Gomez  remain  at  San  Diego;  Fr.  Juan 
Crespi  and  I  intend  to  go  north.  (17)  One  of  us  is 
destined  for  Monterey,  the  other  for  San  Buenaven- 
tura, which  is  distant  eighty  leagues.  Should  I  have 
no  opportunity  to  write  to  the  Fr.  Guardian,  I  beg 
of  you  to  do  so  in  my  name  and  to  give  the  reasons 
for  it.  The  death  of  our  Holy  Father  Clement  XIII, 
and  the  election  of  Ganganelli,  one  of  our  religious, 
are  rumors  which  have  reached  us.  Dominus  conser- 
vet  eum,  etc.  This  news  has  gladdened  me  in  my 
solitude.  I  have  also  heard  of  the  death  of  Fr.  Mo- 
ran.  We  are  saying  the  Masses  for  him  according  to 
agreement.  A  year  has  elapsed  since  I  received  a 
letter  from  the  college,  and  nearly  the  same  length 
of  time  has  passed  since  your  last  reached  mc.  At 
the  first  opportunity  send  us  some  wax,  which  we 
need  for  Holy  Mass,  and  some  incense.  Owing  to 
contrary  winds  we  did  not  sail  yesterday.  I  conclude 
this  letter  on  the  day  after  Easter,  the  anniversary 
of  the  profession  of  our  holy  Father  St.  Francis.  We 
are  sailing  out  of  the  harbor,  being  towed  by  a  boat 
from  the  San  Carlos,  which  on  its  return  will  carry 
this  letter  ashor*^  to  our  Fathers,    who    will    transmit 

(17)    Father  Vizcaino,   on   account  of   Ixis   wouudod  liaud,  had  already  left 
San  Diego  for  Sau  Ternando,  Mexico,  somj  timo  before. 


it  to  you.  God  preserve  you  many  years  iu  His  love 
and  grace.— At  sea,  before  the  Fort  of  San  Diego, 
April  16,  1770.  Fr.  Junipero  Ssrra."  (18) 


Land  Expedition  To  Monterey -The  Cross-Founding  Of  San  Carlos- 
Fr.  Junipero's  Account— Exultation  In  Mexico— Plans  Foe  New 
Missions— rEw  Missionakiis. 

As  we  have  seen,  the  San  Antonio  sailed  from 
San  Diego  April  16th,  1770,  in  search  of  Monterey, 
having  on  board,  besides  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  and  the 
crew,  a  cargo  of  stones  for  the  new  mission.  Owing 
to  contrary  winds  the  voyagers  were  driven  as  far 
south  as  the  30th  degree  of  latitude,  and  then  north 
to  the  Enseiiada  de  los  Farallones,  so  that  they  did 
not  enter  Monterey  harl)or  until  forty-six    days    after 

(1) 

The  land  expedition  set  out  from  San  Diego  on 
April  17th.  The  party  consisted  of  Lieutenant  Fages 
with  nineteen  soldiers,  Fr.  Juan  Crespi,  two  mule- 
teers, and  five  natives,  besides  Governor  Portola.  They 
made  the  joarrey  in  thirty-six  days,  encamped  on 
May  24th  near  the  spot  whe  3  tl  ey  had  left  the 
second  cross  on  the  .  bayshore  the  previous  winter. 
They  found  the  cross  still  standing,  but  curiously 
surrounded  and  adorned  with  arrows,  sticks,  feathers, 
fish,  meat,  and  clams:  evidently Jhe  work  ot  the  na- 
tives. Fr.  Crespi,  in  his  diary  of  the  second  land  ex- 
pedition to  Monterey,  relates  under  date  of  May  2d 
what  follows  with  regard  to  this  cross.  "After  a  jour- 
nev    of  three    leagues  w^e  arrived  at  one  of  the  salty 


(18)    Yida,  08-100.       (1)    Yida,  100-100. 


-  56  — 

lagunas  of  Punta  Pinos,  where  a  cross  had  been  erect- 
ed. Before  dismounting,  the  governor,  a  soldier,  and 
I  approached  the  cross,  intending  to  discover  some 
signs  of  the  expedition  which  had  set  out  by  water ; 
but  we  found  none.  The  cross  was  surrounded  by  ar- 
rows and  little  rods,  tipped  with  feathers,  whicli  had 
been  set  into  the  ground  by  the  Indians.  Suspended 
from  a  stick,  at  one  side  of  the  cross,  was  a  string 
of  half-spoiled  sardines,  a  number  of  clam  shells,  and 
a  piece  of  meat.  This  astonished  us  not  a  little ;  biit 
we  failed  to  comprehend  the  meaning  of  it  all.  As 
soon,  however,  as  tlie  neoi^hytes  were  capable  of  ex- 
pressing themselves  in  Spanish,  they  assured  us  that, 
the  first  time  they  saw  the  Spaniards,  their  attention 
Avas  attracted  by  a  beautiful  shining  cross  whicli  eacli 
one  wore  on  his  breast ;  that  Avhen  they  departed 
they  left  on  the  shore  this  large  cross,  which  seemed 
at  night  almost  to  touch  the  sky,  and  was  surrounded 
with  rays  of  heavenly  light;  but  in  the  day  time, 
seeing  it  in  its  usual  proportions,  to  propitiate  it  they 
had  offered  it  flesh-meat  and  fish.  Observing  that  it 
partook  not  of  their  feast,  they  had  presented  arrows 
and  feathers,  as  a  token  that  they  wished  to  l)e  at 
peace  with  the  holy  cross  and  with  those  who  planted 
it.  This  narrative  was  frequently  related  by  the  In- 
dians, and  in  1774,  when  Fr.  Junipero  returned  from 
Mexico,  they  repeatedait  to  him  without  any  varia- 
tion." (3) 

As  Portola,  Crespi,  and  Fages  walked  along  the 
beach  that  afternoon,  returning  from  a  visit  to  the 
cross,  they  looked  out  over  the  placid  bay,  when  the 
truth  suddenly  dawned  upon  their  minds,  and  they 
in  one  accord  exclaimed :  "This  is  the  port  of  Mon- 
terey which  we  seek ;  it  is  just  as  Vizcaino  and 
Cabrera  Bueno  describe  it;"  and  so  it  was.  They 
only  wondered   that   they    had   not  recognized     it   be- 

(2)     Vidii,   105-lOC. 


-  57  — 

fore.    Soon   for  lack  of  fresh  water  camp  was  moved 
across  to  Carmelo  Bay.  (4) 

A  week  later,  on  the  last  day  of  May,  the  San 
Antonio  hove  in  sight  off  Point  Pinos.  On  June  1st 
the  governor,  Fr.  Crespi,  and  the  lieutenant  crossed 
over  from  Carmelo  to  welcome  the  new  arrival.  Or- 
ders were  at  once  given  to  transfer  the  camp  back  to 
the  port  of  Monterey,  about  whose  identity  there  was 
no  longer  any  doubt.  On  the  third  of  June,  1770,  the 
mission  of  San  Carlos  Borromeo  was  formally  estab- 
lished. The  account  of  this  happy  event  is  best  given 
in  Fr.  Serra's  own  words. 

Writing  to  Fr.  Palou,  then  still  in  Lower  Califor- 
nia, he  says:  "My  dear  friend, — On  the  31st  of  May, 
by  the  favor  of  God,  after  a  tedious  and  perilous 
voyage  lasting  a  month  and  a  half,  the  packet-boat 
San  Antonio,  commanded  by  Captain  Don  Juan  Pe- 
rez, anchored  in  this  beautiful  bay  of  Monterey,  the 
same  unchanged  as  it  was  left  by  the  expedition  of 
Don  Sebastian  Vizcaino  in  the  year  1003.  It  was  a 
great  consolation  to  me,  and  the  pleasure  I  felt 
increased  with  the  news,  received  that  same  night, 
that  the  land  expedition  had  arrived  eight  days  be- 
fore, and  with  it  Fr.  Juan  and  the  others  in  good 
health.  Our  joy  increased  still  more  when,  on  the 
feast  of  Pentecost,  June  3d,  close  by  the  same  shore 
and  under  the  same  oak-tree  under  which  the  Fathers 
of  Vizcaino's  expedition  had  celebrated  Mass,  we 
built  an  altar.  After  the  ringing  of  the  bells,  and 
the  singing  of  the  hymn  Venl  Creator,  the  water  was 
blessed,  and  we  erected  and  blessed  a  great  cross,  and 
unfurled  the  royal  colorf.  I  then  sang  the  first  High 
Mass  known  to  have  been  offered  at  this  place.  Dur- 
ing Mass  I  preached,  and  at  its  conclusion  we  chant- 
ed the  Salve  Regina  before  a  picture  of  Our  Lady 
which  occupied  a  place  on  the   altar.  The  ceremonies 

(:i)    Boncroft,  I,  16-S-1G9. 


—  58  — 


mmmmMumyh. ,  i., ill 


l':',    III!        '!M5-1©, 


mm 
1 


lli<aiM:ii|l!i|;{iiiiiiiiiirt 


^/  I 


, , l'«^^»'''*!!l»l:i|B^^^^^^^^ 


-^59- 

were  concluded  with  the  singing  of  the  Te  Deum^ 
after  which  the  officers  performed  the  act  of  taking 
possession  of  the  land  in  the  name  of  the  king,  our 
lord. 

The  celebration  was  accompanied  throughout  Avith 
the  firing  of  canon,  both  on  land  and  on  board  the 
ship.  To  God  alone  be  honor  and  glory!  It  is  not 
for  me  to  judge  why  this  harbor  was  not  found  by 
the  first  expedition.  It  is  enough  that  it  was  at  last 
discovered,  and  that  the  desires  of  the  visitador 
general,  though  rather  late,  will  be  accomplished, 
especially  the  spiritual  conquest  Ave  all  desire.  As  in 
May  last  it  Avas  a  year  since  I  received  any  letter 
from  a  Christian  country,  your  Reverence  can  imag- 
ine that  Ave  are  hungry  for  neAvs.  HoAvever,  I  only 
beg  that  at  the  next  opportunity  you  let  me  knoAV 
the  name  of  the  reigning  Pope,  that  I  may  insert  it 
at  the  canon  of  the  Mass;  also  Avhether  the  canoni- 
zation of  the  Blessed  Joseph  of  Cupertino  and  Se- 
raphin  of  Asculi  has  taken  place ;  and  Avhether  there 
is  any  other  saint  or  blessed  so  that  Ave  can  give 
them  their  place  in  the  directory.  Let  us  also  knoAV 
whether  it  is  true  that  the  Indians  have  killed  Fr. 
Joseph  Soler  in  kSonora  or  Pimeria;  Avhether  there  is 
any  other  departed  soul  to  be  recommended  to  God; 
and,  finally,  whatever  could  be  of  interest  to  poor 
hermits    cut  off  from  the  society  of  men. 

I  earnestly  entreat  you  to  send  tAvo  more  mission- 
aries Avho,  Avith  the  four  here,  Avill  enable  us  to  es- 
tablish the  mission  of  San  Buenaventura  in  the  chan- 
nel of  Santa  Barbara,  the  land  being  much  better  a- 
dapted  for  the  purpose  than  San  Diego,  Monterey,  or 
any  other  yet  discovered.  I  should  not  Avish  that  for 
want  of  missionaries  this  mission  be  retarded.  In 
truth,  as  long  as  Fr.  Juan  and  I  can  stand,  Ave  will 
not  be  separated;  it  Avill  be  the  greatest  trial  for  me 
to  remain  eighty  leagues  distant  from  another  priest. 


—  CO  — 

Fr.  Lasuen  desires  very  much  to  come  to  these  mis- 
sions. Our  supply  of  candles  has  run  out  here  as  well 
as  at  San  Diego;  nevertheless,  to-morrow  we  shall  ce- 
lebrate the  feast  of  Corpus  Christi  with  a  procession, 
in  order  to  chase  away  as  many  little  devils  as  there 
may  be  found  about  here.  Send  also  the  incense  I 
asked  for  at  another  occasion.  Do  not  fail  to  write  to 
the  visitador  general  concerning  the  discovery  of  this 
harbor,  and  recommend  us  to  God,  AVho  I  pray  may 
preserve  your  Reverence  many  years  in  His  love  and 
grace.  Mission  San  Carlos  de  Monterey,  on  the  feast 
of  St.  Anthony,  June  13th,  1770.  Fr.  Junipero  Ser- 
ra."   (4) 

Tins  letter  was  received  by  Fr.  Palou  on  the  feast 
of  Portiuncula,  August  2d,  while  at  Mission  Todos 
Santos,  more  than  five  hundred  leagues  from  Mon- 
terey. Salutes  and  thanksgiving  Masses  celebrated  the 
event  at  Loreto,  Todos  Santos,  and  Santa  Ana,  and 
Governor  Armona  despatched  a  vessel  to  carry  the 
news  to  Mexico.  At  the  capital  the  announcement 
of  the  discovery  of  Monterey  was  received  with  loud 
acclamations  of  joy;  the  cathedral  bells  rang  out 
their  glad  peals  and  those  of  all  the  other  churches 
responded.  The  most  prominent  persons,  both  eccle- 
siastic and  secular,  repaired  to  the  palace  to  con- 
gratulate Viceroy  La  Croix  and  Visitador  Don  Gal- 
vez  on  the  happy  issue  of  the  enterprise.  A  solemn 
High  Mass  of  thanksgiving  was  celebrated  at  the 
cathedral  the  next  day,  and  all  the  government  offi- 
cials and  dignitaries  of  the  Church  were  present.  An 
account  of  the  discovery  was  printed  and  circulated 
among  the  people,  and  copies  of  it  were  sent  to 
Spain.  A  just  tribute  of  praise  was  accorded  to  the 
zeal  and  untiring  energy  of  Fr.  Junipero  Serra,  from 
whom  letters  had  been  received  by  the  viceroy  and 
the     Fr.   Guardian   of   the    college,    asking    for     more 

(1)    Vida.  101-10;i. 


—  61  — 

missionaries.  Tlie  latter,  he  wrote,  must  be  supplied 
with  everything  necessary  for  the  proper  administra- 
tion of  the  sacraments.  Agricultural  implements  Avere 
also  required  Ihat  the  aborigines  might  be  taught 
to  provide  for  themselves  by  cultivating  the  soil. (5) 

As  soon  as  Viceroy  de  la  Croix  and  Don  Galvez 
had  read  Fr.  Junipero's  letter,  they  requested  the  Fr. 
Guardian  of  San  Fernando  to  send  thirty  Francis- 
cans to  California.  The  guardian  agreed  to  the  vice- 
roy's request,  but  found  it  necessary  to  cede  the 
Sierra  Gorda  missions  in  Mexico  to  the  bishop  of 
the  diocese,  in  order  to  supply  the  desired  number 
of  missionaries  for  California.  The,  viceroy  thereupon 
issued  the  most  judicious  orders  to  make  the  mis- 
sions successful..  He  procured  a  plentiful  supply  of 
sacred  vestments  and  other  articles  necessary  for  the 
churches  and  vestries.  To  defray  the  expenses  of  the 
ten  missions  about  to  be  established,  De  la  Croix 
sent  ten  thousand  dollars,  besides  four  hundred  dol- 
lars for  travelling  expenses  for  each  missionary. 
Moreover,  each  missionary  was  to  receive  annually  a 
stipend  or  salary  of  $275.  The  commissary  of  the 
marines  at  San  Bias  received  orders  to  have  the 
packet-boat  San  Carlos  in  readiness  to  take  twenty 
Fathers  to  Loreto,  v.'hilst  the  San  Antonio  w^as  to 
convey  the  other  ten  to  Monterey.  The  Fathers  in- 
tended for  Monterey  were :  Antonio  Paterna,  Buena- 
ventura Sitjar,  Luis  Jayme,  Miguel  Pieras,  Pedro 
Benito  Cambon,  Domingo  Juncosa,  Francisco  Dumetz, 
Jose   Cavalier,    and   Angel   Somera.    (6) 

The  missionaries  set  out  from  the  college  in  Octo- 
ber 1770,  but  were  obliged  to  wait  at  Tepic  until 
January  20th,  1771,  before  the  San  Antonio  could 
be  made  ready  for  sea  with  a  full  cargo  of  supplies 
for   the    missions.    After   a    tedious    voyage    of   sixty- 

(5)    Vida,  104;  107-112;    Noticias,   I,    101-102,        (0)     Vida,  irMlS;     Bancroft 
I.  171-17;i, 


-  62  - 

eight  days,  during  which  all  the  Fathers  became  af- 
fected with  scurvy,  the  ship  entered  the  port  of  San 
Diego  on  March  12tb.  From  San  Diego  the  vessel  pro- 
ceeded northward  on  April  10th,  and,  finally,  anch- 
ored at  Monterey  on  May  21st,  1771,  when  the  ten 
Fathers  already  named  landed  in  their  new  field  with 
everything  requisite  for  the  estal)lishing  of  the  five 
new  missions.  With  so  many  priests  around  Fr.  Juni- 
pero  resolved  to  celebrate  the  feast  of  Corpus  Christi 
with  all  the  spendor  possible.  A  solemn  High  Mass, 
the  first  at  Monterey,  was  sung,  and  a  sermon 
preached,  after  whicn  the  Adorable  Sacrament,  sur- 
lounded  by  twelve  Franciscan  priests,  was  borne  in 
procession  to  the  amazement  of  the  native?. 

After  this  celebration  Fr.  Serra  distributed  his 
religi(ms     as  follows : 

Mission  San  Diego:  Fathers  Luis  Jayme  (Jaume)  and 
Francisco  Dumetz. 

Mission  San  Buenaventura:  Fathers  Antonio  Paterna 
and  Antonio  Cruzado. 

Mission  San  Gabriel:  Fathers  Angel  Somera  and  Pe- 
dro Benito  Cambon. 

Mission  San  Antonio:  Fathers  Miguel  Picras  and 
Buenaventura  Sitj:  r. 

Mission  San  Luis  Obispo:  Fathers  Jose  Cavalier  and 
Domingo  Juncosa. 

Mission  San  Carlos:  Fatliors  Junipero  Serra  and  Juan 
Crespi. 

The  establishment  of  the  missions  of  San  Francisco 
and  Santa  Clara  had  to  be  posponed  for  Avant  of 
priests  and  troops.  On  the  7tli  of  June  the  six  Fa- 
thers selected  for  the  southern  mission  of  San  Gabriel 
and  San  Buenaventura,  reembarked  on  the  San  An- 
tonio for  San  Diego,  together  Avith  Fatliers  Gomez 
and  Parron  ;  the  former  retired  to  Mexico  on  account 
of  ill  health,  the  latter  went  to  the  peninsula.  (7) 

(7)    Vidu,  llC-rJl;  r27;    Bs^ucroft.  I,  17  -17!>. 


-  m  - 

In  accordance  with  previous  orders  from  Don  Galvez, 
Partold  now  turned  the  military  government  of  Cali- 
fornia over  to  Licitenant  Fae;,  and  sailed  away  in 
the  San  Antonio  on  July  9th,  1770,  takinji  with  him 
the  e:igiiite.*  Constans  .  Portola  was  the  first  in  the 
line  of  governors  of  California.  (8) 


ScAKciTY  Of  Food— Fe.  Serea's  Letter— His  Jouexey— disagreement 
Between  The  Fk.  President  And  Governor  Faces- Fe.  Seera  Goes  To 
Mexico— Missionaries  For  Upper  California— Fe.  Junipeeo's  Illness 
And  Recoveey— His  Petition  And  Success— Report  On  The  State  Of 
The  Missions. 

Food  was  scarce  in  1772,  both  at  Monterey  and 
San  Antonio.  For  a  long  time  the  Fatliers  and  neo- 
phytes subsisted  on  vegeta])les  and  milk  only.  Late 
in  May,  when  the  extremity  was  reached,  Coman- 
dante  Fages  with  thirteen  men  made  a  raid  into 
the  valley  called  Canada  de  los  Osos  (Bear  Valley), 
lifty  leagues  from  Monterey,  where  a  large  number 
of  these  animals  were  killed,  and  seed  obtained  to 
support   the   mission   until   other   provisions    arrived. 

In  a  letter  to  Fr.  Palou,  dated  August  18,  1772, 
Fr.  Serra  thus  describes  their  critical  situation,  to- 
gether with  other  matters  of  interest,  as  follows:  My 
dear  friend,  —  Thanks  l>e  to  God!  The  Fathers  are 
in  good  health,  and  the  famine  which  tormented  so 
many  others  did  not  roach  us.  While  waiting  for 
our  ship,  we  received  the  news  that  two  other  ves- 
sels were  coming  to  this  port.  One  approached  within 
tAvo  leagues  of  the  bay,  but  could  not  enter.  There 
is  sufficient  food  at  San  Diego,  but  we  have  none.   A 

(»)      Banc.  I,  172. 


—  64  — 

few  half-starved  mules  bring  our  provisions  overland. 
Vegetables  and  milk  have  been  the  chief  support  of 
the  people;  but  even  these  have  grown  scarce.  Never- 
theless I  do  not  regret  to  have  founded  the  missions. 
Through  our  efforts  some  souls  have  gone  to  heaven 
from  Monterey,  San  Antonio,  and  San  Diego.  A  great 
number  of  Christians  now  praise  God,  and  His  holy 
Name  is  more  freciuently  on  the  lips  of  the  pagans 
here  than  on  those  of  many  Christians  elsewhere. 

Some  persons  fear  that  from  meek  lambs  they  will 
turn  into  lions  and  tigers.  God  might  permit  this; 
but  those  at  Monterey  give  us  reason  to  expect  the 
contrary ;  for,  after  three  years  of  experience,  we  find 
them  greatly  improved.  The  same  is  true  of  those  at 
San  Antonio.  The  promise  made  by  God  to  our  holy 
Father  Francis,  mentioned  by  the  Ven.  Mother  Mary 
of  Jesus,  that  the  people  would  be  converted  to  our 
holy  faith  by  merely  looking  at  his  children,  I  now 
see  fully  realized.  If  not  all  have  yet  become  Chris- 
tians here,  it  is  because  of  our  ignorance  of  their 
language.  I  often  imagine  that  my  sins  make  me  un- 
worthy of  the  gift  to  converse  with  them  in  their 
OAvn  language.  In  a  country  like  this,  where  there  is 
ueither  teacher  nor  interpreter,  it  will  take  some 
time  before  any  one  will  have  learned  the  Spanish 
language.  At  San  Diego  time  has  already  overcome 
thedifficulty;  adults  are  being  baptized  and  married. 
Here,  with  the  help  of  God,  we  shall  see  like  re- 
sults; for  some  of  the  children  already  begin  to 
learn  Spanish,  in  which  language  the  catechism  is 
taught  them.  For  the  rest  we  trust  in  God  who  will 
set  everything  aright.  I  intend  to  go  to  San  Diego 
with  Don  Fages  about  the  middle  or  end  of  Septem- 
ber. If  your  Reverence  could  come  up  about  that 
time,  what  a  gratification  it  would  be  to  meet  each 
other  after  our  long  separation,  and  then  what  a 
world  of  writing  it  would  save  us  I  Do  not   come    for 


-65- 

my  sake.  Let  us  both  have  in  view  God's  glory  and 
the  good  oi*  souls.  Whether  with  you  or  alone,  by  all 
means  let  two  religious  come  up  to  found  the  mis- 
sion of  San  Buenaventura,  or  to  replace  those  that 
are  sick  at  San  Gabriel.  Those  that  are  to  be  sent 
here  should  come  supplied  with  patience  and  charity ; 
having  these  they  will  obtain  a  ricli  and  plentiful 
harvest. 

During  my  absence  Fr.  Pieras,  witli  one  of  tlie 
Fathers  from  San  Luis,  will  attend  this  mission.  The 
other  will  go  to  San  Antonio  where  Fr.  Buenaventura 
Sitjar  is  alone.  Mission  San  Antonio  has  very  materi- 
ally assisted  us  in  our  distress  by  sending  us  seeds 
and  pine-nuts.  I  owe  good  Fr.  Pieras  for  four 
loads  of  them.  If  Fathers  Lasuen  and  Murguia  come 
to  this  wilderness,  let  them  have  patience  and  cour- 
age ;  no  doubt  you  have  need  of  the  same  where  you 
are.  May  God  preserve  you  in  His  holy  love  and 
grace  many  years.  Mission  San  Carlos  de  Monterey 
on  the  Carmelo,  August  12,  1772.  Fr.  Junipero  Ser- 
ra.^'   (1) 

When  Oomandante  Pages  fcmnd  that  the  vessels 
with  supplies  could  not  come  up  to  Monterey,  and 
that  mules  were  unal)le  to  bring  the  provisions,  he 
started  out  for  San  Diego  late  in  August,  accom- 
panied by  Fr.  Junipero,  to  make  arrangements  for 
the  better  transportation  of  much  needed  supplies. 
On  his  way  Fr.  Serra  stopped  at  San  Antonio,  and 
was  very  mucli  pleased  to  see  the  large  number  of 
Christian  Indians.  Taking  Fr.  Cavalier  along,  on  the 
first  of  September  lie  founded  the  fifth  mission  in 
California,  in  lionor  of  San  Luis  Bisliop  of  Tolouse, 
as  will  be  related  elsewhere.   (2) 

C'ONTiNUiNG  their  j(mrney,  Fr.  Serra  and  Captain 
Fages  arrived  at  San  Gabriel  on  September  11th.  It 
was  the  Fr.  Superior's  first  visit  to  that  mission,  and 

(1)    VidH,  r-yi-Vi'X       i'l)    Ibid.  W.       Vido  Mission  Sun  Lui^  Obiepo. 


—  66  — 

he  rejoiced  exceedingly  when  he  found  so  many  neo- 
phytes. Fr.  Paterna  accompanied  his  superior  from 
San  Gabriel  to  San  Diego,  which  place  was  reached 
on  the  16th  of  September.  Fr.  Junipero  at  once  urged 
the  captain  of  the  ship  to  hurry  on  northward  with 
the  supplies.  The  officer  obeyed  reluctantly,  because 
he  feared  the  dangers  of  the  voyage  at  that  season 
of  the  year.  Meanwhile  Fr.  Dum3tz,  accompanied  by 
Fr.  Tom^s  de  la  Pena,  had  again  been  sent  up  from 
the  peninsula  to  take  Fr.  Cambon's  place  who  re- 
tired to  Mexico  on  account  of  ill-health.  There  were 
then  at  San  Diego,  Fathers  Crespi,  Somera  who  was 
ill,  Dumetz,  and  Pena.  Two  others  were  expected 
from  the  south  at  an  early  date.  On  December  27th, 
Fathers  Crespi  and  Dumetz  accompanied  a  supply 
train  overland  from  San  Diego  to  San  Carlos  to  re- 
lieve Fathers  Juncosa  and  Pieras.  (3) 

Fk.  Serra  now  urged  Pages  to  proceed  Avith  the  es- 
tablishment of  Mission  San  Buenaventura  on  the  San- 
ta Barbara  Channel,  as  originally  planned  by  Don 
Galvez  five  years  before.  He  spoke  to  Comandante 
Pages,  says  Palou,  about  an  escort  and  other  assis- 
tance necessary  to  start  the  mission,  but  found  the 
door  closed  and  Fages  giving  directions  whose  execu- 
tion threatened  to  bring  about  the  loss  of  Avhat  had 
cost  so  much  work  to  accomplish.  To  prevent  such  a 
result,  the  venerable  Father  used  every  means  sug- 
gested by  his  purdence  and  skill;  but  in  no  v/ay 
was  he  able  to  accomplish  his  purpose.  (4)  "A  bitter 
quarrel  ensued,"  says  the  Protestant  Bancroft,  who  is 
ever  inclined  to  take  sides  against  Fr.  Junipero,  "be- 
tween the  tw^o,  in  the  course  of  which  the  hot-headed 
Pages,  in  the  right  (?)  at  first,  may  very  likely  have 
exceeded  the  bounds  of  moderation  and  good  taste; 
while  the  president  (Serra),  though  manifestly  un- 
just (?)  in    his    prejudice    against    the    commandant, 

(3)    Vida,  144-145;     Banc.  I,   IS9.        (4)    Yida,  146. 


-  67  - 

was  pel  haps  ir.ci-e  politic  and  self-contained  in  his 
words  and  acts  at  the  time."  (5) 

Yet  only  a  few  months  before,  March  ]8th,  1772, 
the  viceroy  had  urged  Fages  to  maintain  harmo- 
ny, to  treat  converts  well,  and  to  promote  mission 
work  in  every  way  possible.  Now,  however,  the  cap- 
tain presented  so  many  objections  to  the  founding  of 
San  Buenaventura  and  similar  establishments,  that 
Fr.  Serra  began  to  suspect  that  orders  must  have  em- 
anated from  hig;i9r  authority  prohibiting  these  un- 
dertakings for  the  future.  He,  therefore,  consulted 
with  the  Fathers  about  the  matter.  It  was  the  opin- 
ion of  the  four  missionaries  Serra,  Paterna  of  San 
Gabriel,  Somera  and  Pena  of  San  Diego,  that  Fr. 
Junipero,  or  some  one  selected  by  him,  should  pro- 
ceed to  Mexico,  and  represent  to  the  viceroy  the 
great  needs  of  the  mission,  and  give  correct  informa- 
tion regarding  the  state  of  things  in  California.  To 
obtain  God's  assistance  for  the  success  of  this  jour- 
ney, a  solemn  High  Mass  was  offered  up  on  the  fol- 
lowing day,  October  13th,  after  which  the  three  Fa- 
thers concluded  that  the  only  suitable  person  to 
transact  a  business  of  such  importance  was  the  Fr. 
Superior  himself.  Though  in  his  sixtieth  year  and 
lame,  the  zealous  Father  agreed  to  make  the  long 
journey  of  200  leagues  by  land,  besides  the  voyage 
by  sea,  in  order  to  secure  the  welfare  of  his  Indian 
neophytes.  During  his  absence  Fr.  Paterna  acted  as 
superior  of  the  missions. 

Fe.  Junipero  embarked  on  the  San  Carlos  at  San 
Diego  on  October  20th,  and  after  a  prosperous 
voyago  arrived  at  San  Bias  November  4th,  in  compa- 
ny Avitli  an  Indian  Christian  from  Monterey,  who  aft- 
erwards was  confirmed  by  Archbishop  Lorenzana.  At 
San  Bias  Fr.  Serra  heard  of  the  transfer  of  the  Low- 
er California  missions    to    the    Dominicans.    Learning 

(5)    Banc,  I,  19U, 


that  the  Fr.  Guardian  had  left  Fr.  Palou  free  to  re- 
tire to  Mexico  or  to  go  to  Upper  California,  Fr.  Ju- 
nlpero  at  once  wrote  to  him  from  Tepic  on  Novem- 
ber 10th :  *'If  your  Hevereuce  is  determined  that  we 
sliall  live  and  die  in  California,  it  will  be  to  me  a 
great    consolation.  I  only    say,  act  accordinji;  to  God's 

-will If    the    Fr.  Guardian  should  order  that    only 

four  go  there,  and' that  the  others  should  return  to 
the  college,  I  have  nothing  to  say,  but  I  pray  God 
may  apply  a  remedy.  Meanwhile  let  us  obey."   (6) 

Almighty  God  seems  to  have  anticipated  Fr.  Juni- 
pero's  wish;  for  about  that  time  Fr.  Palou  received 
a  letter  from  the  Fr.  Guardian  permitting  him  to 
send  eight  religious  to  Upper  California.  Fathers  Juan 
Figuer  and  Ramon  Usson  had  already  arrived  at  San 
Diego  in  November.  The  eight  Fathers  who  availed 
themselves  of  the  permission  to  labor  in  Upper  Cali- 
fornia were:  Francisco  Palou,  Pedro  Benito  Cambon, 
Gregorio  Amurrio,  Fermin  Francisco  Lasuen,  Juan 
Prestamero,  A^incente  Fuster,  Jose  Antonio  Murguia, 
and  Miguel  de  la  Campa  y  Cos.  Leaving  one  Father 
at  Velicata,  as  was  related  elsewhere,  Fr.  Palou  with 
six  Fathers  journeyed  northward.  The  new-comers 
were  welcomed  at  San  Diego  with  every  demonstra- 
tion of  joy.  Fr.  Palou  then  made  a  temporary  distri- 
bution of  the  new  missionaries,  after  which  the  mis- 
sionary force  in  Upper  California  consisted  of  eigh- 
teen Franciscan  priests.   (7) 

Meanwhile  Fr.  Serra  had  proceeded  on  his  way  to 
the  capital  as  far  as  Guadalajara,  where  both  he  and 
his  neophyte  companion  fell  sick  with  fever.  They 
were  reduced  to  the  last  extremity  and  received  the 
sacraments  of  the  dying.  For  himself  Fr.  Junipero 
was  resigned,  but  in  regard  to  the  neophyte  he 
feared   lest    the    death    of    the    Indian    youth     might 

(6)    Vida,  147-149;    NoUcias,  I,  225-22T.       (7)    Noticias,  I,  35(J-2ei:  Banc,   I, 
194-li€. 


-  09  - 

retard  the  conversion  of  the  other  natives,  as  they 
might  imagine  that  the  Christians  had  killed  him.  Al- 
mighty God,  however,  allowed  both  to  recover  and 
reach  Mexico  on  February  6,  1773.   (8) 

Fr.  Junipero  found  the  new  viceroy,  Antonio  Bu- 
careli,  no  less  favorably  disposed  toward  the  missions 
than  his  i)redecessor  De  la  Croix.  At  the  request  of 
the  viceroy  he  prepared  a  memorial  on  the  state  of 
the  missions  in  California,  and  presented  the  docu- 
ment to  the  government  on  the  15th  of  March.  "In 
this  statement,"  said  he  to  the  viceroy  when  pre- 
senting the  papers,  "you  will  find  that  I  have  said 
nothing  Init  what  is  true,  and  Avhat  in  conscience  I 
was  bound  to  say,  and  what  I  consider  absolutely 
necessary  to  attain  that  which  his  royal  majesty  so 
much  desires,  namely,  the  conversion  of  souls  who, 
for  want  of  knowledge  of  our  holy  faith,  remain  in 
the  slavery  of  the  devil,  but  who  by  these  means  can 
easily  be  redeemed.  I  trust  your  excellency  will 
speedily  determine  what  is  just  and  expedient,  since 
I  must  return  as  soon  as  possible,  whether  or  not  I 
obtain  what  I  ask,  rejoicing  if  it  be  granted,  and 
somewhat  grieved,  but  resigned  to  the  will  of  God 
if  it  be  refused."  (9) 

The  statement  consisted  of  thirty-two  articles.  The 
first  and  second  point  concerned  the  port  of  San  Bias. 
Therein  he  strenuously  urged  the  necessity  of  keeping 
that  port  open  to  furnish  the  missions  with  the  nec- 
essary supplies.  It  had  been  decided  to  close  San 
Bias,  and  to  send  supplies  by  land.  Fr.  Serra's 
arguments  proved  unanswerable,  and  his  request  was 
granted.  The  remaining  articles  were  submitted  by 
the  viceroy  to  the  'Junta  de  guerra  y  real  hacienda,' 
board  of  war  and  royal  exchequer,  of  which  Bucareli 
was  a  member.  This  body  on  May  sixth  granted  eigh- 
teen of  them  and  part  of  another,  and  denied  only  a 


—  70  — 

part  of  article  82,  in  Avliich  Fr.  Serra  asked  to  have 
the  expenses  of  his  journey  to  Mexico  refunded.  Thus 
twenty  of  the  original  points  were  disposed  of  entire- 
ly in  his  favor.  Four  of  these  bore  upon  the  past 
troubles  between  the  Franciscans  and  the  military 
authorities,  and  were  intended  to  curtail  the  i)owers 
Avhicli  had  been  assumed  by  the  latter.  Fr.  Serra 
made  special  charji;es  against  Comandante  Fages, 
among  whicli  were  these :  his  refusal  to  transfer  sol- 
diers for  bad  conduct  at  the  request  of  tlie  mission- 
ary;  meddling  with  the  management  of  the  missions 
and  the  punishment  of  neophytes,  as  he  has  no  right 
to  do  except  for  grave  offences ;  irregular  and  delayed 
delivery  of  letters  and  property  directed  to  the  mis- 
sionaries; insolence  and  constant  eft"orts  to  annoy  the 
Fathers  who  were  at  liis  mercy ;  opening  of  letters 
addressed  to  the  missionaries,  and  neglect  to  inform 
them  when  mails  were  to  start ;  taking  away  the 
mission  mules  for  the  use  of  the  soldiers ;  and  reten- 
tion of  cattle  intended  for  new  missions. 

By  the  decision  of  the  Junta  the  comandante  was 
ordered  to  remove  any  soldier  of  irregular  conduct 
and  l)ad  example  from  the  mission  guard  to  the  pre- 
sidio, at  the  missionary's  request ;  the  missionaries 
were  allowed  to  manage  the  mission  Indians  as  a  fa- 
ther would  his  family,  and  the  military  commander 
was  instructed  to  preserve  perfect  harmony  with  the 
Fathers ;  property  and  letters  for  them  or  their  mis- 
sions were  to  be  forwarded  in  separate  packages,  and 
their  correspondence  w^as  not  to  be  meddled  with, 
but  to  pass  free  of  charge  like  that  of  the  soldiers ; 
additional  vestments  and  seven  bells  were  to  be  fur- 
nished; two  blacksmiths  and  two  carpenters,  with 
tools  and  material,  were  to  be  sent  from  Guada- 
lajara for  the  exclusive  use  of  the  missions,  etc.  Com- 
andante Fages  was  subsequently  relieved  of  his  i)o- 
sition  and  replaced  by  Rivera  y  Moncada.  A  set 
of    new    regulations    provided    for    several    points    in 


—  71  — 

Fr.  Serra's  petition  pertaining  to  the  military  and  fi- 
nancial alFairs  of  California.  (10) 

Having  obtained  far  more  than  he  had  expected, 
Fr.  Junipero  wns  anxious  to  return  to  his  Indians, 
but  before  leaving  he  was  requested  to  make  a  full 
report  on  the  state  of  the  missions,  and  to  give  the 
liistory  of  each  from  its  foundation  down  to  Septem- 
ber 1772.  On  ceding  their  missions  in  Lower  Califor- 
nia to  the  Dominicans,  the  Franciscans  had  already 
been  required  to  report  on  the  condition  of  the  new 
establishments  in  Upper  California.  Accordingly,  Fr. 
Palou,  the  superior  in  Fr.  Serra's  absence,  had  pre- 
pared a  complete  statement  for  the  viceroy  and 
forwarded  it  to  Mexico  on  December  lOtli,  177?.  On 
21st  of  May  Fr.  Junipero  drew  up  the  report  of 
the  actual  condition  of  the  California  mission  at 
the  time  of  his  departure  the  preceeding  September. 
It  covers  substantially  the  same  ground  as  that  of 
Fr.  Palou,  and  the  two  combined  may  be  regarded 
as  one  document.  According  to  these  reports  there 
were  then  in  the  fifth  year  of  the  Spanish  occupation 
the  following  establishments  in  Upper  California: 
San  Dieyo  de  Alcala^  at  which  mission  Fathers  Luis 
Jayme,  Vincente  Fuster,  and  Gregorio  Amurrio 
were  stationed  among  the  Indians;  tliey  also  attend- 
ed  the  soldiers  at  the    presidio. 

San.  Gabriel  Arcangel,  where  Fathers  Antonio  Pa- 
terna,  Antonio  Cruzado,  Juan  Figuer,  and  Fcrmin 
Francisco  Lasuen  were  laboring  among  the  natives. 
San  Luis  Ohifipo  de  Tolosa,  whose  missionaries  were 
Fathers  Jose  Cavalier,  Domingo  Juncosa,  Jose  Anto- 
nio Murguia,  Juan  Prestamero,  and  Tomas  de  la  Pena. 
San  Antonio  de  Padua  in  charge  of  Fathers  Mi 
guel  Pieras,  Buenaventura  Sitjar,  and  Ramon  Usson. 
San  Carlos  Borromeo^  on  the  Rio  Carmelo.  Here 
Fathers  Junipero  Serra,    then   in   Mexico,    Juan  Cres- 

(10)    Vida,  15!-i:)6;    Bancroft .  1,  'JOT-^ll. 


-  72  - 

pi,  Francisco  Dumetz,  and  Francisco  Palou  insti-uct- 
ed  the  natives  in  the  rudiments  of  Christianity  and 
civilization.  They  also  administered  to  the  wants  of 
the  soldiers   and  their   families  at  Monterey.    (11) 

There  Avere,  then,  in  the  latter  part  of  1773, 
nineteen  Franciscan  Fathers  engaj^ed  in  missionary 
work  among  the  Indians  of  California.  Four  hun- 
dred and  ninety-one  natives  had  been  baptized,  of 
whom  twenty-nine  had  died,  and  sixty-two  Indian 
couples  had  been  united  in  Christian  marriage.  It 
is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  the  missionaries 
could  have  received  many  more  into  the  Church, 
but  they  preferred  to  see  the  candidates  well  in- 
structed before  admitting  them  to  the  sacraments. 
Others,  again,  held  back  on  account  of  the  distrust 
caused  by  the  outrages  of  the  soldiers.  Only  at  San 
Diego  had  there  been  unprovoked  hostilities.  Near 
each  mission,  except  San  Luis  Obispo,  was  a  ran- 
cheria  of  pagans,  who  lived  in  rude  little  huts  con- 
structed of  boughs,  tules,  grass,  and  any  other  ma- 
terial that  was  at  hand.  Many  of  these  Indians 
came  regularly  as  catechumens  for  Christian  instruc- 
tion. Often  those  of  more  distant  rancherias  were 
induced  to  come,  listen  to  the  music,  and  receive 
trifling  gifts  of  food  or  beads.  The  neophytes  were 
generally  willing  to  work  when  the  Fathers  could 
feed   them,  which  was   not  always  the  case. 

At  San  Diego,  as  stated  elsewhere  (12),  there 
were  ten  or  eleven  rancherias,  whose  inhabitants 
lived  on  grass,  seeds,  fish,  and  rabbits.  At  San  Ga- 
briel the  native  population  was  larger  than  at  any 
other  place ;  unfortunately  the  different  rancherias 
were  at  war  with  one  another.  At  San  Luis  Obispo 
the  population  was  also  very  large,  but  the  Indians 
were  friendly  to  the  Spaniards  from  the  first.  The  In- 

(U)    VltlA,  1&4"155!    NotloitiM  I,  m-m;    BSiMWtt,  I,  m-'M, 


-  7a  - 

diaiis  of  Sail  Antonio  were  ready  to  live  at  the  mis- 
sion as  soon  as  the  Fathers  could  receive  them.  At 
8an  Cdrlos  de  Monterey  converts  were  most  numerous, 
but  for  want  of  food  they  could  not  be  kept  at  the 
mission.  Here,  and  also  at  8an  Antonio,  three  soldiers 
had  already  married  native  women. 

With  regard  to  the  mission  buildings,  Fr.  Serra 
reported  that  at  every  mission  a  line  of  high  strong 
posts,  set  into  the  ground  close  together,  enclosed  a 
rectangular  space,  which  contained  simple  wooden 
structures  serving  as  church  and  dwellings;  the  walls 
of  these  also  generally  took  the  stockade  form.  The 
square  at  kSan  Carlos  was  seventy  yards  long  and 
forty-three  yards  wide,  with  ravelins  at  the  corners. 
For  want  of  nails  the  upright  palisades  were  not  se- 
cured at  the  top.  Within,  the  chief  building,  also  of 
palisade  walls  plastered  inside  and  outside  with  mud 
or  clay,  measured  seven  by  fifty  yards,  and  was  divid- 
ed into  six  rooms.  One  room  served  for  a  church, 
another  for  the  missionaries'  dwelling,  and  a  third 
for  a  store-house.  The  best  rooms  were  whitewashed. 
This  building  was  roofed  with  timbers  which  were 
covered  with  mud.  A  slighter  structure  used  as  a 
kitchen  was  roofed  with  grass. 

The  soldiers'  quarters  were  apart  from  the  mis- 
sion buildings  and  enclosed  by  a  separate  stockade, 
while  outside  of  both  enclosures  were  the  huts  of 
Indians.  Adobes  were  used  to  some  extent  in  con- 
structing a  few  buildings  at  San  Diego.  At  San 
Antonio  church  and  convent  were  built  of  adobes. 
Some  of  the  buildings  at  Monterey  were  also  con- 
structed  of  adobe. 

In  agriculture,  Fr,  Serra  reported,  only  slight 
progress  had  been  made  so  far,  though  by  repeated 
failures  the  missionaries  were  gaining  experience  for 
future  success,  A  small  vegetable  garden  at  each 
mission,  curefuUy  tended  and  irrigated  by  hand,  had 
been  more  ov  lets  productive^.  Th$  pniturage  was  ex* 


—  7-i  - 

cellent,  and  the  little  livestock  distributed  among  the 
missions  had    flourished  from  the  beginning.   (18) 


e^ppjpER    \?ni. 


Fh.  Sebba  Retubns— Explobing  Expeditions  By  Sea— The  Fathebs  As 
Chaplains— New   Missions  Planned. 

Now  that  Fr.  Junipero  had  finished  liis  task  he 
asked  the  blessing  of  the  Fr.  Guardian,  kissed  the 
feet  of  all  the  Fathers  at  the  college,  begged  pardon 
for  any  bad  example  he  might  have  set  them,  and 
then  bid  farewell  forever.  He  set  out  for  the  west  in 
September  1773,  accompanied  by  Fr.  Pablo  Mugarte- 
gui  and  his  own  Indian  neophyte.  After  a  journey  of 
200  leagues,  he  was  obliged  to  wait  at  Tepic  for  a 
ship    till    January  24th.  (1) 

Fii.  Junipero  and  his  two  companions  arrived  at 
San  Diego  after  a  voyage  of  forty-nine  days.  From 
there,  on  April  Cth,  he  journeyed  on  foot  in  order  to 
visit  all  the  existing  missions.  On  his  way  he  met  Capt. 
Anza,  who  was  returning    from    Monterey    to    report 

(i:!)     Banc,    I,    199-206. 

(1)  Vida,  1.57-1.59.  In  addition  to  the  articles  fjranted  by  the  government, 
namely:  three  case.s  of  vestments  for  San  Gabriel,  San  Antonio,  and  San 
Luis  Obispo,  five  sets  of  measures,  six  in  each  set,  one  forpe  witli  appur- 
tenances, five  quintals,  and  three  arrobas  of  iron,  Fr.  Serra  had  obtained 
a  liberal  donation  of  goods  from  the  viceroy  for  the  exclusive  use  of  the 
missions  consisting  of  the  following  articles:  107  blankets,  29  pieces  man- 
TA  POBLANA  (blankets),  488  yards  of  striped  sackcloth,  ;«9  yards  of  blue 
baize,  10  lbs  blue  maguey  cloth  for  little  girls,  4  reams  of  fine  pa- 
I>er,  five  bales  of  rod  pepjjcr,  2, .500  lbs  of  jerked  beef,  16  boxes  pano- 
cha,  4  boxes  of  beads.  10  boxes  of  hams,  6  boxes  of  chocolate,  ;1  barrels 
of  lard,  9  sacks  of  lentils,  9  jugs  of  olive  oil,  4  barrels  of  Castilian  wine,  :! 
barrels  of  brandy,  9  sacks  of  peas,  6  sacks  of  rice,  160  sacks  of  flour,  900 
fanegas  (bushels)  of  maize,  and  250  fanogas  of  beans.  Moreover,  the  gov- 
ernment allowed  each  niisson  to  liave  six  servants,  wlio  were  to  aid  in 
constructing  tlie  buildings  and  tilling  tlio  land.  They  were  to  be  paid  by 
the  povernment  during  a  term  of  five  years.  One  hundred  mules  wore  also 
donated.    Bancroft,  I,  219. 


to  the  viceroy  that  communication  by  land  was  open 
between  that  port  and  Sonora.  From  him  the  Fa- 
ther learned  of  the  want  of  provisions  at  San  Carlos. 
He  hastened  forward  and  arrived  at  Monterey  on 
on  the  19th  of  May.  The  vessel  with  supplies  had 
reached  the  i)ort  three  days  l)efore.  Fr.  Mugdrtegui 
liad  been  forced  to  remain  at  San  Dieji;o  on  account 
of  ill  health.  Fr.  Amurrio  in  his  stead  took  ship  to 
Monterey.  Fathers  Prestamoro  and  Usson  fell  sick 
and   retired  to   Mexico.    (2) 

Several  explorins»"  ex])editi()ns,  which  set  out  from 
Monterey  during  this  and  the  next  few  years,  may 
be  mentioned  in  this  connection,  as  the  Fathers 
from  San  Carlos  accompanied  them.  Besides,  Fr.  Ser- 
ra  is  said  to  have  suggested  that  the  California 
transport  ship  might  be  advantageously  used  for 
purposes  of  geographical  discoveries,  in  order  to  find 
new  fields  for  spiritual  conquest.  He  also  proposed 
Captain  Perez  as  a  proper  person  to  take  charge  of 
the  enterprise.  Juan  Perez  was  accordingly  instructed 
to  explore  the  northern  coast  as  far  as  the  60tli  de- 
gree. The  expense  was  borne  by  the  Spanish  king.  The 
viceroy,  however,  asked  that  one  or  two  missionar- 
ies accompany  the  expedition,  wherefore  Fr.  Serra  ap- 
pointed Fathers  Crespi  and  Pena  to  act  as  chaplains. 
On  the  10th  of  June,  1774,  solemn  High  Mass  was 
offered  up  for  the  success  of  the  voyage,  and  on  the 
11th  the  vessel  sailed  from  Monterey.  On  the  9th 
of  July  they  were  in  latitude  45  degrees  beyond  the 
limits  of  California.  Continuing  her  course,  the  ship 
reached  as  far  north  as  the  55th  degree,  where  the 
crew  found  an  island  which  they  called  Santa  Mar- 
garita, because  it  was  discovered  on  the  feast  of  that 
saint.  The  island  was  inhabited  by  Indians.  Though 
contrary  winds  prevented  a  landing,  the  explorers  had 
some  intercourse  with  the  natives  who  approach(?d  in 

(2)    Vida.  159-1(50;  Bancroft  I.  221--:"JT. 


canoes.  Some  of  the  bolder  ones  boarded  the  vesael 
and  exchanged  well  polished  v/ooda,  hair  blankets, 
and  mats,  made  from  the  bark  of  trees,  for  pieces  of 
iron  or  for  beads.  They  were  dressed  in  haircloth  and 
skins,  and  were  of  a  gentle  disposition.  The  women 
were  decently  clad,  but  disfigured  by  wearing  an  or- 
nament of  wood  in  the  lower  lip,  perforated  for 
that  purpose.  The  Santiago  now  returned  and  reach- 
ed Monterey  on  August  27th.  Fathers  Juan  Crespi 
and  Tomas  de  la  Pena  kept  diaries  of  this  expedi- 
tion which  are  still  extant.   (3) 

When  the  reports  of  this  first  enterprise  reached 
the  viceroy,  he  ordered  another  expedition  to  proceed 
still  farther  north,  and  search  for  a  good  harbor 
where  the  cross  and  the  Spanish  flag  could  be  raised. 
A  fleet  of  four  vessels  was  sent  out  from  San  Bias  in 
the  spring  of  1775  for  California  and  the  nothern  wa- 
ters. The  viceroy  again  called  aipon  the  Franciscan 
college  to  supply  the  chaplains,  as  no  other  priests 
Avere  available.  The  Fr.  Guardian  reluctantly  detailed 
Fathers  Miguel  de  la  Campa,  Benito  Sierra,  Ramon 
Usson,  and  Vincente  de  Santa  Maria  for  this  new 
service.  This  was  only  a  temporary  arrangement,  as 
that  kind  of  Avork  was  foreign  to  the  Order.  Fr,  Jos4 
Nocedal  was  also  sent  along.   (4) 

All  sailed  from  San  Bias  about  the  middle  of 
March.  The  San  Antonio,  whose  chaplain  was  Fr. 
Usson,  landed  her  cargo  at  San  Diego  and  returned 
to  San  Bias.  The  San  Carlos,  with  supplies  for  Mon- 
terey and  the  northern  missions,  set  sail  with  Fr, 
Vincente  as  chaplain.  The  ship  reached  Monterey 
June  27th.  After  discharging  her  cargo  she  sailed  for 
San  Francisco  Bay  on  July  24th.  On  setting  sail  the 
crew  began  a  novena  in  honor  of  St.  Francis,  at  the 
termination  of  wliich,  on  the  1st  of   August,   just   at 

(i))    Viaa,  l9J'-m;  Uaue,,  tlUt.  NoitUw,  Coitxt  I,  m-lM, 


night  fall  they  found  themselves  off  the  entrance  of 
San  Francisco  Bay.  The  vessel  entered,  and  anchored 
in  tho  vicinity  of  what  is  now  North  Beach.  Next 
morning  the  San  Carlos  crossed  over  to  the  Isla  de 
Nuestra  Senora  de  los  Angeles,  so  named  from  the 
feast  of  the  day,  August  "id,  and  still  known  as 
Angel  Island.  Captain  Ayala  remained  at  anchor  in 
the  bay  for  forty  days,  making  careful  surveys  mean- 
while. Fr.  Santa  Maria  and  the  officers  landed  several 
times  on  the  northern  shore  toward  point  Reyes,  and 
visited  a  rancheria  of  hospitable  Indians.  On  the  22d 
of  September  the  San  Carlos  reentered  the  harbor  of 
Monterey. 

The  other  vessels  which  sailed  from  San  Bias  on 
March  16,  1775,  were  the  ship  Santiago  under  Cap- 
tain Bruno  Ezeta,  with  Fathers  Campa  and  Heira  as 
chaplains,  and  the  schooner  Sonora,  or  Felicidad, 
under  Lieutenant  Bodega.  The  crew  consisted  of  106 
men,  and  the  supply  of  provisions  was  deemed  suffi- 
cient for  a  year's  cruise.  After  battling  a  long  time 
with  contrary  winds,  they  landed  in  about  41  de- 
grees 4  minutes  latitude  on  the  11th  of  June,  and 
took  formal  possession  of  the  country  by  unfurling 
the  Spanish  flag  amid  a  military  salute.  The  sign  of 
Redemption  was  raised  and  High  Mass  sung  by  Fr. 
Campa,  after  whicli  tliere  was  a  sermon  followed 
by  the  Te  Deum.  (~>n  account  of  the  feast  of  tlie 
day,  the  place  was  called  Trinidad,  or  Trinity  Bay, 
which  name  it  still  retains.  The  stream,  since  known 
as  Little  River,  was  named  Principio.  The  natives 
were  numerous?  but  friendly,  and  by  no  means  tim- 
id. More  than  a  week  was  spent  there,  during  which 
time  explorations  were  made,  and  the  habits  of  the 
Indians  studied.  Leaving  Trinidad  on  the  19th,  both 
sliips  continued    northward. 

On  the  13th  of  July  tliey  touched  upon  a  lovely 
spot  in  latitude  -IT  degrees  and  23  minutes.  Here  they 


-  T8  - 

ferrected  a  large  cross  with  the  usual  ceremonies. 
On  July  30th  the  schooner  was  separated  from  the 
frigate  by  violent  storms,  nor  did  the  two  vessels 
meet  again  until  October  at  the  harbor  of  Monterey. 
Captain  Ezeta,  however,  kept  on  to  latitude  49  de- 
grees and  a  lialf,  Avhere  on  August  11th  he  decided 
to  return,  because  many  of  his  crew  were  down  with 
the  scurvy.  Fogs  prevented  him  from  entering  San 
Francisco  Bay.  The  ship  arrived  at  Monterey  on 
August  29th.  Don  Ezeta  now  resolved  to  reach  San 
Francisco  by  land.  Obtaining  nine  soldiers,  three  sail- 
ors, and  a  carpenter,  and  accompanied  by  Fathers 
Palou  and  Campa,  he  set  out  on  the  14th  of  Septem- 
ber. Following  Rivera's  road  of  the  preceding  year, 
the  party  arrived  at  the  seashore  on  the  22d.  On  the 
hill-top,  at  the  foot  of  the  old  cross,  were  found  let- 
ters from  Fr.  Santa  Maria  directing  the  land  expedi- 
tion to  go  about  a  league  inland,  and  light  a  fire  on 
the  beach  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  San  Carlos 
anchored  at  Angel  Island.  The  ship,  however,  had  al- 
ready departed,  as  we  have  seen,  wherefore  Ezeta 
and  his  party  left  for  Monterey  on  the  24th,  arriving 
there  on    the    1st  of  October. 

The  schooner  Sonora  after  its  separation  from  the 
Santiago,  continued  in  its  course  as  far  as  the  58th 
degree,  where  a  good  harbor  was  discovered  which  the 
Spaniards  called  'Nuestra  Senora  de  los  Remedios.' 
They  took  possession  of  it  and  erected  a  cross.  A 
heavy  storm  prevented  furtlier  progress  northward, 
wherefore  the  ship  returned  to  Monterey,  which  was 
reached  on  October  7th.  Nearly  all  the  men  were  down 
with  the  scurvy,  but  they  rapidly  recovered  under 
the  kindly  care  of  the  Fathers.  A  Aveek  after  their 
arrival  the  creAV  went  to  the  mission  of  San  Carlos, 
where  a  Mass  of  thanksgiving  was  offered  in  honor 
of  Our  Lady.  Every  one,  from  the  highest  ofBcer  to 
the  humblest  sailor,  received  Holy  Communion,  in  or- 


—  79  — 

der  to  comply  with  a  promise  they  hnd  made  on 
their  long  and  perilous  voyage.   (5) 

While  these  expeditions  were  at  work  discovering 
new  countries  for  the  Spanish  crown,  Fr.  Serra  de- 
sired to  found  some  new  missions  under  the  regula- 
tions of  1773,  by  diminishing  the  old  guards  and 
taking  a  few  soldiers  from  the  presidio.  Captain 
Rivera,  hoAvever,  declared  that  no  soldiers  could  be 
spared  at  the  presidio.  Fr.  Junipero  then  asked  the 
Fr.  Guardian  at  the  capital  to  intercede  with  the 
viceroy  for  twenty  men.  The  guardian,  unable  to  ob- 
tain the  soldiers,  asked  permission  to  retire  the  su- 
pernumerary Fathers.  This  request  was  granted  at 
lirst,  but  immediately  countermanded.  Nevertheless, 
Viceroy  Bucareli  wrote  to  both  Fr.  Serra  and  Cap- 
tain Rivera,  in  view  of  Captain  Anza's  expected  ar- 
rival from  Sonora  by  way  of  the  Colorado,  to  estab- 
lish two  or  three  new  missions  on  the  old  plan,  and 
to  depend  on  future  arrangements  for  additional 
guards.  The  viceroy's  letter  reached  Monterey  on  the 
10th  of  August,  1775.  At  a  consultation  held  two 
days  later,  it  was  resolved  to  establish  the  mission  of 
San  Juan  Capistrano  at  once,  between  San  Diego  and 
San  Gabriel.  (6) 

Fr.  Serra,  meanwhile,  directed  all  his  energies  to 
the  instruction  of  the  Indians,  in  order  to  prepare 
them  for  baptism.  He  was  faithfully  assisted  in  this 
work  by  the  other  Fathers,  especially  by  his  regular 
assistant,  Fr.  Juan  Crespi.  Though  the  revolt  of  the 
Indians  at  San  Diego,  resulting  in  the  death  of  Fr. 
Jayme,  had  occurred  in  November  1775,  and  his  pre- 
sence was  needed  there,  it  Avas  not  till  June  1776 
that  he  could  leave  for  the  sorely-tried  mission. 

(5)  Vida,  162--165;  Bancroft.  I,  242--248. 

(6)  Vida,  174-175;  Noticiaa  II,  258-2(31  as  por  Banc,  I,  243. 


-60- 


G^PPTER    IX. 

Fb.  Junipeeo  Sehea  Receives  The  Facultt  To  Administer  The  Sack  a - 
MENT  Of  Confirmation— Conteoveksy—Higi:-Handed  Proceeding  On 
The  Part  Of  The  Secular  Authorities— Fb.  Serba  Sustained  By  The 
Viceroy- H.  H.  Bancrot's  Bigotry— Fk.  Serra  Resumes  His  Work  Of 
Confirming— Fb.   Juan  Chespi. 

An  event  of  importance  to  the  mission?,  and  which 
provoked  a  vast  amount  of  unnecessary  controversy, 
occured  about  this  time.  On  taking  possession  of  the 
missions  of  Lower  California  in  1768,  Fr.  Junipero 
Serra  learned  that  the  Jesuit  Fathers  had  enjoyed 
the  privilege  of  administering  the  sacrament  of  con- 
firmation, because  of  the  difficulty  for  a  bishop  to 
reach  those  districts.  Though  included  in  the  diocese 
of  Sonora,  Alta  or  Upper  California  never  was  visit- 
ed by  a  bishop  until  it  had  one  of  its  own  in  1841. 
Anxious  that  the  neophytes  be  not  deprived  of  the 
sacrament  of  strength  under  Franciscan  management, 
Fr.  Serra  asked  the  Fr.  Guardian  to  obtain  for  him, 
or  some  other  Father,  the  authority  to  administer 
that  sacrament  for  the  ])enefit  of  his  flock.  His  Holi- 
ness Clement  XIA^,  on  July  16th,  1774,  granted  the 
petition  for  a  term  of  ter.  years. 

However,  as  "both  Churcli  and  crown  in  Spain 
were  zealous  defenders  of  their  respective  preroga- 
tives; and  as  not  even  a  bishop  could  exercise  the 
functions  of  his  office  until  his  appointment  had  re- 
ceived the  royal  approval,  this  special  concession  of 
episcopal  powers  had  to  be  submitted  to  the  king's 
royal  council  of  the  Indies.  It  was  so  submitted,  and 
received  the  sanction  of  that  body  December  2d,  37- 
74.  It  was  also  approved  of  V)y  the  Audiencia  of  New 
Spain  September  27th,  and  by  Viceroy   BucareJi    Oc- 


—  81  — 

tober  8tli,  1776.  On  Ootoher  17th,  1777,  the  comniis- 
sary  and  prefect  of  the  American  coUeiiOs,  Fr.  Juan 
Doniinuo  d-  Arricivita,  transmitted  to  Fr.  Junipe- 
ro  Serra  the  desired  "Facultad  de  i'onlirmar."  The 
pat(Mit  with  instructions  came  up  on  the  Santiago, 
and  reached  Fr.  Serra's  hand  in  the  hitter  part  of 
June  1778.''   (1) 

The  particuhirs  regardinu  tiie  power  to  conlirni, 
whicii  was  granted  to  Fr.  Serra,  are  iiiven  in  Banc- 
roft's own  woi'ds,  in  order  to  sin  w  that  every  for- 
mality was  observed  on  tlie  part  of  Fr.  Jnnipero, 
and  that  Bancroft's  criticism  of  Fr.  Serra  emanates 
from  a  most  iji,norant  and  prejudiced    mind. 

Fk.  Serra  carefully  perused  the  instructions  of  the 
Sacred  Conjireiiation  in  regard  to  the  exercise  of  his 
faculties,  and  immediately  began  to  use  them.  The 
next  feast  after  the  leception  of  his  new  powers  was 
that  of  the  holy  Apostles  Peter  and  Paul.  Having 
sung  High  Mass  and  given  a  suitable  instruction,  the 
Fr.  President  contirmed  those  children  who  were  suf- 
liciently  prepared.  He  continued  to  instruct  the  a- 
dults  and  the  children,  until  the  ^ijtli  of  August, 
when  in  spite  of  his  inlirmities  he  sailed  for  San 
Diego.  In  the  meantime  1  e  had  contirmed  181  per- 
sons at  San  Carlos.  At  San  IJiego  he  contirmed  the 
Christian  Indians  and  the  children  of  the  soldiers. 
Proceeding  northward  he  catechised  and  contirmed  at 
each  of  the  missions  on  his  way  back  to  Monterey, 
where  he  arrived  on  January  r)th,  1779.  Soon  After 
Fr.  Jnnipero  resumed  his  work  at  the  missions 
north  cf  San  Carlos,  and  extended  his  tour  to  Santa 
Clara  and  San  Francisco.  2,432  persons  received  the 
sacrament  of  the  Holy  Ghost  during  this  tour,  1778- 
1779.  About  100  of  the  nuni!)er  were  Spaniards.  (2) 

About  the  beginning  of  November  1779,  while  at 
San  Francisco,    Fr.  Serra  received  notice  of  the  death 

(1)    Vida,  226-22»;    Bancroft  I,  320-321.        '2)    Vida,  22S-23:J;    Banc,  I,  321. 


of  Viceroy  Bueareli.  The  Fathers  keenly  felt  the 
loss  of  their  friend.  Nor  was  it  without  reason  that 
they  dreaded  the  change  in  the  government.  Bueareli 
was  succeeded  by  Don  Mayorga.  A  change  in  the 
general  government  of  the  missions,  which  not  a  lit- 
tle alarmed  the  missionaries,  had  already  preceded 
the  death  of  the  viceroy.  As  early  as  June  1779 
news  had  reached  them  that  California  had  been 
taken  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  viceroy,  and  had 
been  placed  under  a  captain  general  who  was  to  re- 
side in  Sonora.  The  first  captain  general  was  Don 
Teodoro  de  la  Croix.  A  letter  from  him  to  Fr.  Serra 
somewhat  dispelled  the  latter's  fears,  and  would 
have  resulted  in  much  good  had  its  promises  been 
carried  out.  The  captain  general  wrote  from  Quereta- 
ro  under  date  of  August  15th,  1777,  as  follows:  "The 
information  I  have  received  from  his  excellency,  and 
the  contents  of  your  letters  to  him,  have  convinced 
me  of  your  activity,  zeal,  and  prudence  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  missions,  of  your  kindness  towards 
the  Indians,  and  your  solicitude  for  their  real  happi- 
ness. At  this  date  I  have  not  at  my  disposal  the 
help  you  ask,  but  I  hoi)e  I  shall  be  able  shortly  to 
satisfy  your  zeal,  and  to  labor  with  you  for  the  wel- 
fare of  those  establishments,  for  which  end  I  trust 
you  will  enlighten  me  with  your  advise  and  opinion. 
Y{mr  Reverence  will  find  in  me  all  that  you  desire 
for  the  propagation  of  our  holy  faith,  and  the  glory 
of  religion.  I  beg  your  prayers,  and  those  of  your 
religious,  for  the  hai)py  issue  of  the  imi)()rtant  mat- 
ters confided  to  my  care."  (o) 

Fr.  Serra,  however,  soon  found  that  little  confi- 
dence can  be  placed  in  human  promises.  California 
had  scarcely  passed  from  under  tbe  jurisdiction  of 
the  good  viceroy,  when  Fr.  Junipero  encountered  ob- 
stacles  and  difficulties  without   number.   He  observed 

C^)    Vida,  •J20-2yO, 


-  ^\  - 

that  plans  and  regulations  were  made  that  were  in- 
jurious to  the  missions;  but  protests  and  explana- 
tions were  of  no  avail.  The  civil  authorities  were 
prepared  to  dictate,  not  only  to  the  soldiers  assigned 
to  protect  the  missions,  but  also  to  the  missionaries 
how  religion  sliould  )>e  propagated.  Many  of  th'^se 
difficulties,  Fr.  Palou  says,  could  l)e  mentioned,  but 
one  fact  will  ])e  sufficient  to  give  the  reader  a  clear 
idea  of  the  disagreeable  circumstances  under  which 
the  zealous  missionaries  had  to  carry  on  the  work  of 
conversion  in  California.  About  the  middle  of  1779 
the  captain  general  undertook  to  question  Fr.  Juni- 
pero's  right  to  administer  the  sacrament  of  confir- 
mation. The  alleged  reason  for  this  assumption  of 
authority  in  a  purely  si)iritual  nuitter  was  that  the 
Fr.  President  (4)  of  the  missions  had  not  received 
the  sanction  of  the  goverment  authorities  to  exercise 
his  faculties. 

As  we  have  already  seen,  the  faculty  of  Fr. 
8erra  to  confirm  had  received  the  sanction  of  the 
royal  council  of  the  Indians  on  December  2d,  1774, 
and  had  been  approved  l\v  the  Audiencia  of  New 
Spain  Septem])er  27th,  and  by  Don  Bucareli  on  Oc- 
tober 8th,  177C.  Fr.  Serra  in  replying  to  the  captain 
general  stated  that  for  a  year  he  had  exercised 
his  power  to  confirm,  and  that  the  cai)tain  general 
had  not  objected,  and  he  now  earnestly  pleaded  that 
the  neophytes  be  not  deprived  of  the  graces  of  the 
sacrament,  as  the  privilege  was  granted  for  ten  years 
only.  In  addition,  he  ofi'ered  to  present  his  faculties 
for  signature  and  approval  to  the  captain  general.  De 
la  Croix  declined  to  agree  to  this,  but  demanded 
that  the  Papal  Bull  be  shown  to  him.  On  April  2()th, 
1780,  he  even  sent  an  order  to  the  governor  of  Cali- 
fornia directing  him  to  take  possession  of  the  orig- 
inal   patent    and    instructions    which   had   been    sent 


ii)    This  was  the  title  in  Spanish  of  the  head  of  the  California  mi -sioas. 


—  S4  — 

to  Fr.  Seri-a  by  the  Fr.  Guardian,  and  ^vllicll  must 
still  be  in  the  former's  hands;  and,  iurthei more,  un- 
der no  pretext  whatever  to  jjermit  tlie  Fr.  Superior 
to  go  (m  administerinir  fuiilirniation  till  new  orders 
should  be  iiiven.   (5) 

Ox  receiviui!:  this  coniinunicatit-n  throuiih  Governor 
Neve,  Fr.  Junipers  refrained  fn  m  exercising  his 
faculties,  as  he  feared  he  might  also  be  forbidden  to 
baptize  if  he  continued  to  contirm  contrary  to  the 
order  of  the  governor  and  tlie  captain  general;  but 
he  informed  the  Fr.  Guardian  in  reference  to  the 
matter.  The  guardian,  Fr.  Verger,  on  December  17th, 
lT7t>,  stated  the  case  in  writing  to  the  new^  viceroy, 
and  at  the  same  time  applied  for  copies  of  all  the 
df)cuments  bearing  on  the  sul)ject  of  conMrmation. 
especially  a  copy  enforcing  a  Brief  of  the  Pope,  and 
the  sanction  of  the  authorities  of  Mexico  for  Fr.  Ju- 
nipero.  The  certiticates  required  were  obtained  with- 
out difficulty  on  February  16ht,  1780,  and  by  Fr.  Ra- 
fael Verger  transmitted  tt)  Fr.  Serra.  A  copy  was  al- 
so forwarded  to  La  Croix.  The  unwarranted  interfer- 
ence of  the  captain  general  and  of  the  governor  of 
California,  moreover,  brought  tut  a  letter  from  the 
viceroy  to  Governor  Neve  ordering  him  not  to  inter- 
fere with  Fr.  Junipero  Serra,  and  to  >^upply  him  with 
soldiers  at  any  time  that  the  Father  wished  to  make 
his  visits  to  the  missions.  This  decision  of  the  vice- 
roy reached  Fr.  Serra  in  September  1781.    (()) 

H.  H.  Bancroft  (7)  labors  hard  to  make  it  appear 
that  Governor  Neve  and  Captain  General  Croix  were 
entirely  right,  that  the  Fr.  Superior  was  altogether 
wrong,  and  that  it  was  owing  to  the  patriotism  and 
moderation  of  Neve  that  a  t  caudal  was  averted 
which  must  have  proved  unfortunate  for  the  country, 
and  perhaps  disastrous  to  the  missions.  The    unpreju- 

(.^)    Vida,  231-236;      Bene,  I,  aiX-Jirj.        (6)    Vida,  2:i4-SK;     Banc,  I,    :r25- 
32C;  Gleeson,  U,  8i-C».        (7)    Hist.  Cal.  I,  ;£20-:ia<. 


diced  reader,  on  the  other  hand,  will  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  both  Croix  and  Neve  arrogated  to 
themselves  an  authority  which  of  right  they  could 
not  possess :  the  authority  to  declare  what  sacraments 
should  be  administered  by  the  missionaries  of  Califor- 
nia: They  might  as  well  have  forbidden  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  sacraments  of  baptism  and  extreme 
uncti<)n.  Bancroft,  inde3d,  endeavors  to  clear  him- 
self of  the  stigma  of  prejudice  and  bigotry  by  say- 
ing: ''No  ardent  churchman  entertains  a  more  ex- 
alted opinion  of  the  virtues  of  Junipero  Serra,  hh 
pure-muidfflncss^  His  Hclt-sacriiicinfj  devotion,  his  in- 
(h'stn/,  and  zeal  than  myself.  Nor  would  I  willingly 
detract  from  the  reputation  of  a  man  who  has 
been  justly  regarded  as  an  ideal  missionary,  the  fa- 
ther of  the  Church  in  California  :  but  I  am  writing 
history,  and  I  must  record  facts  as  I  find  them."  Yet 
on  page  322  he  twice  accuses  Fr.  Serra  (»f  pride  for 
not  submitting  to  Neve,  at  once,  in  a  matter  that 
did  not  concern  the  governor;  and  on  page  824  Ban- 
croft insinuates  that  it  may  be  possible  that  Serra 
practised  deception  toward  Croix.  On  Page  325  he 
claims  Fr.  Junipero  disregarded  both  Croix's  and  the 
Fr.  Guardian's  orders:  nor  does  he  place  much  faith 
in  the  truthfulness  of  Fr.  Serra,  though  the  latter 
swears  in  verbo  sacerdotis  and  tacto  pectorc  ftaco'dotali 
that  he  tells  the  truth.  On  page  326  Bancroft  tinds 
Fr.  Serra  "hap5)y  in  the  thought  that  he  had  snubbed 
his  enemy."  From  all  that  Bancroft  says  about 
Fr.  Junipero,  concerning  this  matter  of  confirmation, 
the  reader  must  get  the  impression  that  good  Fr. 
Serra  was  a  trickster,  and  that  Gov.  Neve  alone  was 
moderate  and  patriotic,  for  all  of  which  this  'histori- 
an' has  no  other  foundation  that  his  surmises,  and 
the  liasty  deductions  of  his  intense  bigotry.  Such 
words  as  "effrontery"  and  "sharp  practices"  Ban- 
croft   applies    to    Fr.  Serra    without  a    scruple.    And 


-Se- 
this he  calls  "writing  history  as  I  find  it."  It  is    but 
just  to    remark   that    otherwise    this    writer    has   de- 
served well  of  the  Franciscans  by    collecting    a    mass 
of  historical   material  concerning    them     Avhich    it    is 
well-nigh   impossible   to    duplicate.     Moreover,     when 
stating   simple   facts   and   giving   dates   he   is   reliable 
enough,    but    Bancroft     touching    anything     Catholic 
must  be    looked     upon    with     more     than    suspicion. 
What   is  to   be   thought   of   a  writer   whose  ignorance 
or   bigotry   makes   Lkii   translate    ^^Llagas  de   nuestro 
serafico   padre    Santo    Francisco,"  by    ^^Sores   of    our 
seraphic  Father   St.    Francis?"    (8)    He     should    have 
said  "Wounds,"  which   is   correct,    and   a   term  famil- 
iar   even    to   Protestants;   but    that    would    not    have 
sounded  ridiculous,    hence   he  translates  "Sores."  Dr. 
Gilmary  Shea,  the    eminent    Catholic    historian,    with 
much    reason    declares:    "We    regret    our  inability  to 
use  Bancroft's  California,  but  it  is  throughout  an    at- 
tempt to  treat   Catholic    affairs  with    misrepresention, 
derision,  and    insult.    Catholic  terms    known  to  every 
child  are   put    in    a  way    to  seem    ridiculous  and  dis- 
gusting." (9)    The    same    may    be    said    of   his    other 
works.    Only  in  connection  with  reputable  authorities 
is   it  safe  to  follow  this  seemingly  fair  historian.  The 
"pure-minded,    self-sacriticing,  industrious,   and    zeal- 
ous"  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  can  only  gain   for   being  tra- 
duced by  such  authors  as   Bancroft,  to  whom  a   piece 
of  gossip  freciuently    furnishes  the  sole  foundation  for 
his  historical  "facts."  (10) 

In  September  1781  Fr.  Serra  resumed  administering 
confirmation  at  San  Carlos  and  San  Antonio.  The  li- 
cense to  conlirm  for  ten  years  expired   with    the    life 

(«)  Hancroft  I,  289;  (9)  Shoa,  Hist.  Catli.  Church,  IV,  :^51.  (10)  Vido, 
Bancroft,  Hist.  Central  America,  Vol.  II,  441),  for  a  shocking  piece  of  bifj- 
otry  and  ignorance  concerning  the  Blessed  Sacrament.  The  following  is 
another  sample  of  Bancroft's  ignorance  and  malice  regarding  Catholic 
affairs:  "Papal  Bulls  or  indulgences  were  sent  to  California  every  two 
;  oars,    and    such    as    were  not  sold  were  burned  at  the   end  of  a  specified 

time So  far  as  can  be  determined  from  the  records  the  annual    revenue 

from  this  source  was  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  dollar.«." Bancroft,  I,59S-590. 


-S7- 

of  the  venerable  pi-iest  in  1784,  before  which  date  \\& 
confirmed  5,800  persons.  The  privilege  was  a2;ain  be- 
stowed upon  Fr.  Lasiien  in  1785,  and  forwarded  by 
the  bishop  of  Sonora  in  1700,  but  never  renewed 
after    Fr.  Lasuen's   death.  (11) 

Fb.  Junipero  and  Fr.  Crespi,  in  October  1781,  went 
to  San  Francisco  which  the  latter  had  not  seen  since 
1769  when  none  l)ut  roaming  Indians  were  to  be 
found  along  the  shore  of  the  bay.  Here  they  re- 
mained till  November  0th,  Avhen  they  returned  to  San 
Carlos  1)y  way  of  Santa  Clara,  where  they  assisted 
Fathers  Murguia  and  Pena  in  laying  the  corner-stone 
for  a  new  church.  (12)  On  returning  to  San  Carlos 
Fr.  Crespi  grew  sick,  and  after  a  short  illness  died 
on  the  1st  of  January,  1782,  after  receiving  the  last 
sacraments    at   the   hands  of  his  superior.   (13) 

(U)    Bancroft,  I,  ;!2t<.  (12)    Vida,  2;«-2:i7 ;  Bancroft,  I,  lini. 

(13)  Fr.  Juan  Crespi  was  born  in  1721  on  tho  Island  of  Mallorca ;  )ic 
was  educated  topether  witli  Fr.  Palou.  From  tlie  first  he  was  distinguished 
for  his  humilitj',  piety,  and  simplicity.  His  companions  often  spolie  of 
him  as  El  Beato,  or  El  Mistico,  because  of  his  deep  piety.  As  his  memory 
was  poor,  and  he  could  not  deliver  by  lieart  the  sermons  on  Sundays 
and  holydays,  he  would  in  earl)  years  read  the  instruction  from  a 
book,  thus  edifying  his  liearers  by  his  humility.  He  came  to  Mexico  in 
1749,  and  was  sent  two  years  later  to  the  Pame  missions  of  the  Sierra 
Gorda.  He  served  there  a.i  missionary  for  more  than  sixteen  years,  and 
particularly  distinguished  himself  by  the  erection  of  a  large  stone 
church  in  the  Valle  del  Filaco.  Fr.  Juan  was  next  selected  for  the  Cali- 
fornia missions  by  the  Fr.  Guardian,  and,  without  returning  to  his  col- 
lege, with  four  companions  he  hastened  to  San  Bias  to  take  passage 
for  the  north.  In  April  1768  he  arrived  in  Lower  California,  and  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  mission  of  La  Purisima.  Fr.  Crespi  accompanied 
the  first  land  expedition  which  reached  San  Diego  in  May  1769,  and  a 
little  later  he  was  one  of  a  party  that  searched  for  Monterey  and  dis- 
covered San  Francisco  Bay.  He  kept  diaries  of  both  expeditions.  Re 
turning  from  San  Diego  to  Monterey  in  1770,  he  assisted  in  founding 
the  mission  of  San  Carlos.  In  March  1772  Fr.  Crespi  went  with  Lieut. 
Fag^s  to  tho  San  Joaquin  River,  of  which  exploration  his  diary  is  the 
only  record.  From  June  to  August  1774  he  acted  as  chaplain  on  board 
the  Santiago,  and  also  wrote  a  diary  of  the  voyage.  His  body  was  interred 
in  the  mission  church,  within  the  presbytery,  on  the  Gospel  side,  by 
his  old  friend,  companion,  and  superior,  Fr.  Junipfro,  surrounded  by 
the  soldiers  of  tlie  presidio  and  his  flock  of  weeping  neophytes,  who 
lost  a  true  friend  in  "Padre  Juan."  In  the  disputes  between  the  secu- 
lar and  missionary  authorities  his  name  never  apjjears.  Fr.  Serra  es- 
teemed him  so  highly  that  his  own  last  request  was  that  his  body  bo 
placed  by  the  side  of  Fr,  Juan  Crespi.  Vida,  237-239. 


—  88  — 


New  Franciscan  Custodies— Fe.  Serea's  Disappointment  And  Reason 
Therefore— VoLUNTEEE  Mihsionarles  Decline  To  Serve- The  Fe. 
Guardian's  Defense  And  Charges—H.  H.  Bancroft's  Lame  Excuse— 
The  Truth  About  Governor  Neve's  Plans— Fe.  Seera's  Penance— His 
Illness— New  Missionaries— Last  Confirmation  Tour— Preparation 
Foe  Death.    Fr.  Seera's  Last  Days- His  Death. 

Ill  the  sprinji'  of  1782  Fr.  Serra  cstal)lislicd  tlie  mis- 
sion of  San  Buenaventura,  and  returned  to  8an  Car- 
los in  June.  Here  lie  received  the  news  that  Fr.  An- 
tonio Reyes  of  the  Franciscan  college  of  the  Holy 
Cross,  Queretaro,  had  been  made  l>isJiop  of  Sonora 
and  California,  and  that  the  Fathers  in  Sonora  and 
(California  were  to  form  two  independent  custodies. 
On  arriving  in  Sonora  the  bishop  established  the  Cus- 
tody of  San  C'arlos  de  Sonora,  and  proposed  later  to 
go  over  and  establish  that  of  San  Gabriel  de  Califor- 
nia but  the  latter  measure  was  never  carried  out. 
Nor  did  the  custody  of  San  Carlos  exist  long.  The 
Fathers  themselves,  who  had  never  favored  the  plan, 
ref|uested  to  be  again  placed  under  the  oliedience  of 
their  res])ective   colleges.  (1) 

On  retuuing  to  San  Carlos,  Fr.  Jiini])ero  had  ex- 
pected to  find  six  moi'(^  missionaries,  and  additional 
supplies  for  the  ])raposod  missions  of  Santa  Barl)ara 
and  La  Purisima.  He  was  sorely  disappointed  when 
he  louiid  lluy  had  lUit  arrived  Viceroy  Mayorga, 
at  Ihe  request  of  Captain  Ceneral  Dr  la  Croix,  in- 
deed, had  called  on  the  college  (»f  San  Fernando  for 
six  missionary  priests,   to  be   chosen    from  those    who 

(1)     Pancroft.  I.  378. 


—  80  — 

should  volunteer.  The  new  guardian,  Fr.  Francisco 
Pangua,  had  selected  the  missionaries,  and  asked 
the  viceroy  to  furnish  the  same  aid  for  the  new  mis- 
sions which  was  granted  to  the  old  establishments, 
that  is  to  F5ay,  a  complete  outfit  of  church  vestments 
and  .utensils  for  both  church  and  vestry,  including 
hells;  a  sufficient  supply  of  live-stock  and  seed 
grain;  an  outfit  of  implements  for  house,  shop,  and 
field;  and  one  thousand  dollars  to  be  expended  in 
clothes  and  various  articles,  in  order  to  attract 
the  good  will  of  the  Indians.  A  full  list  of  the  ar- 
ticles needed  was  annexed  to  the  ])etiti()n.  As  the 
Fatliers  c(mld  not  walk  eiglit  hundred  leagues,  and 
were  not  accustomed  to  ride  on  horseback,  the  vice- 
roy was  asked  to  permit  them  to  go  by  sea.   (2) 

ViCEKOY  Mayorga  declined  to  furnish  either  church 
I)arapharnalia  or  implements  for  house  and  field  as 
the  religious  liad  denumded.  He  declared  that  the  cap- 
tain general  had  already  ordered  the  requisites  for 
church  and  vestry,  and  as  to  the  implements,  neither 
the  captain  general  nor  the  governor,  though  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  country,  had  indirated  that  any 
such  utensils  or  implements  were  needed.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  viceroy  consented  to  ;in  ad  ranee  of 
stipends,  and  moreover  authorized  the  i)ayment  of 
two  hundred  dollars  to  <  ach  Father  for  travelling  ex- 
I)enses. 

The  Fr.  (Ir.ardian  and  his  discretorio  now  saw 
clearly,  wliat  tliey  had  i)reviously  suspected,  that  an 
attempt  was  to  l)e  made  in  ('alifornia  to  overthrow 
the  old  mission  system.  No  impleinents  for  shop  and 
field  signified  no  agricultural  and  meclianical  indus- 
tries, no  communities  of  laboring  neophytes,  and  no 
temporalities  for  the  P'athers  to    control.    Fr.   Pangua 

(2)  Vida,  256-20(1;  Banc,  1,  '.W.  The  Fathers  selected  from  tlioso  who 
vohinteerod  wcro  Antonio  Aznar,  Dir^Ko  Noboa,  Juan  Riobco,  Manuel 
Ar^valo,  Mateo  Bcavidc,  and  Jo:6  Estevce.  Only  Noboa  and  Rioboo 
L'vpr   canio   t-j   ralit'oriiia. 


—  90  — 

thereupon  notified  the  viceroy  on  April  9th  that  the 
six  missionaries  excused  tliemselves  from  going;  to 
found  missions  on  terms  which  had  proved  so  disas- 
trous on  the  Colorado,  (3)  and  he  also  gave  it  as  his 
opinion  that  no  others  could  be  induced  to  go  in 
their  place,  but  promised  to  write  more  fully  after 
Easter. 

The  promised  communication  was  dated  the  9th  of 
April.  The  writer;  having  consulted  his  discertorio.  or 
council,  after  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that,  un- 
der the  rules,  no  Father  could  be  compelled  to  serve 
as  missionary  among  the  heathens,  proceeded  to  jus- 
tify the  unwillingness  of  the  six  religious.  The  argu- 
ment was  that  only  by  gifts  could  the  missionaries 
gain  the  good  will  of  the  savages,  as  experience 
abundantly  proved;  that  the  only  way  to  the  native 
heart  was  through  the  native  stomach  and  pride  of 
personal  adornment:  that  not  only  were  habits  of  la- 
bor essential  to  civilization,  l)ut  such  love  of  labor 
could  be  formed  only  under  the  influence  of  the  Fa- 
thers, based  on  their  having  the  sole  right  to  distrib- 
ute the  fruit  of  neophyte  labor;  and  that  while,  at 
best,  the  work  of  conversion  was  diflicult  and  dis- 
couraging, without  the  advantages  of  material  re- 
wards to  native  faithfulness,  coming  exclusively  from 
the  missionaries,  permanent  progress  would  be  impos- 
sible, missionary  efforts  amount  to  nothing,  and 
their  support  a  useless  expense  to  Church  and  crown. 
Moreover  the  soldiers  were  not  only  fed  and  clothed, 
but  armed  and  equipped  for  their  work  of  conquest 
and  defence,  why  should  the  militia  of  Christ  be 
denied  arms  and  amunition  for  spiritual  warfare? 

Yet  another  point  of  "no  minor  consideration"  was 
brought  forward  in  this  able  document  which  was 
signed  not  only  by  Fr.  Pangua,  but  also  by  the  other 
five   members   of   the    college    discretorio.     This    was 


(3)    See  "Franciscans  in  Arizona." 


—  91  — 

the  '4rreii'ular  maiiner  in  which  lllis^^ionaries  were 
regarded  and  treated  in  those  establishments"  of 
California.  So  pronounced  was  Governor  Neve's  aver- 
sion to  the  religious  that  the  soldiers  were  warned 
not  to  become  fra'deros  (servants  of  the  friars,  or 
fond  of  the  friars) ;  not  to  perform  any  service  for 
the  missionaries;  and  not  to  aid  them  in  bringing 
back  fugitive  neophytes.  The  natives  lost  their  res- 
pect for  the  priest  when  they  found  he  was  not  sup- 
ported by  the  civil  and  military  authorities,  and  the 
result  was  of  course  disastrous  in  every  way.  Again, 
minor  officers,  and  the  soldiers  under  them,  by  their 
scandalous  connections  with  native  and  other  women, 
encouraged  the  Indians  to  disregard  alike  the  teach- 
ings and  reproofs  of  the  missionaries,  and  thus,  with 
the  tacit  approval  of  the  governor,  they  entirely  neu- 
tralized all  missionary  etforts,  and  taught  the  natives 
to  despise  Christianity.   (4) 

H.  H.  Bancroft  makes  a  strong  eli'ort,  and  succeeds 
in  tinding  a  lame  excuse  for  his  client  Governor  Ne- 
ve, by  asserting  that  these  charges  must  be  exagger- 
ated or  false;  that  Neve  only  favored  a  change  in 
the  mission  system  because  he  believed  the  mission- 
aries were  inclined  to  abuse  the  powers  given  them 
under  the  old  regime,  and  this  to  the  prejudice  of 
the  royal  authority  which  he  represented  in  Califor- 
nia. (5)  Anothjr  Pr.:)t83tant  writ?r,  on  the  other 
hand,  comes  nearer  the  truth  regarding  Neve's  inten- 
tions by  declaring:  "Other  reasons  less  magnanimous, 
however,  lay  at  the  bottom  of  the  decree.  An  uncon- 
trollahle  desir-e  possessed  the  military/  authorities  to 
usur'p  the  temporal  power  of  the  Franciscans.  Jeal- 
ous;/ of  the  cowl  had  ever  been  rampant  in  the  mili- 
tari/  breast.  Neve,  possessed  of  more  diplomatic  power 
than  his  predecessors^    made    the    bold    innovation    be- 

(t)    Villa,  2.-)6-2.J8;    Bancroft,  I,  379-3S2;    Gleeson,  II,  93-94. 
(5)    Bancroft  I,  :^aS2. 


—  i)2  — 

neath  the  guhc  of  humanitarlanum.''  (0)  The  gover- 
nor's scheme  was  put  into  practise  among  the  Yumas 
on  the  Colorado  River  by  order  of  the  captain  gen- 
eral, and  Bancroft  himself  says  of  it:  '^The  plan  ims 
a  crhnt/iallt/    .stupid    hlunfhr."   (7) 

After  receiving  the  Fr.  Guardian's  comniunicatiou, 
the  viceroy  allowed  the  matter  to  rest,  but  reported 
to  the  king  for  instructions.  Thus  it  was  that  the 
missionaries,  whom  Fr.  Serra  had  so  anxiously  expect- 
ed, were  not  sent,  and  the  missions  contemplated 
could  not  be  established.  This  news,  communicated 
to  Fr.  Junipero  l)y  the  Fr.  Guardian  in  May  1782, 
afflicted  the  old  man  so  mucli  that  it  pr:)l)ably  accel- 
erated his  death.  He  was  resigned  to  the  will  of 
God,  but  asked  that  at  least  two  missionaries  be 
sent  to  take  the  place  of  others  in  case  of  sick- 
ness or  death.  His  petition  was  granted,  and  the 
two  religious  arrived  nt  San  Francisco  on  June  2d, 
1783,  whence  after  a  few  days  of  rest  they  set  out 
for  San  Carlos.  They  found  the  venerable  superior 
suifering  from  a  running  tumor  in  the  leg,  and  from 
oppression  of  the  l)reust.  Fr.  Palou  says  that  Fr.  Ser- 
ra suffered  from  this  trouble  in  the  chest  ever  since 
he  entered  the  Order,  thougli  he  never  complained. 
When  some  of  the  religious  advised  liim  to  apply  a 
remedy,  Fr.  Serra  would  reply:  "Let  us  leave  it  as 
it  is;  we  might  lose  all."  Without  doubt,  the  mala- 
dy was  aggravated  by  liis  severe  penance.  In  imita- 
tion of  St.  Francis  vSolano,  he  would  scourge  himself 
before  tlie  people  Avith  an  iron  cluiin,  and,  while  re- 
citing aloud  the  act  contrition,  he  would  strike  his 
breast  with  a  stone  so  forcibly  that  the  spectators 
feared  he  would  break  his  bones.  Sometimes,  when 
describing  the  torments  of  a  damned  soul,  in  order 
to  make  an  impression  upon  the  audience,  he    w(mld 


(6)  "Old  Mi-<s:ions    of  California  "  <!7. 

(7)  Vido  "Franrii^caiK';  in  Arizona  ;'"     Bincroft  I,  :'58. 


—  98  — 

take  a  lighted  toii'li,  and,  laying  hiwe  his  1  reast, 
Nvuiild  hum  tlie  flesh  with  it.   (8) 

Though  suM'erinji;  intensely  under  one  of  his  sever- 
est attacks,  tiie  sight  of  the  new  missionaries  revived 
Fr.  Junipero  and  renewed  his  courage.  Leaving 
one  df  them,  Fr.  Diego  Noboa,  at  San  Carlos,  he  set 
out  with  the  other,  ¥r.  Juan  Kioboo,  for  vSan  Diego 
in  iVngust.  As  the  faculty  to  conlirm  would  expire  in 
July  of  the  next  year,  1784,  Fr.  Serra  resolved  to 
make  a  last  sacrifice,  and  to  visit  all  the-  missions 
for  the  last  time,  in  order  to  administer  the  sacra- 
ment of    conlirmation  to  the  neophytes 

The  pain  in  his  chest  increased  to  such  a  degree 
that  no  one  expected  to  see  him  return  either  by 
land  or  by  sea.  Nevertheless,  his  zeal  triumphed 
over  his  weakness,  and  he  arrived  at  San  Diego 
in  September  somewhat  improved.  After  confirming 
the  Indians,  Fr.  Junipero  began  the  return  journey 
on  foot  towards  San  Carlos,  a  distance  of  170  leagues, 
allowing  himself  but  a  few  days'  rest  at  each 
mission.  At  San  (ral)riel  his  malady  had  .grown  so 
serious  that  all  thought  his  death  imminent.  The 
little  Indian  boy  who  served  the  Mass,  with  tears 
in  his  eyes,  complained  to  the  missionaries :  "The 
old  Father  wants  to  die."  The  hearts  of  all  were  sad- 
dened to  see  their  superior  set  out  for  San  Buena- 
ventura, because  they  feared  he  would  not  survive 
the  journey ;  but  he  reached  the  place,  and,  where  a 
year  before  he  had  found  only  ])agans,  he  confirmed 
a  numbar  of  Christian  Indians.  On  traversing  the  re- 
gion of  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  and  seeing  such  vast 
multitudes  of  unchristianized  natives,  Fr.  Serra  ex- 
claimed with  a  heavy  heart :  "Pray  ye,  therefore,  the 
Lord  of  the  harvest,  that  He  send  laborers  into  His 
vineyard. "(9)  The  thought  that  he  could  do  nothing 
for  them  no  doubt  increased  his  physical  ailments. 

(8)    Vida  259-262.         (9)    Matt.  IX,  38. 


-  ()4  - 

Aftek  confirming  at  San  Luis  Obispo  and  San  An- 
tonio, Fr.  Junipero  again  arrived  at  his  beloved  San 
Carlos  in  January  1784,  and  was  received  with  many 
demonstrations  of  joy  by  his  neophytes.  Although  he 
had  completed  his  seventieth  year,  the  good  Father 
allowed  himself  no  rest,  but  at  once  resumed  his 
catechetical  instructions.  Besides,  his  dwelling  was  a 
poor  one,  and  liis  mode  of  life  very  severe.  A  large 
cross  had  been  erected,  and  this  for  years  he  was  ac- 
customed txi  visit  and  venerate  at  an  early  hour  ever- 
y  morning.  After  the  office  of  prime  he  would  say 
Mass ;  then  all  went  to  work,  Fr.  Serra  everywiiere 
supervising  and  directing.  Often  during  the  day  he 
would  interrupt  his  work,  visit  the  cross,  and  recite 
the  rosary.  These  moments  were  the  only  recreation 
in  which  he  indulged.   (10) 

Fr.  Junipero  celebrated  the  Lenten  devotions.  Holy 
Week,  and  the  Easter  festivities  of  1784  Avith  his 
usual  fervor  at  San  Carlos.  When  all  had  complied 
with  their  Easter  duty,  he  set  out  for  his  last  visita- 
tion of  the  northern  country.  On  his  way  back  he 
felt  that  his  days  were  numbered,  and  at  Santa  Cla- 
ra requested  Fr.  Palou,  who  had  accompanied  his 
superior  tlius  far  from  San  Francisco,  to  postpone  the 
return  awhile.  Then  employing  several  days  in  mak- 
ing a  spiritual  retreat,  he  made  a  general  confession 
to  Fr.  Palou.  The  few  remaining  days  he  employed 
in  baptizing,  and  in  confirming  those  who  had  not  yet 
received  confirmation,  even  visiting  the  sick  in  their 
homes  for  that  purpose.  Fr.  Palou  now  liastened 
back  to  his  mission,  whilst  Fr.  Serra  set  out  for  San 
Carlos.  On  his  arrival  there,  in  the  forepart  of  June, 
he  sent  his  assistant,  Fr.  NoV)oa,  to  Santa  Chira  to 
take  the  place  of  the  deceased  Fr.  Murguia.  He  then 
continued  to  instruct  and  confirm  the  neophytes  until 
the  16th  of  July,  on  wiiich  day  his   faculties    to    con- 

(10)  vida.  -m. 


—  95  — 

firm  expired.  Seeing  that  tliere  was  no  one  wlio  had 
not  yet  received  the  sacrament  of  the  Holy  Ghost, 
and  that  he  could  no  longer  confer  that  sacrament, 
he  exclaimed  with  St.  Paul :  "Cursum  consumavi, 
fidem  servavi,"  ''I  have  finished  my  course,  and  pre- 
served  the  faith."  (11) 

On  the  same  day  a  government  vessel  made  the 
port  of  San  Francisco  with  provisions,  and  a  letter 
from  the  guardian  to  Fv.  Junipero,  but  no  missiona- 
ries for  the  proposed  mispions  along  the  ti^anta  Bar- 
bara Channel.  The  Fr.  Guardian  informed  Fr.  Serra 
that  no  more  religious  could  be  sent  to  California, 
because  a  number  of  them  had  returned  to  Spain, 
after  having  served  their  time,  and  some  had  died. 
This  news  was  a  great  disappointment  to  the  Fr. 
President,  because  lie  had  hoped  to  see  the  channel 
missions  established  before  his  death.  He  now  wrote 
to  the  more  distant  missions,  and  bid  the  Fathers  a 
last  farewell,  but  from  the  missions  of  San  Luis  Obir- 
po  and  San  Antonio  he  requested  one  Father  to 
visit  him  for  the  last  time.  To  Fr.  Palou  he  also 
wrote  and  begged  him  to  assist  his  dying  friend  in 
the  last  moments.  Fr.  Palou  arrived,  August  18th, 
and  found  Fr.  Serra  very  weak.  Nevertheless,  the  sick 
man  did  not  cease  to  visit  the  church  in  the  evening, 
in  order  to  recite  the  catechism  and  the  usual  prayers 
with  his  neojjhytes,  concluding  the  devotions  with  the 
pious  hymn  c<miposed  by  the  Ven.  Fr.  Margil,  apostle 
of  Texas,  in  honor  of  Our  Lady.  On  August  19th  he 
asked  Fr.  Palou  to  sing  High  Mass  in  honor  of 
St.  Joseph,  California's  great  patron,  as  he  himself 
had  been  accustomed  to  do  on  the  19th  of  every 
month.  Fr.  Junipero  sang  in  the  choir  with  the  Indi- 
ans, and  with  them  recited  the  usual  prayers.  On  the 
next  day,  Friday,  he  made  the  Way  of  the  Cross  in 
the  church  with  all  the  people  as  usual. 

(U)  vida . -jei-goJi. 


—  90  - 


Fr.  Junipero  Serra,  0.  S.  F. 


-  97- 

FiVE  days  after  Fr.  Palou's  arrival  the  packet- 
boat  anchored  in  the  harbor,  and  the  royal  surgeon 
hastened  to  (fl'er  his  assistance.  He  proposed  seme 
irritants  for  the  chest,  and  Fr.  Serra  consented. 
Not  a  mm  nun-  escaped  his  lips,  thou^li  his  suf- 
feriiigs  were  intense  and  the  remedies  of  no  avail. 
Still  the  Father  continued  to  be  on  his  feet,  and 
even  distril)uted  the  provisions  and  clothing  wliich 
had  arrived  by  boat  for  the  poor  Indians.  On  the 
25th  of  August  lie  cxprcFscd  regret  that  tlie  Fatliers 
from  San  Antonio  and  San  Luis  had  not  arrived, 
and  feared  that  the  letters  had  not  readied  them, 
which  was  indeed  the  case.  They  had  been  forgot- 
ten and  were  still  at  the  presidio  of  Monterey.  Fr. 
Palou  at  once  despatched  a  courier  to  those  mis- 
sions, and  the  Fathers  hastened  to  San  Carlos  im- 
mediately ;  but,  tliough  no  time  was  lost,  they  did 
not    see  their    superior   alive   any    more. 

On  the  26th  Fr.  Serra  arose  weaker  than  usual. 
All  day  he  was  buried  in  recollection  and  admitted 
nothing  distracting.  At  night  he  repeated  his  general 
confession  to  Fr.  Palou  amid  a  flood  of  tears,  after 
which  he  drank  a  cup  of  broth  and  retired  to  his 
roou).  The  next  day  at  dawn  Fr.  Palou  found  him 
reciting  matins  at  an  early  hour.  After  Fr.  Palou's 
Mass  Fr.  Junipero  desired  to  receive  Holy  Commun- 
ion in  church.  Unassisted  he  walked  to  the  building 
which  was  about  100  yards  distant,  accompanied  bv 
the  commander  and  soldiers  of  the  presidio,  and  all 
the  Iiulians  of  the  mission.  On  entering  the  sanctua- 
ry, he  knelt  before  a  snuill  table  prepared  for  the 
occasion.  The  Viaticum  was  then  administered,  after 
which  he  nuide  the  thanksgiving  on  his  knees.  The 
devotions  concluded,  the  venerable  servant  of  God  re- 
turned to  his  room. 

That  whole  day  he  passed  in  silence  and  medita- 
tion,    taking    no    other    nourishment     than     a     little 


—  08  — 

broth.  Feeling  much  worse  during  the  following  night, 
he  nsked  for  extreme  unction  which  he  received 
while  seated  in  a  chair,  and  then  recited  with  those 
present  the  litany  of  All  Saints  and  the  penitential 
psalms.  Part  of  the  night  Fr.  Serra  passed  on  his 
knees,  and  for  a  while  he  sat  on  the  floor  supported 
by  some  of  the  neophytes  with  whom  the  room  was 
continually  crowded.  Later  on  he  received  the  plena- 
ry indulgence  while  on  his  kneeg.  August  28th  found 
him  somewhat  improved,  though  he  had  nei.her  slept 
nor  taken  any  nourishment  during  the  preceding 
night.  The  morning  he  spent  in  his  chair  near  the 
bed,  which  latter  consisted  of  rough  l)oards  covered 
with  a  blanket.  Even  while  travelling  Fr.  Junipero 
was  accustomed  to  sleep  on  the  bare  ground,  using 
the  blanket  for  a  pillow  and  embracing  a  large 
cross.  Later  in  the  diiy  l.e  said  to  Fr.  Palou  :  "I  de- 
sire to  be  buried  in  the  church  close  by  Fr.  Crespi. 
When  the  stone  church  is  completed,  they  may  throw 
me  where  they  like."  Shortly  after  he  asked  Fr.  Pa- 
lou to  sprinkle  holy  water  through  the  room.  Having 
remained  silent  for  a  time  he  suddenly  exclaimed : 
"A  great  fear  has  come  upon  me;  I  am  in  much 
dread;  read  the  recommendations  for  the  dying  a- 
loud,  so  that  I  mny  hear  them.''  During  the  recital 
of  the  prayer  he  responded  as  though  in  perfect 
health.  Fr.  Palou  had  scarcely  linished  the  invoca- 
tions, when  Fr.  Serra  exclaimed:  "Thanks  be  to  God  I 
Thanks  be  to  God!  the  fear  has  left  me  entirely. 
Thanks  be  to  God  I  there  is  nothing  more  to  fear, 
and  therefore  let  us  go  out."  Much  surprised  all  left 
the  room;  then  seating  himself  at  the  table  he  took 
his  diuriiale  and  began  to  say  his  Office.  When  he 
had  closed  the  book,  Fr.  Palou  reminded  him  that  it 
was  after  one  o'clock,  and  begged  him  to  take  a  cup 
of  broth  which  the  dying  man  accepted.  After  giv- 
ing   thanks    he     said :    "  Vamos    ahora    a    descansar^'' 


—  00  — 

^'Let  Its  now  go  to  rest.^''  These  were  the  holy  man's 
last  words.  Walking  to  his  bed-room  without  assist- 
ance, he  took  oiF  his  cloak  only,  then  stretched 
himseU'  upon  tho  boards  covered  with  the  blanket, 
and  held  the  lar^e  cross  in  his  arnn. 

Every  one  thought  Fr.  Junipero  was  at  last  going 
to  sleep,  as  during  the  previous  night  he  had  not 
rested  at  all.  The  officers  went  to  take  dinner,  l)ut 
Fr.  Palou  remained  behind.  After  a  little  while,  feel- 
ing uneasy,  he  entered  the  Fr.  Superior's  room,  ap- 
proached the  bed,  and  found  him  in  the  position  he 
liad  left  him,  but  already  asleep  in  the  Lord.  Fr. 
Junipero  truly  had  gone  to  rest,  a  little  before  two 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  Saturday  August  2Sth, 
1784,  at  the  age  of  seventy  years,  nine  months,  and 
twenty-one  days.  He  had  been  a  Franciscan  religious 
for  fifty-three  years,  eleven  montlis,  and  thirteen 
days,  of  which  thirty-five  years,  four  months,  and 
thirteen  days  were  passed  in  the  missions.  The  de- 
ceased had  lived  in  continued  activity,  always  occu- 
pied in  furthering  the  glory  of  God  and  the  salvation 
of  souls.  Fr.  Palou  justly  says:  "Because  he  labored 
so  well  for  others,  we  must  believe  Ihnt  hj  did  so 
for  his  own  sanctilication  also. "(12) 


SllPPTEIi    XI. 


DniiEE  For  Relics— Funeral  Service— Fe.  Pateena's  Ccre— Result  Op 
Fr.  Junipero  Sekra'b  Labors— More  Conversions— BroGEAPnv—FE. 
Serra's  Successor— New  Custodies— Neve  Retired— Unfortunate  To- 
siTicN  Or  The  Fathers  In  The  Spanish  Missions. 

When  the  church  bells  announced  the  mornful  new? 

(12)  Vida,  2i3J-27iJ;  Life  of  Fr.  Sorra  by  Fr.  Adam,  r29-ia.');  Glee^on  II, 
01-96;    Bancroft,  I,  103-111;    "Old  Missions  of  California,"  72-7:5. 


-  100  — 

of  Fr.  Jiinipero  Serra's  death,  the  little  convent  was 
immediately  crowded  with  Indians,  soldiers,  and  sai- 
lors who  all  wanted  to  see  their  beloved  father.  The 
throng  was  fo  great  that  it  became  necessary  to 
close  the  doors.  The  body,  clad  in  the  simple  Francis- 
can habit  in  which  the  venerable  Father  had  died, 
and  which  was  the  only  garment  he  wore,  save  when 
he  travelled,  was  then  placed  in  the  coffin  which  the 
deceased  had  ordered  only  the  day  before.  Six  liglit- 
ed  candles  stood  about  the  corpse.  The  doors  were 
now  opened,  and  tlie  weeping  neophytes  entered  to 
cover  the  lifeless  form  of  their  l)enef actor  with  flow- 
ers, and  to  tor.ch  it  with  their  medals  and  rosaries. 
Every  one  wished  to  have  eome  relic  of  tlieir  de- 
ceased friend,  but  there  was  nothing  to  l)e  had 
besides  the  sandals  which  Captain  Canizares  of  the 
packet-boat,  and  R?v.  Diaz,  tlie  chaplain,  took  witli 
them  as  mementoes.  At  nightfall  the  body  was  taken 
to  the  church,  and  placed  on  a  table  around  which 
burned  six  wax  candles.  The  doors  were  left  open  all 
night,  and  devout  groups  took  turns  in  watching  and 
in  reciting  llie  rosary  for  the  soul  of  tlieir  father  and 
friend.  Two  soldiers  were  put  on  guard  to  prevent 
any  pious  indiscretion  or  theft ;  nevertheless,  on  the 
next  day,  it  was  found  that  several  pieces  of  the  hab- 
it, and  some  portions  of  tl  e  hair  had  been  removed. 
On  Sunday  August  29th,  the  office  of  the  dead  was 
chanted  by  the  priests  and  a  s')lemn  Requiem  Mrs? 
sung,  at  which  all  the  military  and  naval  officers 
with  their  men  assisted,  together  with  Chaplain  Diaz 
and  a  great  multitude  of  Indians.  Tlie  cannons  were 
fired  every  half  hour,  and  the  bells  kept  up  their 
mournful  tolling.  Fr.  Buenaventura  of  San  Antonio 
reached  Monterey  that  same  morning,  and,  after  say- 
ing Mass  at  the  presidio,  hastened  to  San  Carlos  to- 
gether with  Don  Soler,  adjutant  inspector  of  both 
Californias,    representing  tlie  governor    who    whs    ab- 


—  101  — 

fent.  Tlie  )>in'i:il  t(V.»k  place  in  the  afternoon  at  four 
o'clock,  wiieu  a  procession  was  lormed.  The  body  was 
borne  on  the  shoulders  of  some  officers  who  deemed 
it  an  honor  to  be  permitted  to  carry  the  remains  of 
the  holy  man.  The  other  officers,  the  soldiers,  and 
sailors  bearinii'  lijihted  tapers,  preceded  the  coffin; 
lastly  followed  the  celebrant  with  the  deacon  and 
subdeacon.  The  procession  moved  slowly  and  solemn- 
ly around  the  plaza.  On  arriving  at  the  church,  the 
body  was  again  placed  ))elore  the  altar,  lauds  were 
sung,  and  then  the  mortal  remains  of  Fr.  Herra  Mere 
laid  at  rest  in  the  sanctuary  on  the  (jospel  side 
by  Fr.  Palou,  i.ssisted  by  Fathers  Sitjar  and  Noriega, 
and  Chaplain  Diaz.  The  funeral  over,  every  one  im- 
portuned ¥r.  l^alou  for  some  memento  of  the  de- 
ceased. Not  having  anything  wherewith  to  satisfy 
all  demands,  he  had  a  tunic  of  Fr.  8erra  cut  up  and 
made  into  scapulars.  These  he  blessed  on  the  5th  of 
September,  the  7th  day  after  the  death  of  the  good 
Father,  and  distrilnited  to  the  multitude.  The  royal 
surgeon  obtained  a  haidverchief  used  by  Fr.  8erra 
which,  according  to  that  pious  physician's  statement, 
cured  more  people  than  other  medical  remedies.   (1) 

Fr.  Paterna  of  kSan  Luis  did  not  arrive  until  three 
days  after  the  death  of  his  superior.  Owing  to  his 
age,  and  the  fifty  leagues  he  had  travelled,  he  fell 
dangerously  sick  at  San  Carlos.  Fr.  Palou  prepared 
him  for  the  reception  of  the  last  sacraments,  but 
suggested  that  the  patient  gird  himself  with  a  hair- 
cloth belonging  to  Fr.  Serra.  Fr.  Paterna  did  so,  and 
after  four  days  he  was  restored  to  health.  Fr.  Palou 
is  careful  to  state  that  he  does  not  intend  to  declare 
this  case,  and  others  which  he  relates,  to  be  miracu- 
lous, but  merely  wished  to  show  in  what  great  es- 
teem Fr.  Junipero  w-as  held.  Fr.  Palou  expressly 
warned  the  soldiers  and  sailors  not  to  look    upon   the 

(1)    Vida,  278-281. 


—  102  — 

scapulars  and  medals  he  distributed  as  relics,  but  on- 
ly as  articles  blessed  by  the  Church,  and  as  memen- 
toes of  the  virtues  of  a  holy  man  who  had  worn  the 
garment  of  which  the  tokens  were  made.   (2) 

The  labors  of  Fr.  Junipero  ^>'eria  made  a  las-ting 
impression  upon  the  inhabitants  of  California  where 
he  toiled  so  zealously  during  sixteen  years.  Besides 
six  settlements  of  white  settlers,  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  there  were  nine  missions  among  the  natives 
whose  Christians  had  all  been  baptized  by  himself  or 
his  companions.  The  number  of  Christians  in  Upper 
California,  Avhen  Fr.  Serra  closed  his  earthly  career, 
was  five  thousand  eight  hundred  of  whom  he  had 
confirmed  5,807.  In  his  last  moments  he  promised  to 
pray  for  the  conversion  of  the  Indians,  and  the  con- 
verts did  increase  so  rapidly  after  Serra's  death  that 
Fr.  Mugdrtegui  wrote  from  San  Juan  Capistrano : 
''During  these  last  four  months  we  have  baptized 
more  Indians  than  in  the  three  years  previous,  and 
we  ascribe  this  great  increase  to  the  intercession  of 
the  Ven.  Junipero  Serra,  because  they  have  come 
unsolicited  to  ask  for  baptism.  In  numerous  instances 
the  applicants  came  from  afar,  and  spoke  a  language 
different  from  that  used  by  the  Indians  of  this  mis- 
sion." Other  missionaries  reported  similar  results.  In 
the  four  months  remaining  of  the  year  1784,  they 
baptized  986  Indians,  a  number  never  before  reached 
during  a  like  period,  so  that  at  the  end  of  the  year 
there  were  6,736  Christians  in  Alta  California.  Fr. 
Palou  concludes  his  Life  of  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  in 
these  words  of  Holy  Scripture:  "Non  recedet  memo- 
ria  ejus,  et  nomen  ejus  requiretur  a  generatione  in 
generationem,"  "The  memory  of  him  shall  not  de- 
part, and  his  name  shall  be  in  request  from  genera- 
tion to  generation."  (3) 
Nor  was  the  faithful  disciple  of  the   great    founder 

(2)    Vida,  282,        (3)    Ibid.  281-287;    Eccli.,  XXXIX.  13. 


—  103  — 

of  the  California  missions  mistaken;  for  even  now, 
after  more  tiian  a  century  since  his  death,  Fr.  Ju- 
nipero's  name  is  pronounced  with  love  and  respect, 
not  only  by  Catholics,  but  also  by  non-Catholics. 
It  ■svas  a  Protestant  lady  who  at  Monterey  had  a 
monument  erected  to  the  noble-hearted  son  of  St. 
Francis.  (4)  Protestant  papers  with  avidity  copy 
sketches  of  his  life,  and  able  pens  write  in  select 
magazines  interesting  accounts  of  his  labors  and  the 
missions   he   founded.   (5) 

(4)  The  monument  erected  by  Mrs  Laland  Stanford  of  California,  wai  un- 
veiled at  Monterey  on  June  3d,  1801.  Fr.  Clementine  I>eymann.  O.S.  F., 
delivered  the  address  on  that  occasion.  Six  other  Franciscans  wore  also 
present . 

(5)  Miguel  Jos^  Serra,  son  of  Antonio  Serra  and  Margarita  Ferrer,  was 
born  at  Pctra,  on  the  Island  of  Mallorca,  Novombor  24th.  1713.  He  re- 
ceived the  Franciscan  habit  at  Palma  on  September  Itth,  1730,  and  with 
it  the  name  Junipero,  and  made  his  vows  in  the  year  following  on  Sep- 
tember I5th.  In  early  toyhccd  he  served  as  chorister  and  acolyte  in  the 
parish  church  greatlv  to  the  delight  of  his  parents,  a  God-fearing  couple  of 
lowly  5tati3a.  Th'^  lives  of  the  siiat.^  was  his  favorite  reading,  and  his 
fondest  ambition  was  to  devote  his  life  to  religious  work.  During  his  no- 
vitiate he  was  small  and  sickly,  but  he  relates:  "With  the  profession  I 
gained  health  and  strength,  and  grow  to  medium  statur.^."  The  young 
religious  was  an  earnest  and  wonderfully  proficient  student,  and  taught 
1  hilosophy  for  a  year  before  his  ordination  at  Palma.  He  obtained  tlie 
degree  of  S.T.D.  from  the  famous  LuUian  University  with  an  appoint- 
ment to  the  Duns  Scotus  chair  of  philosophy  which  lie  held  with  great 
success  until  he  left  Spain.  His  doctrinal  learning  was  excellent,  and 
still  more  prominent  did  he  become  as  a  preacher.  One  of  his  sermons 
an  able  critic  says:  "Is  worthy  of  being  printed  in  letters  of  gold."  He 
was  wont  to  imitate  San  Francisco  Solano,  and  often  bared  his 
shoulders  to  scourge  him.self  with  an  iron  chain,  burnt  his  flesh  witli 
lighted  candles,  or  pounded  liis  breast  with  a  large  stone  as  he  ex- 
horted his  hearers  to  penance.  Tlius  he  i.?  represented  in  the  engrav- 
ing which  Fr.  Palou  prefixed  to  his  "Vida  del  Padre  Fr.  Junipero  Serra." 
On  March  ;«th,  1749,  after  repeated  application  %  Fr.  Junipero  obtained 
permission  to  je)in  the  Apostolic  College  of  the  Propagation  of  Faith, 
commonly  called  San  Fernando,  Mexico,  to  devote  himself  to  mission- 
ary work  in  America.  With  Fr.  Francisco  Palou  he  left  his  convent  .\pril 
i:!tli  and  sailed  to  Cadiz  where  he  arrived  May  7tli.  On  the  way  lie 
maintained  a  continuous  disputation  rn  dogmatic  theology  with  the  he- 
retical master  of  the  vessel,  and  would  not  yield  even  to  the  forcible 
arguments  of  a  dagger  at  liis  throat,  and  repeated  threats  to  throw 
him  overboard.  Sailing  from  Cadiz  August  2Sth,  ho  touched  at  Puerto 
Bico    where  ho  spont  15  days  in  preaching.  On  December  Cth  ho  landed 

at  Vera  Crtz,  and  walked  to  Mexico  which  bo  reached  January  1st, 
1750.    He  was  assigned  to  the  Sierra  Gordn  missions    of    Qiier^taro   and 

San  Luis  Potosi,  and  made  the  journey  to  Santiago  de  Japlan  on  foot, 
arrivinp  there   June  16th.  For  nine  years  l.e  labored   among  the   Indians 


—  104  — 

At  the  death  of  Fr.  Juiiipero  tlie  inana^en.ent  of 
the  missions  in  California  fell  to  ¥i\  Paloii  as  the 
penior  Father  on  the  coast.  He  had  already  held  the 
position  of  superior  l)efore  in  Fr.  Serra's    al)sence.  At 

of  tho  Sierra  Gorda,  part  of  tlie  time  <is  president,  or  superior,  devoting 
liimself  most  earnestly  and  successfully  to  tlie  instruction  and  conversion 
of  the  Pam^-i.  In  1759,  »)r  176(.l,  lie  was  recalled,  and  appointed  to  the  so- 
called  Apache  missions  of  the  Rio  San  Sab.4  in  Texas;  hnt  the  plans 
were  changed;  he  was  retintd  by  the  college,  and  for  seven  years  e:^- 
l)loyed  in  preaching  at  the  capital  and  in  th(^  surrounding  dioceses,  in 
college  work,  and  in  performing  the  duties  of  his  ofHce  of  comisario  of 
the  Inquisition  which  he   held  since   1752. 

On  July  14th,  1767,  Fr.  Junipero  was  named  president,  or  sui<erior,  of  llie 
Lowar  California  missions.  He  stirtel  out  i  nmodiately  and  arrived  at 
Tepic  witli  a  number  of  his  bretliren  on  August  '21st,  but  could  not  ob- 
tiin  piss.ig.!  at  Sm  Bias  for  the  north  until  March  12th,  17o8.  Arriving  at 
Loreto  on  April  1st,  he  assigned  the  Fathers  to  their  missions,  and  endeav- 
ored to  accommodate  himself  to  the  new  field  of  labor.  On  March  28th 
1769,  he  start«^d  out,  always  on  foot,  for  the  north,  and  founded  the  mi  ■- 
sion  of  San  Fernando  de  Velicatil  on  May  14th.  San  Diego  was  reached  on 
July  1st,  and  there  he  founded  the  first  mission  in  Upper  California  on 
July  16th.  He  remained  until  April  16th,  1770,  then  sailing  for  the  north 
ho  arrived  at  Monterey  on  May  :ilst,  wh-re  on  June  M  he  established 
the  mission  of  San  Carlos.  In  the  following  year,  July  14th,  he  founded 
San  Antonio.  On  August  20th,  1772,  he  .started  south  by  land,  founded 
San  Luis  Obispo  September  1st,  and  ai  rived  at  San  Diogo  September 
16th.  On  October  2{)th  Fr.  Serra  sailed  froin  Sau  Di'go  to  make  his 
memorable  visit  to  Mexico  which  he  reached  February  6th,  177:5,  and 
remained  at  the  capital  until  September.  He  again  arrived  at  San 
Diego  on  March  18th,  1774,  and  went  up  to  Monterey  by  land.  On  No- 
vember 1st,  1777,  he  established  the  mission  of  San  Juan  Capistrano.  In 
the  following  year  he  received  the  power  to  confirm,  and  from  Septem- 
ber 15th,  llli*,  to  January  5th,  1779,  made  a  trip  touth,  administering 
the  sacrament  of  confirmation  at  all  the  missions  on  his  way  back 
from  San  Diego.  In  October  and  November  he  visited  Santa  Clara  and 
San  Francisco  for  the  same  purpose.  In  1781  and  1782  he  made  similar 
journeys.  On  March  31st,  1782,  h:^  founded  the  mission  of  San  Buena- 
ventura, and  was  present  at  the  founding  of  the  prendio  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara. In  August  178:i  he  sailed  for  San  Diego  to  confirm  there  for  the 
la.st  time.  Returning  by  land  ho  visited  all  tho  rai.'^s'onary  establisl  - 
ments,  and  again  arrived  at  San  Carlos  in  January  1784.  Between  tho 
end  of  April  and  the  early  part  of  June  Fr.  Junipero  for  the  last  time 
confirmed    at  S»nta    Clara  and   San   Francisco. 

In  the  last  chapter  of  his  biography  Fr.  Palou  recapitulates  the  virtues 
which  were  especiallv  brilliant  in  the  servant  of  God  Fr.  Juniporo. 
He  declares  that  "his  laborious  and  exemplary  life  is  nothing  but  a 
beautiful  field  decked  with  every  class  of  flowers  of  excellent  virtues." 
First  in  the  list  was  his  profound  humility.  He  always  deemed  himself 
a  u.'eless  servant,  and  rejoiced  at  the  success  of  other  missionaries.  Ho 
avoided  all  honors  not  actually  forced  upon  him ;  shunned  praise  and 
notice ;  .sought  the  lowest  tasks ;  kissed  the  feet  of  all,  even  tho  young- 
est novice,  on  leaving  Spain,  and  again  on  leaving  San  Fernando;  ran 
away  from  the  office  of  guardian ;  and  was  in    constant  dread   of  honors 


—  105  — 

first  Fr  Palou  deolined  to  art  as  superior,  partly 
from  real  modesty.  He  liad  to  yield,  however,  to  the 
iinaiiimous  wish  of  the  other  Fathers  who  claimed 
that  a  vacancy  would  prove  injurious  to  mission  in- 
terests; he  reluctantly  assumed  the  duties  until 
a  successor  <'ould  I)e  api)ointed  by  the  collei;e.  Fr. 
Palou's  wishes  were  liratilied  by  the  appiuntment  of 
Fr.  Fermin  Fraiu-isco  J^asuen  of  San  Diego.  The  lat- 
ter took  ijossession  of  the  office  probably  in  Septem- 
ber 1785.  Fr.  Muiiartegui  was  named  to  succeed  Fr. 
Lasuen  in  case  of  accident,  and  on  August  Kith,  ]78(), 
appointed  vice-president  of  the  soutliern  missions.  On 
March  18th,  1787,  F'r.  Lasuen  received  the  privilege 
to  administer  the  i^acrament  of  contirmatiou  for  a 
period  of  ten  years;  Init  he  did  not  obtain  the  docu- 
ment until  July  13th,  1790,  and  consequently  had  less 
than  five  years  for  the  exercise  of  his  powers.  During 
that    time    he  confirmed  ] 0,139  persons.   (0) 

As  we  have  briefly  indicated  l)efore,  in  1783  an  ef- 
fort was  nuule  by  the  king  of  Spain  and  bishop 
Keyes,  who  was  the  Ordinary  for  California  and  So- 
nora,  to  organize  the  Sonora  and  California  Francis- 
cans into  two  independent  custodies.  Bishop  Keyes  in 
1783  came  with  full  authority  from  the  king  and  the 
commissary    gcnaral  of  the  F^ranciscans    to    make    the 

from  his  Order,  the  Church,  or  the  kinp.  Then  can  e  the  cardinal  virtues 
of  pri  dince,  justice,  fortitude,  aud  temperance,  resting  like  columns  on 
his  humility  as  a  base,  and  supporting  the  sumptuous  fabric  of  Christian 
p)erfection.  His  prudence  was  shown  in  his  management  as  president  of 
the  missions,  though  lie  was  always  modest  and  ready  to  consult  with 
the  lowest  abrut  him.  His  justice  was  manifested  by  his  kindness  and 
charity  to  all,  and  in  his  exact  obedience  to  the  commands  of  his  superiors. 
His  fortitude  appeared  in  his  endurarce  of  physical  pain,  his  patience 
with  hisecemi's  in  his  great  self  restraint,  in  his  steadfast  adherence  to 
his  purposes,  in  his  resolution  to  remain  at  San  Diego  alone,  if  need,  bo, 
when  it  was  proposed  to  abandon  the  mission,  in  his  conflict  with  the 
indifference  or  opposition  of  the  military  authorities;  and  in  his  courage 
in  the  presence  of  hostile  Indians.  Finally  his  temperance  was  such 
that  he  had  no  other  passion  than  that  for  the  propagation  of  the  faith, 
and  constantly  mortified  his  flesh  by  fasting,  vigils,  and  scourgings.  On 
these  columns  rested  the  superstructure  of  the  theological  virtues  of 
faith,  hope,  and  charity,  Palou,  Vida  2.S7-^27.  (6)    Banc,  I,  417, 


—  106  — 

change  which  the  Fathers  themselves  did  not  desire. 
The  colleges  of  San  Fernando  and  Qucr^taro  protest- 
ed against  the  change,  and  allowed  that  religious 
would  have  to  be  brought  from  Spain  at  great  ex- 
pense, since  the  old  missionaries  Avould  not  sever 
their  connection  with  their  colleges ;  that  the  new 
system  made  no  provision  for  new  conversions;  that 
in  California,  particularly,  there  were  none  to  sup- 
port the  Fatliers  with  ahn^,  which  the  projectors  of 
the  sclieme  expected  would  largely  maintain  the  mis- 
sionaries ;  that  there  were  many  of  the  custody  regu- 
lations which  it  would  be  absolutely  impossible  to 
enforce  in  these  provinces ;  and,  finally,  that  the  cus- 
tody must  die  out  sooner  or  later  for  w  ant  of  recruits, 
as  the  country  could  not  furnish  any  novices.  The 
protests  were  of  no  avail  so  far  as  Sonora  was  con- 
cerned, where  the  Custody  of  San  Carlos  was  formed 
in  October  1783,  only  to  be  dissolved  again  some 
years  later  at  the  request  of  the  Fathers  headed  by 
the  custos  liimself.   (7) 

The  college  of  San  Fernando  succeeded  in  postpon- 
ing action  in  the  erection  of  the  custody  of  Califor- 
nia till  the  practical  result  elsewhere  could  1)3  known ; 
yet  as  late  as  April  12th,  1785,  the  Fr.  Guardian 
informed  Fr.  Lasuen  that  there  was  nothing  left  but 
to  be  silent  and  cautious,  as,  notwithstanding  the  op- 
position, it  was  tlie  king's  will  that  the  custodies  be 
organized.  From  the  fact  that  Governor  Neve  seemed 
to  have  favored  the  plan  for  California  we  may  con- 
clude that  it  was  not  in  the  interest  of  the  mission- 
aries nor  their  missions.  Bancroft  thinks  the  plan 
"was  doubtless  intended  as  a  step  toward  seculariza- 
tion." On  March  21th,  1787,  the  king  directed  that, 
if  not  enough  religious  be  secured  from  San  Fernan- 
do, others  might  be  taken  from  the   Michoacan  prov- 

(7)    Arricivita,  Cronica  Son,  56i-575 ;      Banc,  I,  420-421;     Vido  "Franciscans 
in  Arizona," 


—  107  — 

ince.  The  schema  failed  in  Soiiora,  however,  and 
nothing-  more  was  h3ard  of  the  plan  after  1787.  (8) 
Not  only  did  the  missions  escaps  separation  from  the 
control  of  San  Fernando,  but  their  numl^er  was  in- 
creased by  th3  foaudin:;-  of  two  new  establishments, 
Santa  Barbara  and  Purisima  Ooncepeion,  the  long-- 
talked  of  missions  on  the  channel  wh  )se  history  vrill 
be   related  later  on. 

Even  before  the  death  of  Fr.  Junipero,  Governor 
Filipe  de  Neve,  the  enemy  of  the  prevailing  Francis- 
can mission  system,  was  appointed  inspector  general 
and  retired  to  Sonora  in  the  fall  of  1782.  Early  in 
1783  he  succeeded  Don  Teodoro  de  la  Croix  as  captain 
general  of  the  interior  provinces;  but  his  rule  was 
cut  short  by  death  at  the  end  of  1784.  His  relations 
with  the  missionaries  may  be  summed  up  in  a  few 
words  from  Bancroft :  "Finding  that  the  friars  would 
not  submit  to  amicable  recognition  of  secular  authori- 
ties, he  proposed  to  restrict  their  control  of  the  mis- 
sion temporalities  and  of  the  natives  in  the  interests 
of  colonization,  of  real  civilization,  and  the  rights  of 
man".  Yet  even  Bancroft  acknowledges  that  his  cli- 
ent Governor  Neve  may  possibly  have  erred,  for  he 
adds:  "Whether  his  system,  or  any  possible  system, 
could  have  been  successful,  considering  the  class  of 
colonists  obtainable,  the  character  of  the  natives, 
etc.,    /  serionsli/  douht."'  (9) 

Encroachments  on  the  rights  of  the  Indians  and 
their  spiritual  guides  from  the  secular  authorities 
were  frequent  during  these  years.  It  was,  indeed, 
most  unfortunate  for  the  missionaries  that  they  were 
so  little  independent  from  the  civil  and  military  offi- 
cials who  seemed  to  know  l)etter  how  to  do  mission- 
ary work  than  the  missionaries  themselves.  Conver- 
sions among  the  natives  would  have  been  more  nu- 
merous had  there  resided  about  the  missions  no  other 

(8)     Eaic,   I,  421.     (9)     IbW.  I,  447-US. 


—  Iu8  — 

SpaniartU  than  the  uiissioiiaries,  and  had  not  tlie  Fa- 
thers been  compelled  to  appear  to  the  f«hrewd  eye  of 
the  Indians  as  servants  of  a  foreign  secular  power. 
This  is  the  impression  one  receives  from  the  study  of 
all  the  kSpanish  missions  from  Florida  to  Californii^ 
The  Fathers  were  ever  hampered  by  the  soldiers  at 
the  missions,  the  commanders  at  the  i)residios,  and 
by  the  higher  officials  in  Mexico.  Nearly  all,  at  one 
time  or  another,  made  it  a  point  to  diminish  the  in- 
fluence of  the  priests  over  the  natives,  and  mike  the 
missionary  a  mere  State  machine.  Hence  the  contro- 
versies between  the  Church  and  vState  authorities 
hardly  ever  ceased  entirely.  A  characteristic  instance 
of  military  interference  in  mission  affairs  will  be  re- 
lated   in    the  next  chapter. 


Inspector  Soler— First  Direct  Proposition  To  Secularize  The  Mis- 
sions—The Number  Of  The  Missionaries  To  Re  Reduced— The  Fa- 
thers Protest— Letter  Postage— Charges  Of  Severity— Other  Com- 
plaints—Refutation And  Counter-Charges- State  Of  The  Missions. 

In  November  1787  Adjutant  Inspector  Soler  made  a 
long  report  to  the  captain  general  in  reply  to  a  re- 
quest for  his  views  on  needed  reforms  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  California  affairs.  "The  author,"  says  Ban- 
croft, who  in  such  matters  is  usually  on  the  side  op- 
posed to  the  missionaries,  "was  not  a  man  overburd-. 
ened  with  ideas,  and  such  as  he  had  were  pretty  ef-. 
fectually  suffocated  in  a  mass  of  unintelligible  verbi- 
age." (1) 

(1)    Banc.  I.  394, 


-  loo  - 

SoLER  liimself  begins  by  saying:  "I  confess,  Senor, 
that  I  have  no  head  to  present  any  project  or  circum- 
stantial plan,"  which  statement  may  be  taken  as  a 
summary  of  the  whole  document  with  its  thirty-five 
articles.  Soler  then  goes  on  to  prove  that  he  had  no 
head  '  by  declaring  among  other  things:  "The  natives 
have  been  neophytes  long  enough ;  they  are  fitted 
for  civilized  life,  and  the  government  has  spent  all 
the  money  on  them  that  can  be  afforded  ;  the  govern- 
ment can  furnish  no  increase  of  military  force,  and  it 
is  useless  to  found  new  missions  which  cannot  be  pro- 
tected ;  Spaniards  should  ])e  granted  lands  at  the  mis- 
sions, and  tlie  military  escorts  sh.ould  be  withdrawn 
from  both  missions  and  pueblos;  then  the  gentiles 
would  be  attracted  by  the  good  fortune  of  the  old 
converts  to  follow  their  example,  the  work  of  the 
priests    being    thus  simplified  and  promoted."   (2) 

"To  Soler  therefore,"  rays  Bancroft,  "must  be  ac- 
corded the  authorship  of  the  first  direct  proposition 
to  secularize  the  California  missions,  although  some  of 
Neve's  propositions  had  tended  more  or  less  in  the 
same  direction.  Soler's  plan  involved  a  complete  over- 
throw of  the  old  mission  system,  j)ii^^i'^r.  Spaniards 
and  natives  on  the  same  footing  as  citizens,  depend- 
ence on  persuasion  and  good  example  for  future 
conversions,  dependence  for  supi)lies  on  home  pro- 
ducts, and  restriction  of  the  soldiers  to  garrison  duty 
proper,  and  the  keeping  in  check  of  such  gentiles  as 
might  fail  to  appreciate  the  advantages  of  civilized 
life.  Whether  under  his  jdan  the  new  converts  were 
to  undergo  a  preliminary  training  as  ne(>phytes  under 
the  friars'  care,  or  were  to  pass  directly  to  the  state 
of  citizens  and  land-owners,  does  not  clearly  appear." 
Governor  Fages  opposed  the  plan  of  Soler  and  argued 
correctly  that  the  natives  are  kept  in  order  as  neo- 
phytes only  by  tlie  unremitting  efiorts  of  the    friars, 

(li)    BaiK-.   I.  ■■m-''M. 


—  110  — 

and  are  as  yet  wholly  unfit  to  b..->coni3  citizens;  that, 
the  introduction  of  Spanish  settlers  into  the  missions 
would  interfere  with  tho  laws  of  the  Indlei  providing 
that  the  mission  lands  are  to  belong  to  the  natives 
eventually  when  they  will  be  fitted  to  profit  by  their 
possessions."   (3) 

It  U  needless  to  say  tha'  th:>  missioiiariio  did  not 
favor  the  absurd  views  reported  with  reg,ard  to  their 
missions;  nor  were  they  adopted  as  the  law  of  the 
province.  In  the  year  following,  tlio  ofRc3  of  inspec- 
tor adjutant  was  abolished.  Soler  was  summoned  to 
Arizpe,  made  commandant  of  Tu(Son,  and  died  ab(  ut 
1790.  Strangely  enough,  after  all  his  fault-finding, 
and  his  constant  search  for  defalcations,  lie  left  Cali- 
fornia with  a  deficit  of  about  $7,000  in  his  own  ac- 
counts.  (4) 

Troubles  for  the  missionaries  did  not  end  here.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  the  royal  regulations  of  1781 
provided  for  the  founding  of  the  so-called  Channel 
Missions  on  a  new  basis  proposed  by  Governor  Neve, 
Init  very  unfavoral)le  to  the  Fathers.  Among  other 
things  the  regulations  ordered  tliat  the  number  of 
priests  should  be  gradually  reduced  to  one  for  each 
mission,  Avith  certain  exceptions.  On  January  8,  1788, 
therefore,  the  Fr.  Guardian  wrote  to  Fr.  Serra  and 
complained  that  the  government  in  the  new  regla- 
mento  seemed  to  aim  at  the  destruction  rather  than 
the  support  of  the  missions;  and  that  for  this  reason 
no  more  missions  fhould  be  founded  till  tlie  regula- 
tions were  modified.  It  would,  indeed,  be  better,  he 
thought,  to  abandon  a  mission  than  to  leave  it  in 
charge  of  only  one  priest,  and  any  priest  left  alone 
might  refuse  to  serve,  without  fear  of  the  conse- 
quences. In  a  letter  to  the  Fr.  Guardian  Fr.  Lasuen 
also  protested  most  earnestly  against  the  reduction, 
and,  after  explaining  the  difficulties  involved,  lie    de- 

(3)    liauc.,  I,  :39J-:i97.         ft)    IbiJ.   3P6-:337. 


—  Ill  — 

•dared  his  intention  to  resign  his  position  as  president 
of  the  missions,  quit  California,  and  if  necssary  sever 
his  connection  with  the  college  rather  than  serve 
alone;  for  nothing  save  the  commission  of  sin  could 
be  60  terrible.  In  his  report  ef  October  1787  he  says : 
"No -one  can  convince  me  that  I  nm  bound  to  remain 
solitary  in  the  ministry."  The  chiuse  was  finally  an- 
nulled by  the  kihg's  order  which  provided  that  each 
mission  should  have  two  priests.   (5) 

The  most  objectionable  features  were  thus  eliminat- 
ed from  the  law,  but  there  were  left  some  grounds 
on  which  to  base  a  quarrel  if  the  governor  and  other 
(fficials  were  so  dispofed.  One  of  the  privileges  ob- 
tained by  Fr.  Juniparo,  as  early  as  1773,  was  that 
of  sending  letters  to  the  college  at  Mexico  free  of 
charge,  and  certain  other  letters  to  and  from  the  sup- 
erior in  California  were  likewise  exempt  from  postage 
as  official  communications.  Nevertheless,  on  January 
12th,  1783,  Governor  Fages  notified  Comandante  Sal 
that  Fr.  Junipero's  claim  for  the  free  mailing  of  his 
letters  to  the  college  and  to  the  Fathers  could  not  be 
allowed.  Fr.  Serra  pleaded  poverty  and  told  Sal  to 
keep  the  letters  if  he  could  not  forward  them  free. 
Finally,  Fages  consented  to  let  the  letters  pass,  but 
kept  an  account  of  them  until  further  instructions 
were  received.  On  August  16th,  1786,  the  guardian 
wrote  that  the  Junta  Ileal  had  permitted  letters  l)e- 
tween  the  Fathers  and  the  college  to  pass  free,  only 
they  must  be  in  separate  packages.  Thus  ended  the 
matter  in  favor  of  the  missionaries;  but  they  were 
not  to  be  without  annoyance  of  some  kind  from  the 
governor.  (6) 

"In  real  or  affected  pity  for  the  natives,"  says 
Bancroft,  "the  governor  complained  of  excessive  sever- 
ity on  the  part  of  the  missionaries  toward  their  neo- 
phytes." The  affection  of  the  Indians   manifested  for 

(5)    Bancroft   I.  30?.       (6i    Ibid.  iW, 


—  11-2  — 

the  Fathers  proves,  however,  that  they  were  not 
cruelly  dealt  with,  and  that  little  confidence  can  be 
placed  in  the  governor's  assertion?.  Very  likely  there 
were  Indians  at  the  missions  too  lazy  to  work  wh.o 
invented  cruelties,  or  exaggerated  the  punishments 
received  for  idleness  and  other  vices,  in  order  to  re- 
venge themselves  on  the  Fathers.  Whoever  has  lived 
among  Indians  will  understand  the  situation  very 
well ;  nor  did  the  government,  it  seems,  pay  much 
attention  to  the  charges. 

In  his  complaint  of  September  26th,  1785,  Fages  e- 
numerated  five  grounds  for  displeasure.  His  first  charge 
was  that  the  presidio  of  San  Francisco  had  been  de- 
prived of  Mass  for  three  years.  Fr.  Palou  replied  that 
the  Fathers  were  required  to  act  as  chaplains  gratui- 
tously, though  such  service  was  not  obligatory,  ns  the 
governor  claimed,  but  voluntary.  Fr.  Lasuen,  moreover, 
stated  that  the  lack  of  service  at  San  Francisco  was 
due  to  the  fact  that  until  lately  there  had  been  no 
decent  place  for  religious  worship,  and  })esides  the 
missicm  was  so  close  by  that  the  soldiers  could  easily 
go  to  Mass  there ;  that  the  Fathers  had  never  refused 
or  hesitated  to  attend  to  the  spiritual  welfare  pf  the 
soldieis;  that  he  personally  lad  served  the  presidio  of 
San  Diego  though  six  miles  distant  from  the  mission ; 
and  that  at  San  Barbara  the  missionaries  of  San  Bu- 
enaventura attended  to  the  soldiers  though  the  presi- 
dio was  eight  leagues  distant.  Tlie  Fathers  were  of- 
fended, however,  because  the  soldiers  insolently 
claimed  their  service  as  regular  chaplains,  when  in 
reality  it  was  a  matter  of  voluntary  charity.  Th' 
viceroy's  decision  was  that  a  i>roper  allowance  be 
made  to  the  missionaries  for  their  services  at  the 
])resicli(). 

TiiK  governor's  scconl  point  of  comi>laint  was  that 
the  Fathers  refused  to  recognize  the  government  in 
nuitters  pertaining  to  property  and  the  patronato.  Fr. 


—  un  — 

Lasueii  answored  that  the  Fathers  managed  the  mis- 
sion temporalities  by  order  of  the  kinji-,  though  the 
management  was  at  first  reluctantly  assumed ;  that 
the  viceroyal  patronage  had  little  or  no  application 
in  a  country  like  Cnliloinin,  hut  that  they  would 
gladly  observe  :niy  rules  that  luiglit  le  preRC'ril)od. 
Fr.  Palou,  moreover,  charged  ilie  g(iVtrii(;r  with  a 
disposition  to  interfere  illegally  and  despotically  in 
the  management  of  Ih.e  temporalities,  and  declared 
tl.at  Fages  had  no  projjcr  understanding  of  Ihe  pairo- 
nato,  as  he  re(iuired  t!io  right  to  permit  or  denuind 
Avork  on  feast  days. 

Thirdly  the  Fathers  were  accused  of  refusing  to 
sell  mission  produce  at  tlie  prices  fixed  l\v  the  govern- 
ment. Fr.  Palou  in  reply  t^aid  tliere  was  no  proof 
tliat  the  tarifi'  rates  Ijad  ever  );ctn  approved  by  the 
king;  that  the  prices  ought  to  be  regulated  by 
scarcity  or  abundance,  and  that  the  superior  should 
have  a  voice  in  the  matter.  Fr.  Lasuen  added  that 
he  knew  of  no  instance  where  the  missionaries  had 
refused  to  sell  at  tlie  prices  prescril;ed  when  they 
had  grain  to  sell ;  th.at  llie  governor  himself  had  in- 
creased the  price  of  corn,  which  was  sh.own  to  be 
true  by  a  letter  of  Fages  in  which  he  ordered  8al  to 
pay  two  reales  extra  for  maize  from  San  Carlos  and 
San  Jose.  Fages  also  modified  the  tarifi'  on  January 
2d,  1787,  and  on  July  20th,  3787,  and  asked  Fr.  La- 
suen for  harvest  returns  that  he  might  regulate  Ihe 
prices. 

The  next  cause  for  com]daint  was  the  refusal  of 
the  Fathers  to  furnish  inv(  ntories  of  })ro])erty,  yearly 
increase,  and  the  dis],()si<ion  made  of  mis-iion  \.ru- 
ducts.  Fr.  LasucMi  replied  that  the  rejjorts  furnished 
to  the  governor  were  exactly  the  same  as  those  ren- 
dered to  the  Fr.  Super"or  of  the  missions,  and  by  the 
latter  to  the  <ollege;  that  until  then  these  rejiorts 
had  been  satisfactory  to  all:  and,  finally,  that  there 
were  no  law-;  rcrpHri'iu    the    miss  ioiiaries,    who    were 


—  114  — 

not  mere  treasury  officials,  to  render  itemized  ac- 
counts of  what  had  been  done  with  each  bushel  of 
maize. 

The  last  complaint  of  Fages  alleged  that  in  defiance 
of  the  law  the  Franciscans  insisted  on  retiring  to 
their  college  witliont  obtaining  permission  from  the 
governor.  Fr.  Palon  in  reply  said  that  by  order  of 
the  viceroy  dated  March  29th,  1780,  a  Father  had 
only  to  show  the  governor  a  license  from  his  superi- 
or. Fr.  Lasuen  went  more  fully  into  the  subject.  In 
Neve's  time,  he  stated,  a  missionary  retired  with  his 
superior's  permission,  and  the  viceroy  decided  that 
there  was  no  law  to  prevent  it.  Fr.  Palou  departed 
in  the  presence  of  Governor  Fages,  who  was  -respon- 
sible for  any  irregularity  in  the  proceeding.  The  next 
year  on  being  consulted  Fages  made  no  objection  to 
ihe  departure  of  Fr.  Rioboo;  but,  finally,  there  came 
a  decree  from  Don  Galvez  forl)idding  the  entry  or 
departure  of  any  Father  without  his  license.  This  or- 
der was  observed  in  the  case  of  Fr.  Noriega,  and  it 
would  be  obeyed;  but  the  Fr.  Superior  went  on  to  ar- 
gue earnestly  against  the  justice  and  policy  of  such 
a  requirement  subjected  to  which  the  FatliQrs  would 
serve  only  with  reluctance. 

Fagci  also  found  fault  witli  tlie  missionaries  bo- 
cause  they  allowed  the  neophytes  to  ride  too  much, 
the  policy  of  the  government  opposing  this  for  fear 
the  Indians  might  become  skilful  warriors  like  the 
Apaches  in  Arizona.  The  Fathers  admitted  the  charge, 
but  showed  that  there  were  none  l)ut  natives  to  sorvc 
as  herders  of  cattle,  and  that  the  work  could  l)e  done 
on  1  orseback  only.   (7) 

Father  Palou,  then  guardian  of  San  Fernando  de 
Mexico,  now  made  counter-charges  in  behalf  of  the 
missionaries.  Fr.  Lasuen,  the  superior  of  the  missions, 
also  proceeded  to  lay  before  the  government  the  com- 


(7)     Eaucioft,  Vol.  I,   401-1(16. 


—  llo  — 

plaints  of  the  Fathers  in  California,  namely:  that  the 
soldiers,  being  occupied  largely  with  matters  outside 
of  their  proper  sphere,  neglected  their  duty  of  afford- 
ing protection  to  the  missionaries  in  their  Avork  of 
Christianizing  the  natives;  that  an  insufficient  guard 
was -given  the  missions,  as  llio  most  useless  and  the 
worst  equipped  soldiers  were  detailed  for  that  duty; 
that  only  one  soldier  was  permitted  to  escort  the  mis- 
sionaries on  long  journeys;  that  the  soldiers  of  tiie 
guards  kept  much  live-stock  to  the  prejudice  of  mis- 
sion interests;  that  to  obtain  workmen  without  pay- 
ing, the  Indians  were  condemned  to  work  as  laborers 
at  the  presidios  for  stealing  cattle  and  for  other  of- 
fences the  i^unishment  of  which  should  rest  exclu- 
sively with  the  missionaries ;(8)  that  the  settlers  of 
San  Jose  employed  pagans  to  do  their  work,  demora- 
lized them  by  bad  example,  and  even  persuaded  them 
to  avoid  Christianity  and  its  attendant  'slavery;'  that 
illegal  and  unc(jual  measures  were  used  for  mission 
produce ;  etc. 

GovEEXOR  Fages  l)ccamc  more  friendly  after  this 
towards  the  missionaries,  and  he  seems  to  have  made 
an  effort  to  prevent  a  reopening  of  the  old  contro- 
versy. This  more  friendly  demeanor  was  probably 
the  result  of  policy,  for  on  August  IGtli.  178(3,  the 
Fr.  (liuardian  informed  T"r.  Lasuen  that  i)roposals  for 
tiie  welfare  of  California  liad  been  presented  to  the 
viceroy,  and  the  opinion  of  the  fiscal  and  his  agent 
was  that  the  plans  should  be  carried  out,  and  the 
governor  restrained.  Fage^  was  warnod  that  on  the 
least  complaint  of  the  missionaries  lie  would  lose 
his  i)osition.  In  his  re])ort,  rendered  in  1787,  Gov- 
ernor Fages,  accordingly,  spoke  in  the  highest  terms 
of  the  zeal  and  efliciency  of  the  Fathers,  and  liis 
personal     relations     witli    them    were    for    the     most 

(iS)  Bancroft  I,  40(5,  Lii  a  footnoto  says:  "Tliorc  is  no  doubt  tlio  military  au- 
thorities (lid  abnsp  tlioir  power  in  tliis  direction  witli  a  view  to  t'ct 
wcrkmcu  frc?  of  cost."- 


-  no  — 

part  pleasant.  However,  on  May  28th,  1793,  Fages  re- 
counted his  troubles  to  his  successor,  and  acknowl- 
edged that  quarrels  with  the  Fernandinos(9)had  been 
frequent,  since  they  were  very  much  opposed  to  the 
maxims  of  the  reglaniento  and  wislicd  to  be  wholly 
independent.  At  San  Buenaventura  it  had  evcMi  come 
to  Idows  with  Fr.  Santa  Maria.    (10) 

At  the  close  of  1790  there  were  twenty-six  leathers 
on  duty  in  California.  Sixteen  of  these  had  arrived 
since  1785,  namely:  Fathers  Arroita,  Arenaza,  Calza- 
da,  Danti,  Garcia,  Giribet,  Mariner,  Noboa,  Gramas, 
Rioboo,  Rubi,  Santiago,  Senan,  Sola,  Tapis,  and  Tor- 
rens.  Fathers  Rioboo,  Palou,  Sola,  Mugartegui,  and 
Noriega,  however,  left  California  before  1790,  and 
Fathers  Cavalier,  Figuer,  Murguia,  Scrra,  and  Crespi 
died  within  the  period  of  1780-1790.   (11) 

Down  to  Deceml)or  81st,  1790,  12,877  persons  had 
1)cen  baptized,  4,780  buried,  and  2,662  couples  had 
l)een  married  in  the  California  missions.   (12) 

Governor  Fages  resigned  in  May  1790,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Jose  Antonio  Romeu.  Gn  the  death  of 
Romeu  in  April  1792,  Captain  Jose  de  Arillaga  be- 
came acting  governor  until  May  1791,  when'  he  was 
replaced  by  Don  Diego  de  Borica.  In  the  same  year 
the  Conde  de  Branciforte  l)ecame  viceroy.    (1J3) 


erifiPTEi^  xiii. 

SB  VRcii  Fon  Ne-iV  Mission  Sitzs— 7jk.  L.vsuen's  Report— New  Missions— 
Arrival  Axd  Departure  Of  Missionaries— Fr.  Lasuen's  Duties— Mis- 
sion Reports— Secularization— Reduction  Of  The  Stipends— Various 
Troubles  Of  The  Fathers— Indian  Selfgovern.ment. 

It  had  long  been  Ihc  intention  to  found  a  series  of 

(5))  Franciscans  nttachod  to  th^  collPiCe  of  San  Foinando.  (10)  Banc,  I, 
ii»8-J0S.    (Ui    Ihiil.  I,  :;.ss    (VJ)  'In formes  Gpn>"     ilM)  Banc.  iblOi;    501-531. 


—  117  — 

new  missions,  each  equidistant  from  two  of  the  old 
establishments,  or  as  nearly  so  as  practicable,  and  all 
somewhat  farther  inland  than  the  other.  Accordingly 
in  1795  eyplorations  were  made  by  the  missiona- 
ries, assisted  in  every  instance  l)y  a  military  officer 
and  a  guard  of  soldiers  in  order  that  the  choice  of 
sites  might  )je  officially  conlirmed.  An  expedition  set 
out  from  Monterey  on  November  loth,  1795,  headed 
by  Fr.  Danti.  On  the  l()th  they  explored  the  San 
Benito  region,  on  the  stream  of  the  same  name, 
where  they  found  all  that  was  required  for  a  mis- 
sion. On  the  following  day  they  discovered  another 
suitable  location  on  the  edge  of  the  8an  Ber- 
nardino Plain  near  Las  Llagas  Creek,  or  what  is  now 
the  vicinity  of  Gilroy.  They  arrived  at  Santa  Clara 
on  the  21st,  and  started  next  day  to  examine  the 
Alameda.  The  river  of  the  Alameda  was  also  called. 
Rio  de  San  Clemente  by  Fr.  Danti.  The  explorers 
continued  their  journey  up  to  a  point  which  they 
stated  to  have  been  opposite,  or  in  sight  of,  San 
Francisco  Mission  and  Verba  Buena  Island,  nearly  or 
quite  to  the  site  of  the  modern  Oakland.  From  this 
place  they  turned  l)ack,  and,  having  discovered  some 
important  saltmarshes,  they  erected  a  cross  at  a  spot 
called  San  Francisco,  somewhat  south  of  the  Alamedp. 
Solano.  They  returned  to  Santa  Clara,  well  soaked 
with  rain,  on  the  25th  of  November.  Botli  Fr.  Danli 
and  Comandante  Sal  kept  a  journal  of  this  expedi- 
tion. The  document  of  the  missionary  is  dated  San 
Francisco  December  2d,  1795. 

In  August  1795  Fr.  Sitjar  of  San  Antonio  made  an 
examination  of  the  country  between  his  mission  and 
San  Luis  Obispo;  but  he  found  no  better  place  lor  a 
mission  than  Las  Pozas,  where  farming  land  might 
be  irrigated  from  the  arroyos  of  Santa  Isabel  and 
San  Marcos.  The  result  was  addressed  to  Fr.  Lasuen 
in  a  report  dated  August  27th,  1795. 


—  118  — 

The  region  Ijetween  San  Buenaventura  and  San 
Gabriel  was  explored  in  August  1795  l)y  Fr.  Santa 
Maria.  Tlie  Er.cino  Valley  seemed  best  suited  I'or  a 
mission,  l)ut  the  gentiles  at  the  time  showed  no  de- 
sire for  missionaries.  On  this  tour  the  P^ither  visited 
the  Cayegues  rancheria,  Simi  Valley,  Triunfo,  Cala- 
bazas,  Enc-ino  Valley  with  the  rar.cherias  of  Quapa, 
Tacuenga,  Tuyr.nga,  Mapipini^a,  La  Zanja,  and  Mulin. 

In  the  southern  district  Fr.  Mariner  started  from 
San  Diego  on  August  17th,  1795,  to  search  for  a  mis- 
sion site  between  San  Diego  and  San  Juan  (-apistra- 
no.  His  report  was  in  favor  of  the  valley  of  San  Jo- 
se, called  Tacopin  l)y  the  ]iatives,  a  league  and  a 
half  beyond  Pa  mo  toward  the  sierra. 

The  result  of  the  various  explorations  were  summed 
up  by  Fr.  Lasuen  in  a  report,  dated  January  12th, 
1796,  which  Avas  incorporated  by  Governor  Borica  in 
a  communication  to  the  viceroy.  The  sites  approved 
were  San  Francisco  Solano,  seven  or  eight  leagues 
north  of  Santa  Clara ;  Las  Bozas,  equidistant  between 
San  Antonio  and  San  Luis  Obispo ;  and  Bal^  fourteen 
leagues  from  San  Diego  and  eighteen  from  San  Juan 
Capistrano.  The  other  two  required  additional  exami- 
nation, since  two  sites  had  been  recommended  be- 
tween San  Carlos  and  Santa  Clara,  and  that  between 
San  Gabriel  and  San  Buenaventura  was  not  satisfac- 
tory. (14) 

Governor  Borica  hoped  that  by  means  of  the  new 
missions  all  the  pagans  of  the  coast  range  might  be 
converted,  and  that  in  this  Avay  $15,960,  the  annual 
expense  for  guards,  might  be  saved  to  the  royal  treas- 
ury. He  did  not  deem  it  safe  to  expose  the  mission- 
aries with  a  small  guard  of  soldiers  east  of  the  mount- 
ains. If  the  viceroy  consented  to  the  foundations  he 
was  to  send  missionaries,  and  the  $1,000  allowed  each 
eslablishment,  but  no  increase  of  military  force  would 
be  needed,  co  he  claimed. 

(14)    Bancroft  I,  550-554. 


—  no  — 

The  saving  of  .i!]5,0G0  and  the  unusual  circumstance 
that  no  additional  soldiers  would  be  wanted  were 
strong-  arguments  in  Mexico,  wherefore  on  August 
19th,  179J,  Ihe  viceroy  authorized  Borica  to  proceed 
with  his  plan.  Fr.  Nogr.eyra,  tlie  guardian  of  San 
Fernando,  gave  his  consent  0:1  the  29th  of  September, 
and  announced  tliat  llie  religious  reciuired  for  the 
live  new  missions  had  been  selected.  He  asked  for 
Ihe  usual  allowance,  but  protested  against  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  guards  at  the  old  missions.  On  May  5th, 
1797,  ¥i\  Lasuen  informed  the  governor  that  all  was 
ready,  but  remarked  that  it  would  be  hard  for  the 
old  missions  to  contribute  for  so  many  new  missions 
at  the  same  time.  San  Carlos,  Santa  Clara,  and  San 
Francisco  were  called  upon  to  aid  the  two  northern 
establishments,  and  to  lend  Indians  and  tools.  Live- 
stock was  donated.  Santa  Cruz  and  Soledad  were  ex- 
cused from  contributing.    (15) 

Thus  the  missions  in  California  had  increased  to 
eighteen  at  the  end  of  the  century,  (16)  and  the 
missionaries  numbered  forty.  Since  1790  thirty-eight 
Franciscan  Fathers  had  come  up  from  Mexico,  whilst 
twenty-one  retired,  some  on  the  expiration  of  their 
regular  term  of  ten  years,  and  others  on  account  of 
failing  health.  Three  religious  died  at  their  posts. 
This  left  forty  still  in  the  service,  or  two  for  each 
mission,  and  four  supernumeraries.  Four  of  the  old 
pioneer  priests,  who  had  come  before  1780,  were 
still  among  the  workers :  Lasuen,  Sanchez,  Santa  Ma- 
ria, and  Sit  jar  (17) 

(15)  Banc,  554.  (16)  Tlic  Seven  new  missions  in  the  order  of  their  founding 
were:  Santa  Cruz,  Soledad,  San  Jos6,  San  Juan  Bautista,  San  Miguel,  San 
Fernando,  and  San  Luis  Rey. 

(17)  The  ai rivals  in  1791  were  Fathers  Gili,  Landteta,  Baldomero,  Lopez, 
and  Salazar;  Father  Cambon  retired.  In  179^  Fr.  E^pi  came,  and  in  179:i 
Fr.  Catalti  arrived,  the  latter  as  chaplain  in  a  Nootka  vessel.  This  same 
year  Fathers  OrAmas  and  Rubl  departed,  and  Fr.  Paterna  died.  In  1794 
five  new  priests  wore  sent  to  California ;  these  were  Fathers  Martin,  Mar- 
tiarena,  Est^van,  Manuel  Fernandez,  and  Gregorio  Fernandez.  The  de- 
partures wprc  the  Fathers  Nobpa,  Pipras,   Pefla,    and    GUi.  In   1795   came 


—  120  — 

Fr.  Fenniii  Francisco  Lasueii  continued  at  the  head 
of  the  missions,  loved  and  respected  by  missionaries, 
ofiicers,  soldiers,  settlers,  and  Indians.  Beinj;-  a  super- 
numerary he  received  no  stipend,  as  no  salary  was  al- 
lowed except  to  the  two  reir,iilar  missionaries  at  each 
mission.  The  duties  of  the  supernumeraries  were 
arduous,  and  those  of  the  superior  more  so  than  those 
of  the  missionaries,  yet,  thouijli  petitions  were  madj 
and  the  viceroy  was  disposed  to  iirant  them  in  Fr. 
Lasuen's  favor,  the  attorney  iieneral  always  interposed 
ol)jections. 

The  new  l)ishop  of  Sonora  reappointed  Fr.  Lasuen 
vicario  foi'anco  for  the  missions  and  settlements, 
and  vicai'io  east  reuse  for  the  military  on  September 
;:01h,  171)0;  and  (,n  March  20th,  1707,  the  Father 
took  the  oath  l)efore  Fr.  Arenaza.  He  was  also 
commissary  of  the  Holy  Inquisition  for  California  af- 
ter 1795,  l)ut,  as  far  as  the  records  show,  his  only 
duties  in  this  capacity  were  to  receive  an  occasional 
edict.   (18) 

In  1798  an  effort  was  made  l)y  the  Spanish  and 
Mexican    authorities  to  insure    greater  regularity  and 

Fathers  Jaimp,  Cipr^s,  and  Pujol,  while  Fathers  Salazar  and  Senan  re- 
tired the  latter  temporarily.  Fathers  Dantl,  Lopez,  Calzada,  and  Arroita 
sailed  away  in  July  or  August  179G.  Other  Fathers  wished  to  leave  Cali- 
fornia, but  the  Fr.  Guardian  thought  thit,  as  they  had  been  eager  to  go 
there,  it  was  best  not  to  permit  them  to  depart  except  for  the  most  ur- 
i'ent  reasons.  In  June  1796  Fathers  Payeras,  Jos6  Maria  Fernandez,  Peyri, 
Viader,  Co^t^s,  Catalan,  and  Horra  came  from  Mexico.  In  April  1797  the 
ship  Concopcion  brought  Fathers  Barcenilla,  Carnicer,  Gonzalez,  Martinez, 
Merino,  Uriri,  and  Panella.  The  same  vessel  in  September  carried  bacli 
Fathers  Garcia  and  Arenazi,  who  were  ill  and  had  served  out  tli'^ir  torm ; 
and  also  F.ith^r^  Jj?j  Miri.i  Fernandez  and  Concepcion  de  Hoira, 
who  had  beccmie  insane.  On  her  return  trip  in  May  179S  tlie  Concepcion 
brought  to  Santa  Barbara  the  Fathers  S?nan  and  Calzada,  returning  from 
a  visit  to  Mexico,  besides  six  new  Fathers:  Barona,  Faura,  Carranza, 
Abolla,  Maitinez,  and  Vifials.  Fathers  Manuel  Fernandez  and  Torrons  re- 
tired to  Mexico  this  year;  Fathers  Landaeta  and  Miguel  also  departed 
tc^mporarily.  In  1709  Fathers  Morolo,  Jacinto  Lopez,  and  Jos6  Uria  ar- 
rived, while  Fathers  Espi,  Giribct,  Merino,  and  Catalan  obtained  per- 
mission to  retire  in  January  ISOO.  During  this  last  year  Fat'iors  Fust^r 
and  Mariner  died,  Landaeta  and  Miguel  camo  back,  and  Garcia  and 
Itarrate  v.'ore  added  to  tUo  fore?,  of  missionary  laborers  in  California. 
Eauc.oft,   I.  !}7e-577.  (IS)     Bancroft ,  I,  57i:-579. 


—  121  — 

Ihoroiiiiluiess  in  the  reports  of  missionary  progrese. 
As  early  as  March  21st,  1787,  a  royal  order  required 
reports  on  mipsion  progress  every  two  ()Y  three  yearp. 
On  January  2d,  ]7Uo,  Fr.  Lasuen  in  a  circular  to  his 
religion  says  lliat  the  Council  of  tlie  Indies  had  read 
the  mission  reports,  r.r.d  lliankcd  the  missionaries  in 
the  king's  name  for  the  results  accomplished,  which 
were  cnconrging  compared  with  other  missions  that 
enjoyed  better  advantages.  The  Fv.  Guardian  also 
sent  the  tluinks  of  the  college.  As  early  ;is  17'.)'} 
A^iceroy  Kevilla  Gigedo  declared  that  the  F.ithers  in 
California  performed  their  duties  in  a  most  connnend- 
able  nmnner.  When  Fr.  Salazar  returned  to  Mexico 
the  viceroy  requested  him  to  make  a  report  on  the 
condition  of  the  country.  This  document,  dated  May 
11th,  179(3,  contained  nothing  new,  except  that  the 
wealth  of  the  missions  in  l)uildings  and  chattels 
were  said  to  amount  to  $800,000.  Fr.  Salazar,  more- 
over, complained  that  better  results  were  impeded  by 
the  excessive  labors  imposed  upon  the  missionaries, 
and  also  by  the  preference  shown  to  wl;ite  settlers 
in  the  purchase  of  supplies.   (10) 

On  the  sul)ject  of  secularization,  or  rather  contisca- 
tion,  which  was  often  mooted  since  Neve  and  Soler 
had  started  the  project,  not  referring  to  California  in 
particular.  Viceroy  Gigedo  expressed  his  dissatisfac- 
tion with  the  condition  of  those  missions  at  which 
the  experiment  had  l)een  tried  in  Mexico.  He  de- 
clared he  would  take  no  steps  in  that  direction  witl'.r 
out  a  better  prospect  of  success.  Curates  could  do  no 
better  in  the  instruction  and  improvement  of  the  na- 
tives than  religious.  In  a  letter  of  August  3d,  I7i)G, 
Governor  Borica  expresses  the  samo  opinion,  and 
furthermore  says  that  according  to  the  laws,  the  na- 
tives were  to  be  free  from  tutelage  at  the  end  of  ten 
years,  the  missions  then    to    become    doctrinas;    ^^hut 

(10)     Banc,    570-hO, 


—  10^  _ 

Vijse  of  ?le^L'>  Calitoriiia,  at  the  rate  they  are  advanc- 
iag^  wiV  not  reach  the  goal  in  tea  centuries;  the 
reason  God  knows,  and  nien  known  something  about 
UP  {2() 

The  reiiulalOu  of  3781,  as  will  be  remembered,  pro- 
vided I'or  the  iiradiial  reduction  of  the  missionaries 
to  one  at  each  mission.  Until  this  was  etfected,  relii;;- 
ious  dyinii;  or  retirinji'  were  not  to  be  replaced.  The 
arraniiement  was  disrejiarded  by  the  Fathers,  and  the 
sGOular  authorities  made  no  attempt  to  enforce  it.  In 
a  letter  of  1798  the  viceroy  himself  disai)proved  of  the 
measure,  because  it  exposed  the  missionaries  to  i;reat 
dangers.  On  November  16th,  J 797,  Governor  Borica  in 
a  letter  to  Viceroy  Gigedo  urged  that  the  matter  be 
settled,  as  there  was  a  deficit  of  $52,142  in  the  mis- 
sion fund.  He,  too,  disapproved  of  the  reduction,  but 
suggested  that  the  two  Fathers  stationed  at  each  mis- 
sion be  allowed  the  stipend  for  only  one,  .$400,  since 
they  did  not  use  more  for  themselves  any  way.  Fr. 
Lull,  then  guardian  of  San  Fernando,  opposed  this 
scheme  of  the  governor,  not  only  because  it  was  con- 
trary to  the  wishes  of  the  king,  but  because  the  mis- 
sionaries, though  they  spent  less  than  $400  on  them- 
selves, used  the  remainder  for  the  nati  zes ;  and  this 
Avas  practically  tlie  only  way  of  obtaining  necessary 
articles,  as  there  was  no  market  for  mission  produce. 
In  1800,  or  perhaps  latter,  Fr.  Lasuen  argued  the 
same  side  of  the  question  most  earnestly  in  a  letter 
to  the  Fr.  Guardian.  He  wrote  rather  bitterly  of  any 
plan  to  economize  at  the  expense  of  poor  and  over- 
worked missionaries,  when  the  king  was  so  liberal  in 
other  expenditures,  and  repeated  his  determination  of 
retiring  if  the  change  were  insisted  upon.  It  most  bo 
rememl)ered  here  that  Fr.  Lasuen  was  not  pleading 
for  himself,  as  for  the  last  four  years  he  had  been 
working  without  stipend  or  compensation.   (21) 

(20)    Banc,  I,  5bO.       (21)    Bancroft  I,  5«l-r>82, 


-  123  - 

From  1787  to  3794  missionaries,  who  came  to  Cali- 
fornia or  retired  to  Mexico,  were  allowed  $200  for 
travellinji  expenses  on  land  anl  95  cents  per  day 
while  on  the  water.  The  Fathers  snhsequently  had 
nuK'h  tronl)ie  on  acconnt  of  the  naval  authorities  who 
demanded  $2.25  per  day  instead  of  95  cents.  In  some 
cases,  when  the  return  voyage  was  very  lonj;-,  throujih 
no  fault  of  the  travellini>;  missionaries,  the  i^overn- 
nient  refused  to  pay  the  full  stipend.  After  1794  the 
authorities  declared  tluit  the  ten  years  of  missionary 
service  were  to  count  from  tlie  date  of  departure 
from  Mexico,  and  after  1800  no  leave  to  retire  was 
to  be  given,  even  on  the  expiration  of  the  term,  un- 
til substitutes  had  arrived.  Many  of  the  old  matters 
of  dispute  still  remained  open  at  the  beginninsi;  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  but  as  a  rule  they  gave  rise 
to  no  bitter  controversy. 

No  regular  chaplains  for  the  soldiers  had  as  yet 
l)cen  appointed,  though  Governor  Borica,  on  Septem- 
ber 26th,  1793,  and  again  on  April  3d,  1795,  had 
asked  the  viceroy  for  a  Franciscan  Father  for  each 
presidio  at  a  salary  of  $400,  as  the  missionaries  had 
too  much  to  attend  to.  It  does  not  appear  that  the 
Fathers  received  any  compensation  for  attending  to 
the  spiritual  wants  of  the  soldiers  and  settlers.  The 
soldiers,  at  this  period,  however,  were  instructed  to 
treat  the  missionaries  with  due  respect.  These  regula- 
tions of  Borica  show  an  earnest  desire  to  maintain 
harmonious  relations  with  the  religi(ms.  Yet  even  of 
this  period  of  comparative  peace  Bancroft  says; 
"Doubtless  the  patience  of  the  friars  Avas  often  sore- 
ly tried  by  the  indolence  and  ineolence  of  individual 
soldiers,  but  of  the  government  they  had  no  cause  to 
complain."  In  January  1777,  for  -instance.  Corporals 
Moraga  and  Yallejo  were  forced  to  apologize  to  Fr. 
Catala  for  their  rudeness.  On  the  other  hand  the  Fr. 
Guardian  and  the  Fr.  Superior  of  the  missions  sought 


—   ]L>4   — 

to  reciprocate  lliis  show  of  friendliness.  Thus  Fr.  Ca- 
tald's  reported  hostility  to  settlers  was  rebuked  by 
his  superior,  and  directions  siiven  that  in  all  cases  of 
innovations  the  Fathers  should  l)e  cautious  and  con- 
sult the  Fr.  Superior.  Nevertheless,  the  guards  were 
reduced  in  most  of  the  old  missions  on  the  establish- 
ments of  new  ones,  and  this  brought  out  a  protest 
from  the  missionaries  which  was  in  some  instances 
successful.  (22) 

(JxE  of  the  annoyances  which  the  Feathers  had  1o 
deal  with  was  the  desertions  of  neophytes  from  the 
missions.  The  pretended  motive  of  the  fuiiitives  were 
ill-treatment,  overwork,  and  hunger;  l)ut  the  true 
cause  of  apostasy  was  a  longing  for  the  eld  freedom, 
and  a  dread  of  the  high  death-rate  among  the  mis- 
sion Indians.  Rarely,  if  ever,  the  alleged  excuse  had 
any  foundation.  On  May  28th,  1791,  for  instance,  the 
governor  couiplained  that  the  Indians  were  getting 
too  much  meat  to  eat,  were  becoming  too  skillful  ri- 
ders, and  were  acquiring  the  insolence  of  the  Apach- 
es. The  soldiers  of  the  guard  were  not  allowed  to 
pursue  runaways,  but  occasionally  an  expedition  of 
presidio  soldiers  was  sent  out  to  make  a  general  raid 
for  apostates.  Thus  in  1798  ninety  fugitives  of  kSanta 
Cruz  were  recovered  by  the  soldiers. 

The  laws  required  that  an  alcalde,  or  magistrate, 
and  several  regidores  l)e  elected  annually  in  each 
mission,  a  i)olic.v  not  approved  by  the  Feathers,  who 
insisted  that  the  natives  were  by  no  means  lifted 
for  self-government  even  to  this  extent.  After  1792 
the  elections  ceased  altogether  until  Borica  brought 
up  the  matter  in  1796,  and  insisted  on  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  law.  Fr.  Lasuen  obeyed;  the  elections 
were  regularly  held  and  reported  to  the  governor. 
These  alcaldes  and  regidores,  according  to  a  letter  of 
Borica  to   Fr.    Lasuen,    were    to    act   generally   under 

(22)    Bancroft,  I,   5Sa-5S7. 


the  luissionaiy's  instructions,  but  in  criniintil  matters 
under  the  corporal  of  the  y^uard.   (28) 


GI^PP-TSI^    XIU. 


Fr.  Hoea's  Accusation— Investigatiox— Spanish  Language  Obligatoky— 
The  FATHERSi'  Sensible  Course— Fe.  Lasuen's  Able  Reply— The  Mis- 
sioNAEiEs  Officially  Exoneeated— The  Bishop's  EEyuEsr— Interest- 
ing Items— Statistics— Various  Industries— Governor  Boeica  Re- 
tires Another  Attempt  To  Change  The  Mission  System. 

Considerable  trou]:)le  was  caused  tl:e  missionaries 
l)y  one  of  their  number  towards  the  ck)3e  of  the  cent- 
ury. In  1797  Fr.  Antonio  de  hi  Concepcion  Horra, 
wlio  had  come  to  (Jalifornia  the  same  year,  was  sent 
back  to  Mexico  by  Fr.  Lasuen  on  a  char,<>;e  of  insani- 
ty. On  July  12th,'  1798,  Fr.  Horra,  while  at  the  col- 
lege, secretly  addressed  a  memorial  to  the  viceroy  in 
which,  besides  complaining  bitterly  of  the  treatment 
to  which  he  had  been  subjected,  he  made  some 
charges  of  cruelty  and  mismanagement  against  the 
C'alifornia  missionaries.  Fathers  Lasuen,  Sitjar,  and 
Miguel  were  the  ])articular  ol)jects  of  his  wrath. 

The  viceroy  sent  the  accusations  of  Fr.  Horra  to 
Governor  Borica,  and  ordered  him  to  investigate  the 
charges.  Borica,  accordingly,  despatched  private  in- 
structions to  the  four  commandants,  and  recjuested 
answers  to  fifteen  questions  regarding  the  manner  in 
which  the  missionaries  v.ere  discharging  their  duties. 
Of  the  reports  made  by  Arguello,  Cioycoechea,  Sal, 
Grajera,  and  Acting-Commandant  Rodriguez,  only  Ih.e 
replies  of  Sal  and  Goycoechea  were  unfavorable  to 
the  Franciscans.  It  was  not,  apparently,  until  the 
governor's  report,  including    those    of    the    command- 

Ci!)     B-uic,    u!<l-5sr>. 


-  126  - 

ants,  reached  Mexico  that  anytliing  was  known  at  the 
college  of  Fr.  Horra's  charges  against  his  brethren. 
In  February  1799  the  Fr.  Guardian  sent  a  statement 
of  the  accusations  to  Fr.  Lasuen,  and  a  little  later  l:e 
forwarded  copies  of  other  documents  which  were  lost 
in  crossing  the  gulf,  so  that  Fr.  Lasuen  did  not  re- 
ceive the  lifteen  questions  and  the  commandants'  re- 
plies until  September  1800.  In  October  Fathers  Tapis 
and  Cortes  of  Santa  Barbara  sent  to  the  Fr.  Superior 
a  long  and  complete  refutation  of  Goycoechea,  whose 
statements  had  been  more  full  than  those  of  the 
others.  Other  Fathers  made  similar  replies.  "Finally 
Fr.  President  Lasuen  devoted  himself  from  Novem- 
ber 12th,  1800,  to  June  10th,  1801,  to  the  preparation 
of  a  comprehensive  exposition  of  tlie  whole  subject, 
whiv'h  is  not  not  (Mily  the  leading  ]>r()duction  of  the 
venerable  author's  pen,  but  the  most  elo([uent  and 
complete  defence  and  presentation  of  the  mission 
system  in  numy  of  its  phases  which  is  extant."   (1) 

Of  all  the  charges  preferred  against  the  Fathers 
only. one  is  worth  mentioning  at  any  length.  It  was 
the  2^oUcy  of  the  (/overninent  to  introduce  the  Spanish 
lam/uage  in  place  of  the  'vernacular.  Fr.  Concepcion 
accused  the  Fathers  of  an  almost  total  neglect  of  this 
duty.  According  to  the  conunandants,  religious  servi- 
ces and  somo  teacliings  of  Ohristiau  principles  in 
the  north  were  daily  ccuulucted  in  Spanish;  in  the 
south  the  natives  were  taught  in  their  own  language, 
though  \\\c  (Inrtrina  was  often  repeated  to  Ihem  in 
Spanish.  In  f/encral  inferco'/rse  the  rernacular  wa.s 
used  wherever  the  Fath(ri<  had  learned  it.  and  in 
some  missions  e^rcltisivel//.  Nowhere  were  the  natives 
c(mipelled  to  learn  Spanisli,  and  everywhere  the  mis- 
sionaries were  more  or  less  indillerent  on  the  sul)ject. 
Fathers  Tapis  and  Oortes  affirmed  that  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara the  doefrina  at    Mass    was    taught    in    Spanish, 

111    Banc.  I.  .-.>7-5t('.'. 


—  127  — 

raid  in  the  afterncon  citlicr  in  one  lanji;iiage  or  an- 
other; hat  they  admitted  that  the  natives  were  not 
required^  only  persuaded^  to  use  the  Spanish.  Finally, 
Fr.  Lasuen,  declared  that  it  was  useless  to  preach  to 
the  natives  in  a  lanj;uajie  they  did  not  understand, 
but  that,  nevertheless,  an  honest  ell'ort  was  made  to 
teach  Spanish;  that  exercises  were  conducted  in  that 
langurg^  once  a  day;  that  the  natives  were  compelled 
to  use  it  in  their  petitions;  and  that  premiums  were 
otlcred  for  acquiring  it.   (2) 

At  the  close  of  the  report  Fr.  Lasuen  manifested 
f-ome  dissatisfaction  tliat  the  cliarges  of  a  man,  who 
left  California  under  such  peculiar  circumstances, 
should  have  l)ecn  made  the  1)asis  of  this  investigation 
witliout  a  preliminary  taking  of  testimony  as  to  the 
state  of  his  mind.  He  was  indignant  at  the  command- 
ants, not  only  for  misstatements  in  certain  details, 
but  chiefly  for  what  they  failed  to  say,  and  for  what 
their  silence  implied.  They  had  failed  to  refute  the 
statements  of  ever-complaining  Indians,  whom  their 
own  observations  must  have  shown  to  be  unreliable 
witnesses;  and,  l)ecause  of  certain  petty  quarrels 
about  the  services  of  the  natives  as  peons  at  the 
forts,  they  had  given  weiglit  to  the  charges  of  a  mad- 
man, and  had  done  great  wrong  to  the  missionary 
cause. 

Fr.  Lasuen  declared  that  he  and  liis  band  of  reli- 
gious were  v.orking  honestly  for  the  conversion  of 
the  natives,  according  to  the  well  known  rules  of 
their  Order,  and  the  regulations  of  the  Spanish  gov- 
ernment by  which  they  stood  in  the  position  of  ))ar- 
cnts  towards  the  al)origines.  He  admitted  that,  l)eing 
but  men,  they  differed  from  one  another  in  judg- 
ment and  patience,  and  consequently  that  errors  were 
committed;  but  he  protested  most  earnestly  that  the 
natives  were  shown  all  kindness  that    was    consistent 

CJi     B,iiic.  .'k'D-")?).  Tlie   nu.sino:iri^s  cloarly  acted  like  m  ni  of  con  n  on  son.  o. 


—  ]i>8  — 

with  the  restraint  implied  in  the  missionary  and  pa- 
rental relation.  "The  venerable  friar's  words  and 
manner,"  says  Bancroft,  "impress  the  reader  most 
forcibly,  a7id  a  close  study  of  the  subject  has  co?ivlnced 
me  that  he  wan  r){/ht;  that  down  to  1800,  and  consid- 
erably later,  the  natives  were,  as  a  rule,  most  kind- 
ly treated....  In  the  matter  of  neophyte  labor  at  pre- 
sidio, pueblo,  and  ranclio  the  friars,  here  as  else- 
where, verc  KSiialli/  right  i.\/id  the  iiiiHtar;/  irron<j ; 
and  so  far  as  they  tou<died  this  point,  cruelty  to  na- 
tives, or  accumulation  of  wealth,  Horra's  charge  must 
be  regarded  as  for  th?  most  part  unfounded."   (•]) 

At  length,  April  intli,  1805,  in  a  letter  to  the  gov- 
ernor, llie  viceroy  rendered  his  decision,  comidetely 
exonerating  tl'.e  missionaries,  and  urged  the  cc  niman- 
dants  to  promote  harmony.  In  a  letter  to  the  guardi- 
an of  the  same  date  tlie  viceroy,  moreover,  declared 
that  the  good  name  of  the  Fathers  was  in  no  manner 
tarnished.    (4) 

On  April  SOtli,  1791,  the  bishop  of  Sonora  called 
Fr.  Lasuen's  attention  to  the  royal  order  of  March 
6th,  1790,  granting  an  ecclesiastical  tax  oji  all  reve- 
nues, including  those  of  the  missionaries,  and  asked 
him  to  collect  six  per  cent  for  four  years  on  Ihe  sti- 
pends of  all  the  Fathers  and  all  other  revenues.  Yw 
Lasuen  replied  that  the  California  Fathers  liad  no 
revenues  except  tlK>  stipend  of  .$400  eacli,  given  as 
alms,  and  even  with  that  tliey  liad  nothing  to  do  1)e- 
sides  naming  the  articles  needed  for  tlieir  clnirchcs; 
a  sindico  at  the  college  collected  the  stipends  and 
with  them  i)aid  the  invoice.-.  If  the  king  wanted  to 
reduce  the  stipend  Viy  a  tax,  llie  matter  must  ))e  ar- 
ranged at  the  college.  Franciscan  religious  had  noth- 
ing to  do  or  say  about  revenue  matters.  He  sent  a 
sworn  statement,  and  regretted  that  his  word  did  not 
suffice.  Notliing  more  was  h.eard  on  the  subject.   (5) 

(;ii     Bancrcff,  I,  JfO-oCe.         ill     Ibid.  r>06-597.  i:>)     Ihitl.  TifT. 


—  129  — 

There  were  as  yet  no  regularly  appointed  chap- 
lains, and  the  Fatliers  continued  to  care  for  the 
spiritual  interests  of  soldiers  and  settlers,  apparently 
witho\it  any  conipensation.  A  Fniall  income,  however, 
was  derived  from  alms  for  the  celeliration  of  Holy 
Masses.  Thus  Santa  Barhara  rcccM'vod  757  'Tnteiitioiis' 
from    1794-1 800.   (10) 

Most  of  Ihe  missions  at  this  period  had  a  palisade 
or  adobe  enclosure  which  served  as  a  cemetery.  No 
pueblo  or  town,  and  of  tlie  presidios  only  San  Dieg-o, 
possessed  a  cemetery.  It  was  customary  to  bury  the 
dead  settlers  in  the  churches  or  chapels,  a  practice 
the  Fathers  endeavored  to  abolish;  thus  Fr.  Senan 
in  1790  refused  to  bury  (\irmen  Alviso  in  the  presid- 
io chapel. 

Both  soldiers  and  natives  often  escaped  a  (loiiiiinj;' 
by  taking  advantage  of  their  right  of  church  asylum, 
and  occasionally  this  taking  refuge  in  the  sacred  edi- 
fice led  to  misunderstandings  between  the  officers 
and  the  missionaries.  An  instance  of  this  kii-d  oc- 
curred on  July  29th,  1794,  when  tlie  governor  ordered 
that  an  Indian  culprit  be  taken  out  of  the  church  at 
Santa  Clara  by  force,  since  his  offence  was  iu>t  sub- 
ject to  ecclesiastical  immunity.    (11) 

Thp:  eleven  old  missions  in  1790  had  in  round  num- 
])ers  7,500  converts;  in  1800  they  had  10,700,  a  gain 
for  the  decade  of  8,200,  altout  820  a  year  on  an  aver- 
age, or  al)out  80  a  year  for  each  mission.  During  tliis 
pericd  the  Father;  lad  baptized  12,800  natives,  aiui 
l)uried  8,800,  leaving  800  to  be  regarded  as  approxi- 
nuitely  the  num])er  of  deserters  or  apostates.  Mean- 
while in  the  seven  new  establishments  l)aptism  had 
been  administered  to  8,800  persons  of  whom  1,000 
died,  leaving  2,800  converts  on  the  roll.  Thus  for  old 
and  new  missions  together  we  have  a  total  jjopulation 
of  13,600  Indian    neophytes,  a  gain    of   (),000    in    ten 

(101     Bancroft  I.  .'9'.        ai'     Ibw'.  597-5{5>. 


-^  180  — 

years,  during  which  time  baptisms  had  been  16,100 
and  deatlis  9,300. 

The  mission  herds  and  Hocks  multiplied  about  three 
fold  during  the  decade.  Horses,  mules,  and  horned 
cattle  increased  from  22,000  to  07, 000 ;  small  stock, 
almost  exclusively  sheep,  goats  having  diminished 
rapidly  and  swine  l)eing  few,  from  26,000  to  86,000. 

Agricultural  products  were  30,000  bushels  in  1790. 
The  smallest  sul»sequent  crop  wa ;  also  80,000  in 
1795,  and  the  largest  75,000  in  1800.  A!)out  three 
lifths  of  the  whole  crop  in  1800  was  wheat,  which  was 
less,  proportionately,  than  usual,  one  tifth  corn,  one 
tenth  barley,  the  remainder  beans,  peas,  and  various 
grains.  Wheat  yielded  on  an  average  fifteenfold  bar- 
ley eighteenfold,  and  corn  ninety-threefold  for  the 
ten  year.-!.  (12)  ''The  missions,  a;  may  b?  see;i  fro.n 
the  preceding  sketch,  if  we  regard  only  the  primary 
object  for  which  they  were  founded,  were  successful 
and  prosperous,''  says  Bancroft. 

The  united  white  population  of  the  t'.iree  California 
pueblos  or  towns,  8an  Jose,  Los  Angeles,  and  Branci- 
forte,  (the  latter  opposite  the  Santa  Cru:c  Mission),  in 
1800  was  about  550  in  something  over  a  hundred  fam- 
ilies, and  about  1,275  in  whole  California.  The  only 
industries  of  these  settler  were  agriculture  and  stock- 
raising.  They  had  16,500  head  of  cattle  ar.d  horses, 
about  1,000  sheep,  and  they  raised  about  9,000  bush- 
els of  grain  each  year.  (13) 

At  the  first  occupation  of  Upper  California  some 
Christian  Indians  from  the  peninsula  were  brought 
north  as  servants  of  all  work  in  the  new  missions. 
The  presidial  companies  usually  had  a  fevs'  smith-^,  ar- 
morers, and  carpenters  whose  services  were  available 
at  times,  as  well  for  the  missionaries  as  for  the  sol- 
diers. The  soldiers  themselves  were  obliged  to  render 
assistance  in  building  and  some  other  kinds  of  work. 


(12)    Bancroft  I,  577.        (13)    Ibid.  600-301. 


Pn^an  Indians  were  hired  from  the  lirst,  especially  on 
Die  channel  coast.  After  1773  men  were  enlisted  and 
paid  as  eailors  to  serve  in  Calii'ornia  as  lal)orers,  and 
among  the  settlers  at  the  pueblos  were  jjersons  of  va- 
rious trades.  This  was  (he  condition  of  mechanical 
industry  down  to  179().  Besides  the  repairs  executed 
on  arms,  implements,  and  articles  (;f  clothini;',  there 
were  rude  attempts  at  tannini>;  and  various  other  sim- 
ple and  necessary  processes  sufigested  l)y  the  needs 
of  the  soldiers  and  iuiienuity  of  the  Fathers. 

A  decided  effort  to  promote  manufactures  was  made 
in  the  last  decade  of  the  century,  and  with  consider- 
able success.  The  plan  adopted  was  to  send  skilled 
artisans  from  Mexico  under  iiovernment  pay  to  teach 
their  trades  to  the  neophytes  and  to  white  apprentic- 
es. Al)oiit  20  of  these  artisan  instructors  were  sent  in- 
to California  chietly  in  ]7U2  and  1795.  At  lirst  the  me- 
chanics were  distributed  in  the  missions  and  presidios, 
or  in  some  cases  travelled  from  one  place  to  another 
giving  instruction.  Thus  in  1793  and  1794  several  San 
Carlos  Indians  were  instructed  in  stone  cutting,  l)rick- 
laying,  etc.  After  1795  the  Fathers  were  obliged  to 
pay  for  the  work  done,  to  pay  the  mechanics'  sala- 
ries, or  to  send  their  neophytes  to  the  presidios  to  be 
taught,  which  latter  they  considered  as  scarcely  ben- 
eficial to  tiie  good  morals  of  the  Indians.  However, 
before  1800  the  neophytes  had  acquired  a  stock  of 
knowledge  in  the  various  mechanical  departments 
which,  it  was  tliought,  would  suffice  for  the  mission 
needs.  The  results  of  all  tliese  eiforts  were  that  be- 
fore 1800  rude  looms  were  set  up  in  many  missions, 
on  which  by  Indian  la1)or  the  wool  of  the  country 
V\as  woven  into  l)lankets  and  co;irse  fabrics  with 
which  the  neophytes  were  clothed.  In  fact  no  blank- 
ets Avere  brought  from  Mexico  after  1797.  A  little 
cotton  cloth  was  woven  from  material  Ijrought  from 
San  Bias.  The  Indians  also  had  some  natural  skill  for 


—  \m  — 

dyeing.  Hides  were  tanned  and  made  into  shoes; 
and  some  of  the  coarser  parts  of  saddles  and  other 
leatlier  jjoods  were  also  manufactured,  though  not 
enough  to  avoid  importation  from  Mexico.  About 
2,000  hides  were  taniu^d  at  Santa  ('lara  as  early  as 
1792,  l)ut  very  few  of  Ihem  could  be  sold  as  there 
was  no  marked.  Soap  was  made  of  suitable  quality 
and  quantity  to  supply  home  needs  after  1798;  coarse 
pottery  was  produced  at  San  Francisco  and  several 
other  places ;  and  water-power  llouring  mills  were 
built  at  Santa  Cruz  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  possibly 
also  at  San  Gabriel  and  San  Jose,  which  supplied 
the  province  with  flour.    (14) 

Each  mission  had  a  vegetable  garden,  a  fruit  or- 
chard, or  a  vineyard.  There  are  r.o  date?;  respecting 
the  time  when  grapes,  oranges  and  other  fruits  were 
introduced  into  California;  but  many  varieties  of 
fruit,  including  probably  grapes,  were  brought  uj) 
from  the  peninsula  by  Ihe  earliest  expeditions  be- 
tween 17()9  and  1778,  as  nearly  all  the  varieties  were 
in  a  llourishing  condition  before  Fr.  Junipero  Serra's 
death  in  178b  La  Perouse  left  the  first  potatoes  in 
C'alifornia  in  1786.  Wine  was  manufactured  in  the 
southern  missions  before  1785.   (15) 

On  the  KUh  of  January  1800  (Tovernor  Borica  re- 
tired, and  Arrillaga  of  L')ret()  to:)k  his  place.  The 
former's  relation  swith  the  missionaries  were  always 
friendly.  From  th-^  lirst  he  assured  Fr.  Lisuen  of  his 
desire  to  avoid  controversy  between  the  secular  and 
missionary  authorities,  a  desire  rcM-ijirocated  by  Fr, 
Lasuen.  Only  Fr.  Lasuen  often  thought  Borica  too 
much  inclined  to  hear  and  credit  tl:e  complaints  of 
lying  Indians,  but  no  not'ceabl(«  coolness  ensued.  In 
this  respect  Borica  was  a  decided  improvement  over 
his  predecessors  Neve  and  Fagcs,    (!()) 

In  1802  a  renewed  effort  was  made  from  Mexico  to 

(141  Banc.  I,  6l:^619.    (15.)  Vida.  1P9;  2':0:    Banc.  I,  61S-619.     (16i  IbiJ.  727-1:9. 


-  IJiS  - 

to  change  the  hiissiou  syf^teui  by  adoptinji  the  phiii 
formerly  favoreil  by  Governor  Neve  for  the  cliannel 
missions.  The  natives  aitc^r  tlieir  conversion  were  to 
remain  at  their  rancherias,  and  occasionally  to  be  vis- 
ited l)y  llie  mifsionaries  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
instruction  and  performing  other  spiritual  duties.  The 
Fr.  Guardian  opposed  the  change,  but  called  on  Fr. 
Lasuen  for  a  new  statement  of  the  reasons  against 
tiie  s(dieme.  The  latter  in  reply,  l)esides  dwelling  on 
IJK'  fact  that  the  Indians  could  not  be  induced  to 
change  their  habits  except  under  the  constant  super- 
vision of  the  missionaries,  recalled  the  tragic  results 
of  a  former  experiment  on  the  Kio  Colorado,  and  re- 
ferred to  the  c(miparative  failure  in  Lower  California 
and  at  Han  Diego,  where  the  sterility  of  the  soil  ren- 
dered necessary  a  practice  soniewliat  similar  to  that 
proposed.  He  l)elieved  tlie  innovation  would  be  in 
every  respect  injurious,  and  the  viceroy  thereupon 
decided  that  it  should  not  l)e  attempted.  Fr.  Lasuen's 
argument  was  dated  June  16th,  1802,  and  the  vice- 
roy's decision  bore  date  of  February  2d,  1803.  The 
missionaries,  in  this  year  and  the  next,  Avere  also 
troubled  by  disputes  with  the  settlers  concerning  their 
lands;  but  the  Fathers  gained  the  victory.  (1) 


Death  O?  Fr.  Laslen-Biooraphy-Hancroft  On  Fr.  La8iex-Fr.  Tapis 
Superior— Governor  Arrillaga's  Sensible  Report— Fr.  Gasoi/s  ("ircl-- 
j,AR— Fathers  Diaz,  Font,  And  Garc^j  Cross  California  By  Land 
From  Sonoha-Explorino  Expeditions-Mission  Santa  In(!s  Fol-nded- 
Statistics. 

In  1803  California  was  called  upon  to  part  with  the 


i.l)    i^^nc.  Hi-^t.  CaI.VuI,  U,  0. 


—  134  — 

venerable  Fr.  Lasiieii,  for  thirty  years  a  missionary 
in  the  province,  and  for  eighteen  years  superior  of 
the  missions.  He  died  at  San  OArlos  on  June  26th, 
1803,  at  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  was  buried 
next  day  in  a  stono  sepulchre  at  the  foot  of  the  al- 
tar on  the  Gospel  sideof  the  nilKsioii  clnircli  by  rix 
of  his  brother  religious.    (]) 

"Though  Lasuen's  name  stands  second  and  not  first 
chronologically  in  the  list  of  Franciscan  prelates,-'  says 
Bancroft,  "though  no  pen  of  l)rother  friar  or  friend 
has  recorded  his  life  and  virtues,  I  cannot  l)ut  regard 
Lasuen  as  first  thus  far  in  California,  both  as  man 
and  missionary.  In  him  were  united  tlie  ciualities 
that  make  up  the  model  or  ideal  padre,  without  taint 
of  hyp;);n-isy  or  cant.  In  perso:!  he  was  small  and 
compact,  in  expression  vivacious,  in  manners  always 
agreeable,  thougli  dignified.  He  was  a  frank,  kind- 
hearted  old  man,  who  made  friends  of  all  he  met. 
Distinguished  visitors  of  French  and  English,  as  well 
as  of  Spanish  Idood,  were  impressed  in  like  manner 
with  his    sweetness  of    disposition    and    quiet    force  of 

(1)  Banc,  II,  S.  (2)  Fr.  Ferraiu  Frai:(i  ro  ('c  L;i.vuen  was  a  native  of 
Vitoril,  province  of  Aljva,  Spiiu.  Of  liis  r\rly  lifo  nothing  more  is  en 
record  than  that  he  belonrod  to  the  Frai-.ci.  ran  province  of  Cantabria, 
was  incorporated  in  the  apostolic  college  of  Sun  Fernando,  Mexico,  and 
sailed  from  San  Bias  on  March  11th,  1768,  for  California.  He  readied 
Loroto  on  April  1st,  and  was  assigned  to  the  mission  of  San  Francisco 
do  Borja.  In  March  1769  lio  went  up  to  VelicatA  to  bless  Rivera's  expe- 
dition starting  for  the  north.  In  May  1775  he  left  Loreto,  was  ai  Velica- 
ta  in  July,  and  on  August  30th  arrived  at  San  Diego.  Ho  served  at  San 
(i  ibriel  from  December  1773  to  September  1775:  at  San  Juan  Capistrano 
throu.^li  1770;  and  at  San  Diego  until  17S5,  when  he  was  appointed  su- 
p,^ri^r  of  th?  Califo.'ni.i  raisoioas.  F.-o;n  S?pt3mbor  of  that  year  his  head- 
quarters was  at  San  Carlos,  but,  ia  addition  to  liis  frequ'_>nt  tours  through 
the  missions,  h^  was  at  Santa  Clara  almo-t  continually  from  178C-1789,  at 
San  Buenaventura  in  17D7,  and  at  Sin  Lni;  OMsii)  from  October  1799  to 
August  180C.  In  May  179.3  he  rec?ivo  I  a  few  vot^-:  fvr  the  oflice  of  guar- 
dian of  tlio  college,  but  Fi-.  N'r-gaorii  was  cl  ^ct^tL  Vancouver  in  17r2 
says  of  him:  "Tliis  personage  was  about  72  years  of  ago,  whose  gentle 
manners,  united  to  a  most  venerable  and  placid  countenance,  indicated 
tliat  tranquillized  state  of  mind,  that  fitted  him  in  an  eminent  degree  for 
presiding  over  so  benevolent  an  iastitutiou."  Vancouver  gave  liis  name  to 
rt.  Fcrniin  and  Pt.  L:r;u?n,  ;  till  so  called  on  modern  maps.  Barcroft  II. 
0-10, 


-  1S5  — 

character.    His   relations   with   tlie  college,    with    the 
gover 


nment,  and  with  his  band  of  missionary  workers 


were  always  harmonious,  often  in  somewhat  trying 
circumstances,  though  no  one  of  the  Franciscans  had 
more  -clearly  delined  opinions  than  he.  None  of  them 
l:;;d  a  limier  will,  or  v.ere  readier  en  occasion  to  ex- 
prcfs  their  vieAVP.  His  management  of  the  micsion 
interests  for  eighteen  year.?  affords  abundant  evidence 
of  his  untiring  zeal  and  of  his  ability  as  a  man  of 
business.  His  writings,  of  which  I  have  many,  l;oih 
original  and  copied,  prepossess  the  reader  in  favor  of 
the  autlior  by  their  comparative  conciseness  of  style. 
Of  his  fervent  piety  there  are  abundant  proofs;  and 
his  piety  and  humility  were  of  an  agreeable  type, 
ur.obtrusive,  l)lendcd  with  common  sense.  He  over- 
came obstacles  in  tlie  way  of  duty,  but  he  created 
no  obstacles  for  the  mere  sake  of  surmounting  them. 
Let  us  remember  the  good  qualities  of  Junipero  8er- 
ra  and  others  like  him:  let  us  make  every  allowance 
for  their  weaknesses;  luit  (irst  among  the  California 
prelates  let  us  ever  rank  Fermin  de  Lasuen  as  a  fri- 
ar who  rooe  alK)ve  liis  environment  and  lived  many 
years  in  advance  of  liis  times."    (2) 

bniEDiATEnv  after  the  death  of  Fr.  Lasuen,  Fr.  Es- 
tevan  Tapis,  wlio  since  179S  had  been  empowered  to 
till  the  place  in  such  an  emergency,  assumed  the  of- 
iice  of  superior  of  the  California  missions.  In  Ids 
iirst  g.Mieral  report  for  180.]-1S01  Ir?  c :)mplained  that 
the  missions  were  exposed  to  attacdv  on  all  sides.  The 
guard  was  usually  reduced  to  two  or  three  men,  one 
of  whom  was  generally  sick,  one  in  charge  of  the 
horses,  and    one    al)sent    on     royal    service.    Fugitives 


(2)  Banc.  II,  I-IO  Many  allusion  derogatory  to  Fr.  Juuipcro's  character 
liavp  been  omitted  in  tli?  preceding  quotation,  but  elsewhere  this  histo- 
rian's mind,  and  his  impartiality  towards  Fr.  Scrra,  have  been  placed 
before  the  reader  sufficiently  clear  to  make  it  evident  that  wh^it^ver 
TJaucroft  may  say  aprainst  the  first  superior  of  the  California  missions 
is  of  no  value.  Fr.  Junipero  Serra's  cliaracter  is  altogether  too  lofty  for 
this  materialist's    compr'^hension. 


—  lao  — 

were  incrensin^',  and  the  only  remedy  was  au  imme- 
diate increase  of  tlie  military  force.  This  subject  was 
presented  lo  the  viceroy  in  a  report  of  Fr.  Guardian 
Pangua  in  vSeptember  1804.  Governor  Arrillaga  also 
made  a  full  and  interesting  report  on  November 
10th,  1804,  regarding  the  missions  and  their  manage- 
ment. "The  paper,''  says  Bancnjft,  "is  a  straightfor- 
ward and  ))usiness-like  one,  written  by  a  man  of 
good  judgment  and  long  experience.  The  su])stance  of 
it  is  that  the  mission  system,  if  not  perfect,  was  a 
good  one;  the  missionaries  were  in  the  main  sensible 
and  honest  men,  and  the  natives  were  as  a  rule  well 
treated.  Slight  defects  and  excesses  were  sufficiently 
guarded  against  by  Franciscan  and  ecclesiastical  reg- 
ulations, while  secular  interference  on  account  of  a 
few  isolated  complaints  against  individuals  was  not 
advisable."  It  was  in  tliis  year  Fr.  iSuperior  Tapis  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  vicar-general  for  Califor- 
nia   from    the  bishop    of  Sonera.    (4) 

On  Octol)er  1st,  180(),  Fr.  Jose  Gasol,  the  guardi- 
an, issued  an  important  series  of  regulations  for  the 
guidance  of  the  California  Fathers.  Most,  of  the  six- 
teen articles  relate  to  details  of  eccdesiastical,  mis- 
sionary, and  private  life  of  tlie  religious.  Am»)ng 
other  things  <^he  Fr.  Guardian  required  an  annual 
meeting  of  the  Fathers  of  the  diiferent  districts  at 
San  Francisco,  San  Carlos,  San  Fuis  Obispo,  Santa 
Barbara,  San  Gabriel,  and  San  Diego,  for  the  spirit- 
ual exercises,  for  consultation,  and  mutual  consola- 
tion 

The  introduction  reads  as  follows:  "Fr.  Jose  Gasol, 
of  the  Regular  Ol^servance  of  Our  Holy  Father  Saint 
Francis,  etc.,  to  the  Reverend  Father  President  and 
other  religious  of  the  said  college,  serving  in  the  mis- 
sions of  Monterey,  San  Diego,  Santa  Barbara,  and 
others  founded,  or  which  may    be    founded,    in    New 


14}    Banc,  U   P;    -^i'-i^, 


('.'alifornia  utuler  chariie  nud  divet'tiou  of  the  said  i-ol- 
leiic-'.  (trace  in  Our  Lord  Jesus  Clirist  wiiirh  is  llie 
true  i!,race. 

'"The  lu.ur  has  at  h\>\  ((n:e  \\  hi(  h  1  .-o  much  (\c- 
sired,  Reverend  Fatliers  and  dearest  Hrelhern  in  Jesus 
Christ,  to  open  to  \'our  IJcvereiices  my  ))reast  and 
nuinifest  to  you  the  sentiments  of  zeal  and  viiiilance 
with  which  my  heart  is  penetrated  not  oidy  for  those 
sons  of  our  heh)ved  college  who  live  within  its  cells, 
l)ut  also  for  those  who  outside  of  it  exercise  the  func- 
tions of  our  apostolic  ministry.  To  hotli  alike  should 
extend  my  lateiiial  lolicitude;  ai.d  Your  Ueverences 
yourselves,  if,  on  account  of  I  eirii'  so  far  from  your 
coUeiie,  deprived  of  the  exliortations,  counsels,  and 
corrections  conducive  to  spiritual  consolation,  uiij^ht 
with  reason  complain  of  my  neiilijience.  In  order, 
then,  that  you  may  not  have  the  sliiihtest  reason  for 
complaint,  nor  for  accusiuii  me  in  the  presence  of  the 
Lord  of  remissness  in  speakinii,  advisinii',  and  eorrect- 
iuii  whatever  is  worthy  of  advice  or  correction,  I 
have  resolved,  with  the  consent  of  the  Venerable 
Discretory,  to  direct  to  Your  Reverences  this  cir- 
cular for  the  purpose  of  establishinii  some  jjoints 
which  all  must  observe  in  order  that,  by  means  of 
this  reliiiious  conformity,  there  may  be  preserved 
among  you  the  peace  for  which  yo  zealously  strove 
the  founders  of  those  missions,  sons  of  this  apostolic 
ccdlege,  and  that  there  may  be  an  end  of  the  clam- 
ors which,  by  reason  of  some  infractions  by  certain 
missionaries,  have  reached  not  only  me  and  my  pre- 
decessors, l)ut  the  viceroyalty  of  this  capital."  Then, 
follow  the  10  articles  of  the  instruction  proper.    (5) 

The  Spanish  territory  in  1800  was  limited  to  a  nar- 
row strip  along  the  coast  from  San  Francisco  to  San 
Diego.  Soleddd  mission,  the  most  inland  establish- 
ment, was  not  ever  thirty  miles    from    the   sea.    The 

(5)    Banc.  II,  n-i'L 


—  138  — 

vast  interior  was  a  tierra  incognita.  In  1774  Jran 
Baiitista  de  Anza,  accompanied  by  Fr.  Diaz  of  the 
Qiieretaro  Franciscan  college,  came  from  the  Colora- 
do River  to  San  Gal)riel  across  th.e  country,  I'rom 
southeast  to  northwest,  by  a  route  practically  the 
same  as  that  followed  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Rail- 
road. In  1775  and  1776  Anza  brought  a  colony  to  Cal- 
ifornia by  tlie  same  route,  accompanied  this  time  by 
Fr.  Pedro  Font  of  the  Queretaro  college.  In  connec- 
tion with  this  expedition  Fr.  Franci&co  Garces  made 
an  extensive  and  important  exploration  a  little  fur- 
ther north.  He  went  up  tlie  Colorado  to  the  Mojave 
region,  and  crossed  westward  by  tlie  thirty-fifth  ])ar- 
allel  and  Mojave  River  to  San  (inbriel ;  then  i)r()- 
ceeding  northward  he  traversed  tlie  famous  mountain 
passes  into  the  great  Tulare  Valley,  nearly  reaching 
the  latitude  of  Tulare  Lake;  and  finally,  he  passed 
out  of  the  valley  eastward  and  returned  along  th.e 
thirty-fifth  parallel  to  the  Colorado.  Fr.  (4arces  had 
thus  explored  what  is  now  Kern  and  San  Bernardino 
counties,  l)ut,  tliough  his  diary  was  preserved  in  Mex- 
ico, and  tlie  results  of  his  explorations  were  pre- 
served in  Yy.  Font's  map,  these  results  were  soon 
completely  forgotten.   (6) 

Several  expeditions  ^^ere  made  into  the  interior 
during  1804-1810  with  a  view  to  finding  new  fields 
for  missionary  zeal.  Thus  Fr.  Martin,  then  it  seems 
stationed  at  San  Jose,  made  a  visit  to  tl;e  valley  of 
the  Tulares  and  reached  a  rancheria  of  the  Bubal 
named  La  Salv  ■,  l)ut  ace -mpli-lu  d  nothing.  Another 
expedition  under  Luis  Arguello  and  Fr.  Fria  was  in 
preparation  at  San  Francisco,  l)ut  of  this  one  nothing 
further  is  known.  On  June  20th,  1806,  Fr.  Saiu-hez  ac- 
comiDan'ed  a  parly  from  San  Lui<  Hey  towards  San 
Migu?l,  and  retunud  on  -July  i  Itli,  after  visiting  tlie 
ranclierias  I'or  nearly  thirty  leagues  around. 


(01     B;.ncr<ft,    TI,    IMt. 


—  1:^0  — 

Fn.  Zalvidea  accompanied  another  expedition  which 
set  out  from  Santa  Barbara  on  July  19th,  1809.  The 
route  first  ran  north  from  Santa  In^s,  and  then  east- 
Avard  into  the  ^reat  plain.  In  what  seems  to  have 
been  -the  ^''isalia  re^^ion,  Fr.  Zalvidea  i'ouiid  an  ex- 
cellent site  for  a  mission,  l:)ut  most  of  the  country 
passed  was  arid  and  unfit  for  missionary  i)urposes.  The 
northern  limit  of  their  marcli  seems  to  have  been  th.e 
vsouthern  boundary  of  Fresno  County.  Proceedinji' 
southward,  they  traversed  Tejon  or  Tehachapi  Pass, 
followed  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  San  Gabriel 
Range  until  they  turned  west,  and  crossed  the  moun- 
tains to  San  Gal)riel  on  the  14th  of  Auiiiist.  The  na- 
tives as  a  rule  were  friendly  and  willing  to  receive 
missionaries;  several  also  received  baptism  at  Ihe 
hands  of  Fr.  Zalvidea.  The  Father  kept  a  diary  of 
this  trip  which  is  reproduced  in  sul)stance  by  Ban- 
croft. 

On  September  21st  an  exploring  expedition  started 
out  from  San  Juan  Bautista  under  Ensign  Moraga, 
accompanied  by  Fr.  Pedro  Munoz  wlio  kept  a  diary 
of  this  tour  which  also  may  be  found  in  Bancroft. 
The  course  was  somewhat  north  of  east  from  San 
Juan,  and  crossed  the  San  Joaquin  near  the  present 
l)oundary  between  Merced  and  Fresno  where  it  turned 
nortliward.  The  first  large  stream  crossed,  and  deemed 
the  best  place  in  all  tlie  northern  region  for  a  mi;-- 
sion,  was  named  Nuestra  Senora  de  la  Merced,  still 
called  Merced  River.  A  soldier,  wlio  c^iimed  to  havc^ 
l)een  witli  the  (>xi)edition,  declared  tliat  they  explored 
the  whole  country  from  the  head  of  ti;e  San  Joacpiin 
up  north  along  the  Sacramento  and  the  Sierra  Neva- 
da. From  their  camp  many  trips  were  made  into  the 
snow  mountains.  The  natives  in  the  north  were  tim- 
id, and  only  in  a  few  instances  friendly  intercourse 
could  be  establislied.  Some  of  tlie  Indians  professed 
a  willingness  to  become  Christians.  Al)ove  the  Rio  de 


—  140  — 

la  Pasioii,  possiljly  the  Calaveras,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Stncktoii,  there  was  a  total  (hauge  of  language  Nvhii-h 
prevented  all  intercourfie.  On  November  2d  the  ex- 
plorers  returned  and  reached  I^an  Fernando, 

In  his  missionary  report  Fr.  Tapis  stated  that  four 
expeditions  accompanied  l)y  Franciscans  had  been 
made  within  the  year  LS06.  The  gentiles  had  every- 
where manifested  a  desire  to  h.ave  missionaries. 
Twenty-four  rancherias  had  1)een  discovered  with  5, 
300  inhabitants,  of  whom  192  had  l)een  l)aptized  by 
the  Fathers,  Only  four  or  live  good  sites  for  missions 
had  been  found,  all  lying  between  the  parallel  of 
San  Miguel  and  San  Francisco.  These  prospective  es- 
tablishments would  require  a  new  presidio  for  their 
protection,  ))ecause  of  their  remoteness  and  of  the 
numerous  gentiles  who  dwelled  beyond  the  region 
explored.   (7) 

In  1810  Ensign  Moraga  and  Fr.  \'iader  made  two 
expeditions  toward  the  San  Joaquin,  in  order  to 
find  new  mission  sites.  Fr.  Viader  kept  diaries  of 
both  trips.  The  first  was  made  from,  San  Jose  on  the 
15th  of  August  and  continued  to  tiie  27th,  when  they 
reached  San  Juan  Bautista.  The  second  tour  began 
from  San  Jose  on  October  19th,  and  continued  to 
the  27th,  when  the  party  returned  to  Santa  Clara. 
Nothing  seems  to  have  resulted  from  these  two  ex- 
peditions.  (S) 

Only  one  mission,  Santa  Ines,  was  added  durir.g 
the  lirst  decade  of  the  nineteenth  century  to  the 
eighteen  existing  in  1800.  During  the  same  period 
twenty  religious  retired  to  their  college  on  account 
of  ill  health,  or  on  the  expiration  of  tlieir  term  of 
service;  ten  died  in  California,  and  twenty-eight  new 
missionaries  came  from  Mexico;  so  that  there  were 
thirty-eight  Fathers  at  work  among  the  Indians  in 
1810.  Of  the  old    pioueervS,    who    came    to    California 

iT)    Bancroft,  11,  'iC-riB,      (,«,)    iJauc,  U,  wO. 


—  141  — 

with  Fr.  Junipero  Serra,  the  venerable  Fr.  Francisco 
Dumetz  alone  was  left  to  see  fourteen  days  of  the 
.second  decade.   (8) 

During  this  first  decade  of  the  century  the  mission- 
aries in  California  Ijaptized  22,000  i)erFonR  of  whom 
12,000  were  Indian  adult;*.  The  smallest  numl)er  l)ai)- 
tized  in  a  year  at  the  missions  was  80(S  in  1809,  and 
the  laro-est  4,250  in  180:3,  not  only  the  larjiest  in  this 
decade,  hut  in  the  whok>  course  of  the  mission  histo- 
ry during-  a  like  period.  l(i,725  ])ers()ns  died,  of  whom 
6,000  were  children  under  eight  years  of  age.  The 
total  gain  in  neoi)hyte  population  was  from  1-3,668  in 
1800  to  18,770  in  1810,  that  is  to  say  5,162.  On  an 
average  779  marriages  were  solemnized  each  year.   (9) 

Large  stock  increased  to  141,000  head  vSniall.  stock, 
mostly  sheep,  gained  from  86,000  to  157,000  head. 
Agricultural  i)roducts  amounted  to  83,000  l)ushels  per 
year,  most  of  which  was  wheat.   (10) 

,'Si     Banc.     II.    loT-JS.  Tlie  Fathers  who  loft  Califomii  did  not   depart 

at  tlie  same  time.  Tliu8  Fathters  Jacinto  Lopez  and  Lorenzo  Marelo 
tiailod  on  OctoborOth,  ls()].  Fathers  Ibafioz  and  Gil  camo  to  take  their 
plac:i  ii  Ausii^t,  whilst  Fr.  Pujol  dind.  Fr.  E^tovan  wa.s  the  only  mission- 
ary to  retire  in  1812.  In  ISO!  Fath-^rs  L  isuen  and  F.  M.  Sanchez  died,  and 
Fr.  Panella  retired.  On  November  ;!()th  th"  Fr.  Guardian  wrot<^  tliat  of  th> 
fourteen  religious  asked  for  only  seven  had  offered  to  ko.  Nevertheless  tc^n 
new  Fatltrrs  orrived  in  the  following  year;  thcL-e  wore  Amestoy,  Anioro-, 
P.  ("abot,  Cueva,  Dnlanto,  Gutierrez,  Mufioz,  J.  B.  Sanchez,  Sanclio,  and 
Urresti.  Fr.  Urresti  was  the  superior  of  this  band  of  missionaries  while  on 
tiie  road.  On  the  other  liand  Fr.  CVuzado  died,  and  Fatliers  Barccnilla, 
Mirtiareni,  Martinez,  and  Vin  il-:  sailed  away  in  Nov.  or  Dec.  In  ISO.")  tli> 
new-comers  were  Fathers  .Juan  Cibot,  L.izaro,  Quintana,  S  lizar,  and  Zil- 
videa.  The  departures  were  Fathers  Fernandez,  Cortf^z,  Gonzalez,  and  F.  .1. 
All  had  worked  zealou-^ly  and  completed  tlieir  t-rm.  Uria.  Fr.  Uria  re- 
turned sometime  later.  The  arrivals  in  l.HOC)  were  Fathers  Bosacna,  Duran, 
Furtuni.  and  Saenz.  Fathers  Cueva  and  Gutierrez,  sailed  for  Mexico  in 
Nov.  In  this  year,  Fr.  Santa  Maria  died.  In  1896  Fr.  Lilzaro  died.  In  l.S(W 
Fatliers  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta  and  Sutler  arrived,  whilst  Fathers  Carnicer, 
.loM^ Garcia,  and  .I.A.Uiia  retired.  In  Nov.  Fathers  Sitjar  and  Dulanto  died- 
on  tlie  mission.  Three  Fatliers ;  Sarria,  Ulibarri,  and  Rodrifruez  can.e  to 
California  in  .June  18  9;  andtv.o:  Fatliers  Faura  and  Iturrate  retired  in 
Oct.  In  ]81()  tlie  arrivals  were  Fathers  Marquinez  and  Panto;  tlie  depar- 
tures Fatliers  Cirranza  and  Santiago;  but  Fatliers  C'iprc?^  and  Landaeta 
died.  (9)  Rai.r.  IJ,  l.ir-lCO.  "Inforir.cs  Gcncrales"  1M(M81().  The  fituic  s 
in  these  oflicial  reports  of  the  Fathers  do  not  apree  entirely  witli  tjiose 
furnish-^d  by  Bancroft.  T!ie  same  is  true  cf  the  numbcro  fivcn  by  him  iij 
1800.  1 10,1     Banc,  II.  ICO. 


—  142  — 


BiTt'ATiON  Of  TflE  Fatiieks  DuriNG  The  Eevcll-t:c;<-aey  Pekiod— Want 
Of  MispioxAEirn— UNyuccEssFEL  Effoet  To  Cede  Some  Of  The  Mis- 
sions To  The  Orizaba  Feaxciscans— Office  Of  Comisaeid  Peefecto 
Ceeated— Fe.  Saeia's  Cieculaes— A  Waenixg  Fecm  The  Fe.  Guaedian- 
A  Request  Feom  The  Ccmmissaey  Gekeeae— Fe.  SliIan  Oedeeed  To 
Weite  a  niSTOEY  Of  The  Missions— Fr.  Payeeas'  Eepoet— Statistics. 

The  situation  of  the  missionaries  during  the  revolu- 
tionary pericd  of  1810-1S50  was  a  trying  one  indeed, 
says  Bancroft.  Not  only  were  they  deprived  of  their 
stipends,  (1)  and  their  missions  of  the  articles  which 
those  stipends  had  formerly  procured,  but  they  were 
obliged  to  exchange  the  mission  products,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  which  liad  also  1  ccn  devoted  to  the  same 
end,  for  orders  on  the  royal  treasury  which  they  had 
every  reason  to  fear  would  never -be  paid,  as  indeed 
they  never  were.  Yet  he  sneeringly  adds:  ''After  all, 
if  they  did  have  to  support  the  whole  province,  and 
notwithstanding  their  troubles,  they  were  much  bet- 
ter oif  than  any  other  class.  .  .  .  And  I  have  no  doubt 
that  several  of  the  friars  accumulated  by  their  irreg- 
u'ai-  ccmmn-cial  oie.'ations  large  sums  of  money  dur- 
ing this  period  and  a  little  latter."  For  this  benevo- 
lent lling  at  the  devoted  missionaries  Bancroft  gives 
no  other  evidence  than  his  "I  have  no  doubt. "(2) 

Elsewhere  (8)  he  forgets  his  bigotry  and  rightly 
declares:  "Upon  the  Franciscan  establishments  fell  the 
whole  burden  of  supporting  the  provincial  govern- 
n:ent  and  the  troops,  and  their  dues  for  unpaid  drafts 
amounted    to    nearly    half   a    million    dollars  in  1820. 

(1^    Tho30  auuaal  piymoatj  to  tin    FathoM  waro    interrupted  from    1811- 
isy4.     {•!)    Bancrolt  II,  196.     (:<)    Ibid.  II,  -lUJ-lUG, 


—  143  — 

Not  a  dollar  of  stipend  wa;;  received  by  the  friars 
during  the  entire  decade;  and  not  a  ;  iniile  invoice  of 
goods  for  the  missions,  goods  usnally  bought  with  the 
proceeds  of  habilitado's  drafts  ;;nd  the  friars'  sti- 
pends, could  be  forwarded,  except  one  or  two  of  very 
jinall  an.iount  oljtained  from  other  sources.  The  fact 
that  the  stipends  came  from  the  Pious  Fund,  to 
which  the  treasury  had  no  claim  save  as  a  kind  of 
trustee  for  the  missions,  and  the  fact  that  the  other 
missionaries  were  not  so  entirely  neglected  as  those 
of  California,  made  the  situation  all  the  more  exas- 
perating; yet  llie  protests  and  complaints  of  the 
friars  were  neither  co  frequent  nor  so  bitter  as  might 
bj  exp3,'tel,  c-):iud?ring  tlij  legal  rights  that  were 
b'eing  violated.*' 

Ix  September  l.sll  there  came  two  letters,  dated 
Fe))ruary  20th,  and  April  18tli,  from  Fr.  Guardian 
Garijo  to  Fr.  Tapi?.  In  t'.i-s-  letters  the  guardian 
explained  the  impossibility  of  sending  missionaries  or 
supplies  this  year,  and  the  uselessness  of  trying  to 
bring  to  tlie  viceroy's  ;,tlention  any  lueasure  for  the 
good  of  California,  on  accoun.t  of  tlie  revolution  then 
raging  in  Mexico.  A  company  of  iive  Fathers,  newly 
arrived  from  vSpain,  succeeded,  however,  after  luuch 
trouble  from  the  rebels,  in  reaching  Loreto  by  water 
from  Acapulco,  and  thence  came  overland  to  San  Di- 
ego in  July  1814.   (4) 

The  greatest  trouble  of  the  California  missions,  or 
that  about  which  most  was  written,  was  that  of  ob- 
taining new  missionaries  to  take  tlie  place  of  those 
that  had  died,  of  the  aged  and  inlirm,  and  of  those 
that,  having  served  out  their  term,  were  anxious  for 
one  reason  or  another  to  retire.  Tli?  failure  to  pay 
stipends  seems  to  have  b?en  the  smallest  difficulty  in 
the  way;  the  failure  of  the  government  to  pay  trav- 
eling expenses  was   a    more  formidable  obstacle;   and 


(4)    Banc,  II,  1?7 ;  190. 


—  144  — 

worse  yet,  the  college  had  rarely  any  Fathers  to 
spare  for  the  northern  field.  As  early,  therefore,  as 
1811  a  proposition  was  made  to  the  Fernandinos  to 
cede  half  tlie  Oalifornin  missions  to  the  Franciscan 
college  of  Orizaba,  but  it  was  rejected  by  the  discre- 
tory.  In  1S16  Governor  ^o\n  wrote  to  tlie  viceroy  on 
the  p-eat  need  of  Fathers  to  relieve  the  old  and  in- 
firm, attend  to  chaplain  and  pncldo  duties,  aiul  to 
foun.d  new  missions  in  the  east.  Twenty  v,as  the 
number  asked  for,  and  he  su.-iiicsted  that  they  miirlit 
be  obtained  from  Ori/>al)a,  either  acting  for  their  own 
college,  or    incorporated    with    that    of  San  Fernando. 

In  1817,  however,  nine  missions  from  Purisima 
south  were  ceded  to  the  Orizaba  college,  the  reason 
being  inability  to  carry  on  so  great  a  missionary 
work  foi-  want  of  missionaries.  The  cession  was  ac- 
cepted July  16th,  and  approved  by  the  viceroy.  It 
was  announced  in  Oalifornia  by  Fr.  iSerra  in  a  circu- 
lar of  Octol)er  11th;  and  in  a  report  of  November 
oth,  he  expressed  his  pleasure  at  the  transaction.  On 
September  12th,  181S,  the  Fr.  Guaj'dian  wrote  that 
arrangements  had  l)een  made  f(n'  seven  of  the  Oriza- 
ba Fathers  to  come  in  that  year  to  take  charge  of 
the  missions  transferred  to  them,  and  that  the  vice- 
roy liad  ordered  their  travelling  expenses  to  l)e  i)aid. 
At  th.e  same  time  he  urged  the  Fathers  to  receive 
the  new-comers  kindly,  and  to  rememl)er  that  all 
were  Franciscans.  However,  on  account  of  the  war 
there  was  a  delay  of  two  years  in  sending  the  new 
miss'onaries. 

Meaxwhiik,  ol)stacIes  arose  in  Oalifoniia  v>hich  i)re- 
vented  them  from  being  sent  at  all.  While  Father 
Prefect  Sarria  was  pleased  with  the  transfer  of  the 
southern  missions,  the  Fathers  stationed  at  those  mis- 
sions were  surprised  and  very  much  displeased.  Fr. 
I're^.ident  Payeras  shared  their  feelings,  but  consoled 
the  misdonarieti  until  in  1815',  l)ecoming  sole  superior 


—  145  — 

of  the  inib^sioii?^,  lie  was  in  a  position  to  express  his 
views-'.  He  then  protested  to  the  Fr.  (iluardian  that 
the  northern  missions,  which  were  to  be  retained, 
were  but  worthless  skeletons  in  comparison  with  those 
in  the  south,  which  were  to  be  given  up.  He  insisted 
on  delay,  at  least,  so  that  the  Fathers  in  California 
could  be  consulted.  Both  guardian  and  viceroy  saw 
the  justice  of  this  request;  a  stay  of  proceedings  was 
ordered  until  the  question  could  be  thoroughly  ven- 
tilated. 

Meanwhile  four  P'athers  from  each  college  were  or- 
dered to  California  to  take  the  places  that  might  lie 
assigned  them  temporarily.  The  Orizaba  religious,  how- 
ever, refused  to  come  to  California  on  the  experimen- 
tal basis  proposed,  so  that  the  four  from  8an  Fernan- 
do arrived  alone.  It  is  not  known  how  the  question 
was  settled  in  Mexico;  l)ut  it  could  not  make  itself 
heard  above  the  political  din  of  the  next  few  years, 
and  never  reappeared  in  California.   (5) 

Fr.  Estevan  Tapis  was  the  president  of  the  mission, 
until  1812.  On  July  13th  of  that  year  the  college  of 
San  Fernando  elected  Fr.  Jose  iSenan  to  succeed  Fr. 
Tapis.  He  took  charge  of  his  ofKce  in  December,  and 
held  it  until  1815.  He  was  also  appointed  vicar-gen- 
eral by  the  bishop  of  Sonora,  and  continued  to  reside 
at  San  Buenaventura;  but  his  powers  were  abridged 
at  this  time  by  the  creation  of  a  new  and  higher  of- 
ilce.  On  the  same  day  that  Fr.  Senan  was  elected 
president  of  the  missions,  there  was  also  an  election 
of  a  comlsario  prefecto  in  the  person  of  Fr.  Sarria. 
It  was  not  until  a  year  later,  July  1818,  that  he  an- 
nounced his  assumption  of  the  office.  The  duties  of  his 
position  were  not  specifie;!  in  the  announc.ment  of  his 
election,  but  they  were  made  clear,  not  only  by  the 
prefect's  subsequent  acts,  but  through  an  explanation 
of  Fr.  Sarria  given  in  later  years.  From  this    ins'ruc- 

1,5}    Baiicrol't,  II,  1()7-U0. 


—  14(1  — 

tion  we  learn  that  the  Fr.  Prefect  was  tlie  president's 
superior,  and  the  delegate  of  the  Franciscan  commip- 
sary  general.  He  was  likewise  commissary  of  the  In- 
quisition, and  had  full  control  of  all  matters  per- 
ta' nnig  to  the  temporal  management  of  tiie  mis- 
sions. The  president,  on  the  other  iiand,  -while  subject 
to  the  prefect  in  business  matters,  was  responsil'le 
only  to  the  Fr.  Guardian  in  spiritual  matters,  and 
was  also  the  bishop'.s  vicar  general.  ''There  Avas  TiCver 
any  clashing  between  the  two,  nor  any  apparent  jeal- 
ousy,'' Bancroft  informs  us.  Prefect  Sarria's  head- 
quarters was  at  San  Cnrlos,  l>ut  he  travelled  f n  m 
place  to  place  frequently. 

Ix  1815  Fr.  Mariano  Payeras  was  chosen  president 
in  place  of  Fr,  Senan,  whose  term  had  expired.  He 
was  reelected  in  1818.  For  a  time  Fr.  Payeras  pos- 
sessed all  the  old  authority  of  president,  as  the  Fr. 
Guardian  notified  him  that,  in  the  a])sence  of  orders 
from  Spain,  no  election  for  perfect  had  been  held, 
and  tliat  the  office  no  longer  existed.  No  official  in- 
formation reached  Fr.  Sarria ;  but  ,in  a  circular  he 
announced  that  on  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  six 
years  he  would  no  longer  hold  the  position.  Yr.  Pa- 
yeras issued  a  circular  accepting  with  sorrow  the 
full  rcs])onsibilities  of  the  presidency  as  it  existed  in 
former  years.  In  October  1819,  however,  a  Jiew  elec- 
tion was  held,  and  Fr.  Payeras  was  raised  to  the  jjo- 
sition  of  i)refect,  while  Fr.  Scnnn  was  again  made 
president.  The  two  Fathers  assunied  their  resi)e('tive 
offices  on  April  1st,  1820,  and  on  the  -1th  Fr.  Payeras 
appointed  Fr.  Senan  his  vice-prefect.   (6) 

On  assuming  the  office  of  prefect  Fr.  Sarria  issued 
a  pastoral  letter  dated  San  Carlos  July  8th,  1818.  It 
was  directed  to  the  missionaries,  and  divided  into  48 
articles.  Among  other  things  he  enjoined  a  strict 
compliance  with  th.e  Rules  of  St.  Francis,  warned  the 

iG)     Kancif-ft,  II,  ::{t5-:;f»i'. 


—  1  IT  — 

religious  not  to  ne;ilect  the  annual  spiritual  exercises, 
and  especially  urged  them  to  acqnWe  the  Indian  lan- 
guage so  as  to  be  ahle  to  teach  religion  and  the  cat- 
echism in  the  native  idiom.  Thouiih  he  favored  the 
teacl)ing  of  Spanish  to  the  Indians  in  accordance 
with  the  king's  wishcF,  lie  objected  to  the  parrot-like 
repetitions  by  the  neophytes  of  religious  truths  in  a 
language  they  did  r.ot  understand.  Accordingly,  we 
find  the  missionaries,  in  their  reports  of  1815,  stating 
that  religious  instruction  was  given  in  Spanish  and 
the  vernacular  alternately.  More  than  half  the  arti- 
cles of  Fr.  Sarrin's  circular  is  devoted  to  details  of 
the  spiritual  liainiig  (f  ).((il;>Us.  He  rcmirdcd  ll:e 
missionaries  that,  in  the  absence  of  curates,  the  souls 
of  the  Spanish  settlers  must  not  be  neglected,  and 
alluded  to  the  management  of  the  temporalities  as  a 
duty  which  must  not  detract  attention  from  more 
solemn  spiritual  ol)ligati<;ns,  r.nd  closed  as  he  had  be- 
gun with  an  exhortation. 

Ox  January  25th,  3817,  the  Fr.  Prefect  again  ad- 
dressed the  religious  in  a  letter  divided  into  27  arti- 
cles. He  had  just  completed  a  tour  of  inspection 
which,  he  affirmed,  had  filled  him  with  joy  and  satis- 
faction. Yet  he  had  noted  that  some  of  the  rooms  of 
the  Fathers  were  much  too  !a -ge  and  sumptu' u-ly  fur- 
nished for  the  ''cells  of  ])oor  evangelical  toilers.'-  He 
was  grieved  at  this,  and  at  ccn-tain  comforts  in  clotli- 
ing  and  food  more  in  accord  with  tlie  "spirit  of  the 
world"  tlKiii  witli  Fianci.M-an  Uules.  (7)  He  entreat- 
ed them  to  avoid  scru])ul()usly  every  ap])earance  of 
woiTlly  ease,   ar.d   not  to    wear    shoes    except    in    case 

(7)  In  \\U  instructions  of  ISCKj  Fr.  Gasol,  the  (guardian  in  Mexico,  insisted 
tliat  the  Fathers  part  witli  certain  silver  watches,  which  had  to  be  .sent 
to  Guadalajara  and  sold  for  tlie  benefit  of  tlie  Indians.  It  was  not  per- 
mitted to  sell  them  to  naval  or  militar.v  officers  in  California  for  fear 
that  .stcrio.*:  of  mission  luxui-.v  in  that  province,  inconsistent  with  tlio 
vow  of  provert.v.  .-lioul  1  become  current  in  Mexico  and  Spain.  In  the 
same  docviment  tli-^  Fatli'^r^  wer^  al  •  ■>  instructed  ti  avoid  suspicin  by 
er-plo.vi-.:-;  non-"  but   nnb  servant-.        Bancroft,    II,  lOo. 


—  148  — 

of  great  necessity,  and  Ijy  formal  pernnssion  from 
the  superior  or  confessor.  He  wnrned  them  to  avoid 
suspicious  company  and  all  counsel  and  association 
with  women,  that  no  breath  of  scandal  mi<>;ht  be 
raised.  The  matter  of  ncijlcH  to  teach  in  the  native 
tongue  was  touched  upon  more  euiphaticalli/  than  he- 
tore.   (8) 

On  December  19th,  1817,  Fr  President  Fayeras  is- 
sued a  circular  to  the  Fatliers  on  their  duties  as 
priests,  confessors,  and  i;uardians  of  public  morals, 
with  particular  relerence  to  their  oblii!,ativ)ns  toward 
the  Spanish  population. 

In  1820  Fr.  Lopez,  the  iiuardian  of  8an  Fernando, 
addressed  the  missionaries  in  California  on  their 
worldly  extravagance,  and  warned  them  earnestly  a- 
gainst  even  the  appearance  of  evil.  It  had  been  re- 
ported in  Mexico  that  the  Franciscans  in  Califori-ia, 
forgetting  the  example  of  their  predecessors,  of  whom 
only  the  old  and  inlirm  had  travelled  on  horseback, 
or  otherwise  than  on  foot,  were  using  carts  with  two 
wheels,  and  even  wagons  with  fouK  wheels.  This  fact 
had  given  rise  in  Mexico  to  the  scandalous  report 
fiat  the  Fathers  in  Cal'foniia,  far  from  e  idvring  hard- 
ships, were  living  in  wealth  and  ease.  Hence  the  dis- 
cretory  of  the  college  had  voted  unanimously  that  ev- 
ery carriage  must  be  burnt-at  once,  if  it  could  not  be 
converted  to  some  other  use  than  carrying  the  mis- 
sionaries. The  Fr.  Prefect  was  charged  with  tlie  im- 
mediate execution  of  this  order,  which  was,  however, 
accompanied  with  much  praise  of  those  same  Fathers 
for  their  faithfulness  in  other  respects.   (9) 

In  May  1.S16  Fr.  Juan  Buenaventura  Bestard,  com- 
missary general  of  the  Indies,  called  upon  the  Amer- 
ican members  of  the  Franciscan  Order  for  informa- 
tion about  themselves,  their  past  lives,  and  present 
positions.  The  reports  were    to    bo    rendered    to    their 


m  Dattc.  11,  m-m.      (£»)  \m^  ii,  iw» 


—  HO  — 

immediate  superiors,  who  were  to  add  notes  on  the 
various  topics.  In  accordance  with  this  request,  Fr. 
Sarrla,  on  May  23d,  1817,  sent  out  a  circular  of 
ei{j;lit  blank  leaves,  enclosing:  a  copy  of  Fr.  Bestard's 
order,  and  in  a  few  lines  on  the  first  page  of  his  cir- 
cular he  called  for  the  record  of  their  lives  and  ser- 
vices.  Each,  on  receiving  the  document,  inscribed  on 
it  a  brief  autobiography  of  himself,  signed  his  name 
and  position,  and  papfcd  llie  paper  to  the  nearest 
companion  missionary,  until  within  a  month  the  cir- 
cular contained  the  life  of  each  of  the  thirty-five  Fa- 
tliers  then  stationed  in  California.  The  original  state- 
ments thus  obtained  were  embodied  with  additions 
in  Fr.  Sarria's  report  of  November  5th,  1817.   (10) 

Ix  August  1818  tlie  commissary  general  instructed 
the  prefect  to  release  Fr.  8enan  from  other  duties  in 
order  that  he  might  be  induced  to  prepare  a  histori- 
cal account  of  the  missions,  a  work  wliich  he  was  ex- 
horted to  begin  in  the  Lord's  name  and  with  the  Fr. 
commissary's  blessing.  In  September  1819,  Fr.  Paye- 
ras,  liaving  consulted  Fr.  Senan  and  obtained  his  con- 
sent to  undertake  the  task,  instructed  all  the  Fathers 
to  render  him  every  p,ossible  assistance.  Fr.  8enan, 
however,  died  in  182r'3,  and  there  is  no  evidence  that 
he  left  any  ]»nrt  of  his  work  completed,  though, 
doubtless,  he  coHected  some  matennl  i'or  his  mission- 
ary chronicle.   (11) 

On  September  17th,  1819,  (12)  Fr.  President  Payc- 
ras  made  a  report  to  the  governor,  which  was  an  elo- 
(pient  statement  of  the  mission  troubles,  i)articularly 
in  their  relations  1o  the  i:)agans  and  the  runaway  ne- 
ophytes. Formerly,  says  Fr.  Payeras,  the  soldiers  pro- 
tected both  Fathers  and  settlers,  kept  the  Indians 
under  the  sweet  yoke  of  the  Gospeb  and  insjjired  re- 
spect and  fear  among  the  gentiles;  Init  now  the  spir- 
it   of    insul)ordination    and    independence     spreading 

aO)    Bancroft  II.  ll,t:;!-:w.    01)    Ibid.  -JlO-ni.    (12)    Ibid.  i04-J05. 


—  loO  — 

through  the  world  had  reached  California  and  airect- 
ed  both  soldiers  and  Indians.  The  neophytes  were  de- 
sertin^i,'  the  missions,  and  the  I'iii^ans,  nnder  the  lead- 
ership of  renc«:ade  Clnistiar.s,  were  daily  beeominsi- 
more  bold  and  hostile. 

The  population  of  i'^panish  and  mixed  l^lood,  known 
as  j;ente  de  razon,  at  the  (dore  of  1820  amounted  to 
0,270  souls.  The  total  n.eophyte  p-opulation  liad  in- 
creased fnmi  18,770  to  20,4755  in  the  ten  years,  and 
there  were  twenty  missions,    (153) 

Ov  tlie  thirty-nine  Fathers  in  the  province  at  the 
end  of  1810,  four  had  retired  to  the  rolleiie  Ijefore 
1820;  seven  luid  died  at  ti:cir  p(^ts;  ;ind  nine  riew 
Fathers  had  entered  the  Held,  ro  that  thirty-seven 
still  remained  at  work  among  the  natives  of  Califor- 
nia. Fr.  Senan  was  the  only  one  left  of  those  who 
had  come  before  1790.   (14) 

The  number  of  baptisms  in  all  the  missic.ns  during 
this  ptri(,d  1810-1S2O  was  1^,71^.  As  n:any  as  16,525 
persons  died,  :;r.d  4,Cl'5  marriages  were  blessed. 
Large  stock  at  the  end  of  1820  amounted  to  14t),489 
h.ead,  a  gain  of  13,183  over  1810";  small  stock,  or 
sheep,  gained  34,679  head,  there  being  191,693  in  the 
mission  pastures  at  the  end  of  1820,  while  4,953 
horses,  a  gain  cf  12i.7,  bchrgcd  to  the  missions. 
Agricultural  products  averaged  113-625  bushels  a 
year.    (15) 

The  raising  of  cotton  was  unsuccessfully  attempted 
at  San  Gal)riel  as  early  as  1808.  Olives  from  the  mis- 
sion orchards  were  utilized  in  the  manufi.cture  of  oil 


(i:!)  "Informed  Generales"  1810- 1S2U.  (Ui  Banc.  II,  :»:;-:fl7.  The  tliiit: - 
seven  on  tho  missions  in  1S2U  were  as  follows:  Abc^lLi,  Amo:  6  ,  Arrojo. 
Barona,  IJo.scaua,  Cabot,  J.,  Cabot,  P.,  CatalA,  Diiran,  Foitunl.  Oil.  .Jaini(\ 
MaitLn,  Martinez,  Payeras,  Peyri,  Rodriguez,  Saizar,  Sanchez,  Sancho, 
Sarria,  Seiian,  Sunor,  Tapis,  Ulibarri,  Uri  i,  Viador,  and  Zalvidea,  with 
the  new-conier.s :  Altimira,  E^cudt',  Est<l'iepa,  Martin,  Naez,  01b(?-, 
Oliva,  Ordaz,  and  Ripo]],^  Among  the  "pcnto  de  razon,"  or  Sinnish 
settlor.?,  n?  rc.^istord  in  the  mission  bojk.,  thoro  wore  1,:J73  baptisms, 
WS  deaths,  nnd  250  marriages.  (15)  "Informcs  Oonorale;*"  ISIO-LS'JO.  Banc-, 
foft's  llguvps  do  not  nj.rroc  with  the  rjporta  cf  the  Fathers.    


--  151   - 

at  San  Diejio,  and  at  some  other  plucejJ,  V)etwceii 
1801  and  1808.  Heiiip  was  also  cultivated  at  the  mis- 
sions. In  1810  there  were  shipped  from  8an  Gabriel, 
15,o82  pounds;  from  San  Fernando,  7,600  it)S :  Santa 
Ines,  12,508  tt.s.  ;  San  Buenaventura,  9,908  ft)s.  ;  San 
Luis',  2,044  lbs.;  Santa  Barbara,  4,588  fts.  ;  San  Die- 
go, 44,781  lbs. ;  Monterey,  4,587  ft)s. 

Manufacturing  industries  were  eontined  to  the  mis- 
sions, where  the  neophytes  under  missionary  superin- 
tendence worked  the  wool,  shorn  from  their  large 
flocks,  into  blankets  and  coarse  fabrics  which  suthced 
for  their  clotliinir.  They  also  made  soap,  tanned  vari- 
ous kinds  of  skins  and  hides,  made  shoes  and  sad- 
dles, and  did  the  rude  carpenter's,  cabinetmaker's, 
and  blacksmitlrs  work  needed  at  the  missions.  There 
are,  however,  no  s.tatistics  or  details  respecting  the 
products  of  the  mission  workshops.   (16) 


Si  CCLARIZATION       PUBLISHED      In'      CaLIFOHXIA— ThE     FaTHEES     ReaDY     To 

Leave— IssTEucTiovs  To  The  Missionaries— Fr.  Payeeas'  Protest— Ex- 
pedition To  The  North— Independence  Of  Mexico— Death  Of  Fr. 
Payeras— Death  Of  Fe.  SeAan- The  Fathers  Refuse  To  Take  T  ie 
Oath  Of  Allegiance— Fe.  Maetinez  Banished. 

As  early  as  1818  the  Spanish  Cortes  had  passed  a 
decree  secularizing,  or  rather  conliscating.  all  the  mis- 
sions in  America.  After  an  unexplained  delay  of 
seven  years,  the  royal  coniirmation  of  the  decree  was 
])ublished  by  Viceroy  Venadito  on  January  20th, 
1821.  The  news  was  at  once  forwarded  by  the 
Fr.  Guardian  to  Fr.  Payeras,  with  instructions  to 
comply  at  once  with  the  recjuirements  of    the    decree 


—  152  — 

by  surrendering  the  administration  of  the  temporali- 
ties to  the  government,  but  to  insist  on  exact  inven- 
tories and  other  rcquipite  I'ormalitiep.  He  Avas  also  to 
notify  the  bishop  that  the  Fatiiers  v/ere  ready  to  give 
up  the  missions  as  roon  as  demanded.  Accordingly, 
in  July  he  notitied  Governor  Sola  that  the  mipsion- 
aries  rejoiced  at  the  prospect  of  being  free  to  engage 
in  new  spiritual  conquests,  or  to  seek  retirement  at 
their  college.  A  similar  notice  was  sent  to  the  bishop 
of  Sonora,  and  a  corresponding  information  was  for- 
warded to  all  the  missionaric  . 

In  the  communications  of  the  Fr  Guardian  and  the 
Fr.  Prefect,  says  Bancroft,  there  appears  no  word  of 
protest,  no  complaint,  but  only  joy  as  at  relief  from 
a  burden.  Doubtless  there  was  at  the  college,  and  in 
the  minds  of  the  Fr.  President  and  the  P'r.  Prefect, 
a  feeling  of  weariness  and  disgust  arising  from  the 
complications  of  the  temporal  management  during  the 
past  ten  years,  and  a  corresponding  sense  of  relief 
from  the  measure  proposed.  Jn  his  letter  to  the  Fa- 
thers Fr.  Payeras  exhorts  them  to  have  all  in  readi- 
ness, both  temporal  and  spiritual,  so  as  "to  reply 
with  sonorous  voice  to  tlie  first  lawful  call,  whether 
ecclesiastical  or  political,  Doniine^  cere  adsu/n.'' 

Governor  Sola  in  his  reply  to  Fr.  Payeras  stated 
that  he  had  received  no  otTlcial  news  of  the  matter 
in  question,  l)ut  Ihat  on  receipt  of  such  news  lie 
"would  ;;ct  with  the  ciicumspection  and  prudence 
which  to  delicate  a  sul)ject  demands."  Tlie  l)is]iop  of 
kSonora  replied  that  secularization  had  not  1)epn  en- 
forced anywhere  in  America,  and  that  the  California 
Fathers  might  remain  in  charge  of  their  missions.  (1) 

On  January  23d,  1821,  Fr.  Payeras  issued  a  circu- 
lar dated  at  Soledad,  in  which  he  embodied  the  views 
of  the  Fr.  Guardian  communicated  to  all  the  reli- 
gious the  year  previous  upon  Hk'  use  of  coaches,  and 

(1)  Biucroft.  n,  m-m. 


—  15:^  — 

warned  them  ag;ainst  otlier  luxuries  and  comforts  in- 
compatible with  a  rrant-irctin's  vow.  He  doubted  the 
])ropriety  of  ridinfi'  on  h.orKeback ;  but  surely  no  Fa- 
ther Fhould  ride  in  any  other  vehicle  than  tlie  ordi- 
nary cart  of  the  country  drawn  by  ox(  n  or  mule.', 
and- then  only  when  necessary,  as  in  tlie  case  of  sick- 
ness. Durinji'  the  same  year,  and  al?o  the  next,  the 
Fr.  Prefect  issued  two  other  letters  on  the  same  sub- 
ject, in  which,  liowever,  he  seems  to  have  modified 
his  views  somewhat,  as  lie  declared  that  the  Fr. 
President  need  have  no  scruples  in  using  a  cart,  and 
advised  the  aged  to  take  care  of  themselves,  since 
there  was  no  hope  of  being  relieved  from  duty.   (2) 

Ox  June  ]8th,  1821,  Fr.  Payeras  sent  a  long  and 
earnest  x)i'^^^6st  to  the  college  against  Governor  Sola's 
ever-increasing  interference  in  the  temporal  manage- 
ment of  the  missions.  The  immediate  occasion  of  this 
protest  was  Sola's  demand  for  the  original  invoices 
and  accounts  of  all  mission  trade,  in  order,  as  the 
Father  claimed  witli  reason,  to  pry  into  mission  af- 
fairs, to  show  his  authority,  and  to  learn  what  the 
misfeionaii  s  possessed. 

Fr.OM  the  tirst,  he  urged,  Sola  had  held  radical 
views  of  missionary  subordination  to  ]>rovincial  au- 
thority, and  had  regarded  the  Fathers  as  mere  admin- 
istrators of  estates.  Hitherto  tlie  governor's  inquisit- 
ive schemes  had  l)een  baffled,  chiefly  through  the 
old  time  decision  that  the  missionary  stood  hi  loco 
parentis  to  the  Indians,  and  had  exclusive  control 
of  them  and  their  property:  but  now,  in  view  of  the 
changes  in  Spain,  Sola  proposed  to  revive  his  plans, 
and  this  demand  for  papers  was  doul)tles  a  first  step 
in  that  direction.  He  pointed  to  the  progress  of  the 
missions  from  struggling  poverty  to  their  present  po- 
sition as  proof  of  the  missionaries'  successful  manage- 
ment,   and  referred  to  the  fact  that  the  missions  had 

(ts    Bancvoft,  II.  135. 


~  154  - 

supported  the  province  for  the  hist  te  i  ^ears,  du-.-iuji 
which  the  religious  had  not  received  their  annual  al- 
lowance. He  declared  that  this  year,  as  in  former 
years,  th;^  response  to  the  governor's  frequent  calls 
for  aid  liad  been  liberal  and  cheerful,  and  denied 
the  charge  that  the  missions  had  wealth  other  than 
what  was  visible,  the  most  having  from  .tlOO  to  ,$1, 
000  in  money,  and  a  few  .$3,000  or  $4,000,  which  was 
needed  for  current  expenses.  Fr.  Payeras,  moreover, 
insisted  that  the  mission  property,  though  large  in 
the  aggregate,  would  all'ord  but  little  to  each  of  its 
thousands  of  owners.   (8) 

However,  as  destitution  continued  to  press  upon 
the  soldiers,  and  the  only  source  of  relief,  as  in  for- 
mer years,  were  the  missions,  from  them  were  ob- 
tained food  and  other  articles  for  actual  consumption, 
contributions  of  produce  for  trade  with  foreign  ves- 
sels, laborers  for  iresidio  W(  rk,  cattle  for  the  com- 
pany randies,  and  ev^n  advances  of  money.  Only  in 
one  instance  did  a  Father  protest  to  his  superior 
that  the  soldiers  were  not  content  with  the  necessar- 
ies of  life,  often  coupled  their  demands  with  threats, 
and  were  always  grumbling,  no  matter  how  much 
the  missionaries  exerted  themselves.  Governor  8ola 
acknoAvledged  the  aid  received  from  the  missions,  and 
in  one  instance  the  Mexican  official  journal  took  notice 
of  it.  Thus  in  January  1821  Fr.  Payeras  deemed  the 
call  upon  the  missions  for  .$3,000  in  coin  for  an  arse- 
nal at  Monterey  just,  and  urged  each  mission  to  con- 
tribute. Each  mission  gave  from  $25-$200.  In  Febru- 
ary Sola  acknowledged  receiving  eighty  horses,  eighty 

[:i)  Bancroft,  II,  i:i:J-4;:i5.  Baccroft  here  professes  to  be  astonished  that  tlie 
Franciscans,  who  without  a  woid  of  protest  cheerfully  agreed  to  give  up 
.ill  the  missions,  could  so  earnestly  and  eloquently  resist  demands  uikju 
the  missions,  which  he  thinks  were  not  so  much  oppressed  after  all.  It 
is  strange  he  does  not  ci  mprehend  the  difference.  The  Franciscans 
claimed  nothing  for  themselves,  but  standing  in  the  position  of  parents 
towards  the  Indians  they  had  to  protect  the  rights  of  their  wards,  and 
they  did  fo  foarlosely, 


—  155  — 

saddles,  an  1  lifiy  blankets  throiiiih  Fr.  Martinez  as  a 
donation  for  tiie  troops.  San  Francisco  iiave  $J,2()() 
v.ortli  of  ^(:l])  litis  \t;;r,  ;.s  tl:e  n;i:s;(n  ]'.;;d  r.o 
wheat.  In  May  SO!)  cattle  were  furnished  hy  the  mis- 
sions, and  ^6, ()()()  were  advanced  in  -Inne.  The  niis- 
;-.ioiis  aho  (  H'ercd  to  I'liini^h  mi]  plies  tor  tl;e  tro(  ps  in 
Lower  C'alifornia.    (4) 

Late  in  the  year  of  iMM  (liovernor  Sola  sent  an 
expedition  north  of  San  Rafael.  Fr.  Bias  Ordaz  ac- 
companied the  troops  as  chaplain  and  chronicler. 
Some  neophytes  were  also  attached  to  the  force 
which  sailed  from  San  Franciscci  on  October  18th. 
Startiiiii'  fr(  ni  the  strait  (n  the  niorninii-  of  the  22d, 
the  comi)any  for  nine  days  marched  northward  up 
the  valley  of  the  Sacrr.mento,  which  they  called  Je- 
sus Maria.  The  northern  limit  reached  seems  to  point 
to  the  latitude  of  Shasta  or  Weaverville.  For  nine 
days  the  explorers  then  marched  southward  over  the 
mountains.  It  would  seem  from  the  diary  that  the 
party  entered  the  reiiion  of  Lkiah  from  the  direction 
of  the  Caw  Mountains  on  the  east  and  northeast.  (5) 

The  party  alst)  came  to  a  place  thirteen  leaii'ues 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Russian  Kiver  in  the  reiiion 
of  Cloverdale.  Returning,  probably  by  v^ay  of  the 
modern  Healdsburi*,-  and  Santa  Rosa,  the  party  ar- 
rived at  San  Rafael  on  November  ]2th.  This  was  the 
most  extensive  northern  land  expedition  ever  made 
by  the  Spaniards  in  California.  Fr.  Ordaz's  diary  of 
the  famous  trij)  is  still  extant.    (<i) 

Mexico's  indt>pendencL^  from  Spain  and  Iturl)ide's 
imperial  regency,  established  in  September,  was  not 
announced  in  California  l)efore  the  end  of  1821.     The 

It)  Banc.  II  4:5i)-4:!0.  C)!  From  lss7-lsW  Round  Valloy,  Ukiali,  Iloplaml, 
and  surroundiuf;  Indian  missions,  the  district  traversed  by  Fr.  Ordaz  if 
Bancroft  is  correct,  were  in  cliarRO  of  the  Franciscan  Fathors,  amo'ij; 
whom  was  the  writer.  Big  Valley,  east  of  the  Caw  Mountains,  i)orhaps 
tilso  vlgitod  by  the  Franciscan  traveller,  i.?  still  in  charge  of  the  Fa- 
thers, who  at  St.  Turibius   liavp  a  residence.      (G)    Banc.    II,  445-440. 


—  156  — 

Franciscan  Fathers  all  took  the  oath  of  allegiance   to 
the  new  government.  (7) 

l:s  1823  the  missions  suiFored  a  j>;reat  loss  in  the 
death  of  Fr.  Prefect  Payerns  and  Fr.  President  Jos^ 
Senan.  The  former  died  on  April  28th  at  his  own 
missicn  of  Purisima,  and  was  buried  next  day  under 
the  pulpit  of  the  mission  church.  "There  was  no  mis- 
sionary of  lietter  and  more  even-balanced  ability  in 
the  province,"  ?ays  Bancroft.  "He  was  personally  a 
popular  man  on  account  of  his  affable  manners,  kind- 
ness of  heart,  and  unselfish  devotion  to  the  welfare  of 
all.  It  was  impossible  to  quarrel  with  him  ;  and  even 
Governor  Sola's  peevish  and  annoying  complaints 
never  ruffled  his  temper.  Yet  he  had  extraordinary 
business  ability,  was  a  clear  and  forcible  as  well  as 
a  voluminous  writer,  and  withal  a  man  of  great 
strength    of  mind  and  firmness  of  character." 

The  vice-prefect  and  president  of  the  missions,  Fr. 
Senan,  succeeded  Fr.  Payeras  temporarily.  Fr.  Senar, 
however,  also  died  on  August  24th  of  the  same 
year.  He  had  named  Vv.  Sarria  as  his  successor  on  the 
ith,  until  the  college  of  San  Fernando  could  make 
an  appointment.  Fr.  Sarria  learned  of  the  death  of  Fr. 
Senan  on  September  5th,  and  held  the  office  of  pre- 
fect ad  Intcrm'in  until  November  1824,  when  he  was 
appointed  and  continued  in  office  throughout  the  de- 
cade. He  was  also  president  of  the  missions  till  April 
ISilo,  when  Fr.  Narciso  Duran  l)ec:ime  president.  The 
latter  was  succeeded  by  Fr.  .lose  Bernardo  Sanchez, 
who  held  the  office  until  1881,  thougli  Fr.  Duran  was 
reelected  in  May  1880.   (8) 

Early  in  1825  Governor  Arguello  received  the  fed- 
eral constitution  of  the  Mexican  republic  adopted  by 
Congress  October  4th,  1824.  Fr.  Prefect  Sarria  de- 
clined to  take  the    oath    (f    allcgiar.ce.    However,    he 


71  Bancroft,  11,451-152.  (S)  Botli,  Fr.  Duran  and  Fr.  Sanchez,  lield  the  ti- 
tle of  vicar  under  the  bishop,  Fr.  Duran  liavinp  received  lu-^  appniutment 
a.s  early  a>  \m.  Bancroft  11,  ItV-JPl!  606. 


-  157  - 

left  each  of  the  Fathers  free  to  decide  for  himself, 
and  refused  to  issue  instructions  on  the  subject.  He 
defended  his  action  in  letters  to  the  governor,  and 
stated  that  anterior  ohliiiation  to  the  king  of  Spain 
was-  the  ground  on  which  lie  based  his  refusal.  On 
the  7th  of  April  the  dlputaeion  (9)  tcok  up  the  mat- 
ter. Francisco  Castro  urged  immediate  steps  to  learn 
which  of  the  Fathtn-s  would  follow  the  example  of 
their  superior.  He  also  proposed  that  those  wiio  took 
this  course  should  l)e  deprived  of  all  control  of  the 
temporalities  of  their  respective  missions,  which 
should  be  intrusted  to  administrators.  Governor  Ar- 
guello  opposed  the  measure,  because  it  might  force 
the  missionaries  to  abandon  the  missions  altogether, 
and  also  because  it  would  be  impossible  to  lind  com- 
petent administrators.  The  final  result  was  an  order 
to  the  commandants  that  each  Father  should  be  re- 
([uired  to  state  in  writing  whether  he  would  take  the 
oath  or  not.   (10) 

When  Fr.  Duran  ))ecame  president  of  the  missions 
in  1825,  he  likewise  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance, not,  as  he  said,  from  "any  disaffection  to  the 
independence,'-  nor  for  any  "odious  passion,"  for  ho 
indeed  believed  Spain  was  better  oif  without  Mexico; 
l)ut  he  was  tired  of  taking  so  many  oaths  during  the 
Xmst  feAv  years,  when  oaths  seemed  to  have  become 
mere  playthings,  "l  otter",  he  wrote,  '"an  oath  to  do 
nothing  against  the  established  government,  and  if 
this  be  not  accepted,  I  am  resigned  to  the  penalty  of 
expatriation  which  the  constitution  imposes."  Mean- 
while the  news  that  Fr.  Prefect  Sarria  had  refused  to 
take  the  oath  was  sent  to  Mexico,  and  in  June  an 
order  from  Victoria,  the  Mexican  president,  was  de- 
spatched to  California  that  the  obstinate  prefect 
should  l)e  arrested  and  "sent  to  Mexico  by  the  first 
vessel.  This  order  was  carried  into  effect    in  October, 

(9)    Logklutivo  asiombly.       (10)    Baacrcit  III,  7;  IC-liJ. 


-  15§  - 

as  appears  indirectly  from  Governor  Echandia's  com- 
munication to  Fr.  Duran,  in  v.hich  the  latter  was  di- 
rected to  proceed  to  San  Diejio  and  take  the  oath,  in 
order  that  he  mifiht  assume  the  duties  of  Fr.  Sarria 
during  tlie  hitter's  arrest.  Tliat  is  as  far  as  the  mat- 
ter went;  for  Fr.  Sarria  retained  tliL^  position  of  co- 
misario  prefecto  of  the  missions,  and  was  not  dis- 
turbed in  the  performance  of  his  duties,  thouiih  no- 
minally under  arrest  as  a  recalcitrant  Spaniard.  (11) 
As  a  rule  the  missionaries  refused  to  take  the  oath 
of  alleiriance  to  the  constitution  of  1824,  but  it  was 
not  deemed  wise  to  expel  any  of  them  for  that  rea- 
son. The  great  fear  was  that  they  might  leave  the 
territory  in  a  l)()dy  if  pre^^■;e:l  too  hard.  As  matters 
were,  the  rulers  and  leading  citizens  understood  that 
any  radical  and  sudden  change,  effected  without  the 
aid  of  the  Fathers,  would  ruin  the  territory  by  cut- 
ting off  its  chief  resources,  and  exposing  them  to  the 
raids  of  hostile  Indians.  Besides  there  were  none  to 
take  their  p'aces.  Hence  Gov.  Echandia  excused  him- 
self for  not  enforcing  the  decree  against  the  Fathers, 
on  the  ground  that  all  the  Franciscans  except  three 
were  Spaniards,  ;nid  it  would  1)e  manifestly  a1):>urd  to 
expel  them  with  nobody  to  take  their  place.  H.' 
urged  the  Mexican  government  to  allow  them  to  re- 
main i)ernuinently  in  llie  territory.  Moreover  the 
ayuntamientos(  ]2)of  San  .Jose,  Monterey,  and  perhaps 
other  places  s?nt  iJCtitions  on  the  evils  th.at  murt 
result  from  expelling  the  missionaries ;  they  exproed 
the  deepest  love  and  veneratioa  for  tlij  FatJK'r,-;,  and 
pleaded  eloquently  that  the  people  might  not  be  de- 
prived of  their  spiritual  guides.  The  matter  seems  to 
h.ave  rested  there.  One  of  the  Fathers,  however, 
passed  beyond  the  reach  of  political  intrigues  by 
dying  before  the  end  of  1820.  This  was  the  aged  and 
intirni  Fr.  Jaime.  Two  others.  Fathers  Rip(>ll  and  A^ 

an    B;i  1-..  TIT.   ls-19:  ST.        ill)    To'.vn  council >. 


—  159  — 

tiinira,  took  passage  for  Spain  on  board  tl.o  Ameri- 
can brig  Harbinger,  at  tlio  end  (f  ltr27,  or  perliaps 
in   January  182S.   (18) 

TiiouGii  attached  to  the  ohl  syptern,  "the  most  fcii- 
ous  cliarge  tliat  coiihl  1)0  brought  against  tlie  Fathers 
was  an  occasional  injudicious  use  of  the  tongue,''  says 
Bancroft.  Of  all  the  missionaries  Fr.  Martinez  of  San 
Luis  Obispo  Avas  the  most  outspoken  and  independent 
in  political  matters.  Governor  Echandia  from  person- 
al motives  deemed  his  absence  desirable,  and  lie  de- 
termined to  make  an  example  of  this  Father  The 
governor  charged  Fr.  Martinez,  with  complicity  in  the 
Solis  revolt,  to  give  more  significance  1o  the  arrest. 
'The  evidence,"  Bancroft  himself  says,  "was  very 
weak ;  but  there  was  no  risk,  since  as  a  Spaniard  the 
accused  might  be  at  any  time  exiled  legally.*'  He 
was  arrested  in  February  1800,  and  ccnL-ncd  in  a 
room  of  the  comandancia  at  Santa  Barbara.  In  his 
testimony  he  denied  all  the  allegations  against  him, 
except  that  of  giving  food  to  the  soldiers  as  others 
had  done,  and  as  was  customary  for  the  missionaries 
to  do,  whoever  their  guests  might  be.  He  claimed 
to  have  tried  to  dissuade  Solis  from  the  foolish 
scheme  of  raising  the  Spanish  tlag.  In  a  long  and 
eloquent  communication  addressed  to  Echandia  a- 
gainst  the  manner  of  his  treatment,  Fr.  Martinez, 
while  not  denying  his  well-known  political  sentiments 
claimed  that  he  was  not  such  a  fool  as  to  suppose 
that  Spain  could  l)e  benetited  l)y  petty  revolts  in 
California,  that  he  desired  the  welfare  of  the  terri- 
tory, and  that  in  his  opinion  it  could  not  l)e  advant- 
ageously separated  from  Mexico.  The  two  P'athers 
C'al)ot  testified  to  having  seen  letters  in  which  P'r. 
Martinez  declined  to  take  part  in  the  political  scheme 
of  Solis,  an<l  declared  that,  if  the  king  wished  to  cor.- 
quer    any    part  of    America,    he   niight    do  it  himself. 

(i.'.i  Biuc.  in  ^i-r<. 


—  ICO  — 

Fr.  San-in,  too,  presented  i\n  ariiuinent  to  prove  Fr. 
Martinez  innocent.  On  tlie  9th  of  March,  however,  a 
council  of  war,  composed  of  six  officers,  besides  tlie 
governor,  decided  by  a  vote  of  live  to  one  that  tlie 
accused  should  be  sent  out  of  Mexican  territory  by 
the  first  vessel  available.  Many  ot"  tlie  items  rested 
on  the  testimony  of  a  sini;le  soldier.  An  En<ilisli  shi]) 
thereupon  took  the  Father  to  Callao  which  lie 
reached  in  June.   (14) 


G^PP^ER  X\?1II. 

Secvlarizatiox— Destitution— Missions  Taxed— Indian  Revolt— Statis- 
tics—Decree  Of  Secllakization  Published— Opinion  Of  Some  Of  TaK 
Fathers— Fr.  Duran's  Commentaries— The  Pious  Fund— Its  IIisTOiti'— 
Echandia's  Regulations— Fr.  Sanchez'  Criticism— Fr.  Pevri. 

The  most  important  problem  elfectinji-  the  missions 
was  that  of  secularization.  The  governor  recognized 
the  impossibility  of  immediate  action,  but  he  resolved 
to  make  a  step  in  that  direction.  On  July  25th  he  is- 
sued a  proclamation  of  partial  ''emancipation"  in  fa- 
vor of  the  mission  Indians.  By  its  terms  those  desir- 
ing to  leave  the  missions  might  do  so,  provided  they 
had  been  Christians  from  childhood,  or  for  fifteen 
years,  were  married,  or  at  least  not  minors,  and  had 
some  means  of  gaining  a  livelihood.  The  order,  how- 
ever, applied  only  to  the  districts  of  San  Diego,  San- 
ta Barbara,  and  Monterey.  In  1S28  San  Francisco  was 
included,  excepting  the  frontier  missions  of  San  lia- 
fael  and  San  Francisco  Solano.  It  does  not  appear 
that  the  missionaries  made  any  special  opposition. 
The  experiment  was  tried  with  a  few  neophytes  Avho, 
as   might  have  been  foreseen,  fell  into  excesses,  gam- 

ilH)    Banc,  in  t»»-lW. 


-.  101  - 

l)lecl  a  Way  their  property,  and  wore  oompolled  to  l)eii' 
or  steal.   (1 ) 

NKVERTiiELp:s,-i,  at  the  se.-^rfiou  ol'  July  20tli,  1830, 
E-iiandii  brouiiht  his  secularization  sciiJin.' ))efore  the 
diputacion,  and  this  body,  after  muc-li  discussion  and 
some  slight  nioditications,  approved  the  plan.  It  pro- 
vided for  the  iiradual  transformation  of  the  missions 
into  pueblos  or  towns.  Each  neophyte  was  to  have  a 
siiare  in  the  mission  lands  an  1  other  property.  The 
Fathers  might  remain  as  curates,  or  establish  a  new 
line  of  missions  on  the  gentile  frontier.  Provisions 
were  also  made  for  tiie  establisliment  of  two  Francis- 
can convents,  at  kSanta  Clara  and  at  San  (iabriel,  for 
which  twenty  or  more  religions  were  to  ))e  sent  from 
Mexico  at  th.^  expense  of  tlie  Pious  Fund,  and  to 
which  the  Spanish  Fathers  allowed  to  remain  might 
attacli  themselves.  These  convents  were  intended  to 
supply  the  future  missionaries^,  curates,  and  chaplains. 
The  measure,  with  which  tiie  Fathers  had  nothing  to 
do,  was  not  to  be  enforced  without  the  approval  of 
the  supreme  g>)vernment.  The  plan  Avas  forwarded  to 
Mexico  in  September  1830,  but  the  general  govern- 
ment to.)k  no  action  in  the  matter.   (2) 

Theee  was  considerable  distress  in  some  seasons  of 
this  period  all  over  California.  Fr.  Duran  on  one  oc- 
casion told  Fr.  Martinez  of  San  Francisco  that  no 
more  supplies  could  be  sent,  and  that  it  would  be 
l)est  to  discharge  the  guards  if  there  was  a  hudv 
of  rations.  Fr.  Viader  wrote  that  Santa  Clara  had  to 
)>uy  wheat  for  its  neophytes,  while  the  pueblo  had 
plenty  of  grain  to  sell  to  the  presidios.  The  destitu- 
tion was  very  great  at  San  Diego,  but  the  comman- 
dant in  his  letters  stated  that  the  Fatliers  gave  all 
they  could.  In  Mexico  the  Fr.  Guardian  made  a  de- 
tailed representation  to  Minister  Aleman  on  the  crit- 
ical condition    of    affairs   in   California,    and    showed 


U.i    Banc,  III  IC0-1U4.       ii)    Ibid.   Ill,  IC'Clib. 


—  ]()2  — 

that  the  Indians  were  naturally  dipsii-'-'^tccl,  since  by 
their  labor  they  had  to  support  themselves,  the  mis- 
sionaries, the  jiovernmcnt,  and  the  troopp.  He  declared 
the  amount  of  unpaid  draits  to  be  $2o9,151,  whilst 
the  unpaid  stipends  niiiounted  lo  ^li')i].7\2;  and  ho 
be^i^ed  most  earnestly  for  at  least  a  partial  payniont 
to  save  the  missions  from  ruin.  (-"5) 

Besides  furnishinj:-  i-ui)i)lies  for  Vvorlhless  drafts  and 
])ayinji-  ccmmercial  toll  and  taxes,  Ihe  missionaries 
had  to  contribute  a  titlu>  of  all  the  mission  i)r(.ducls 
to  the  iiovcrnmcnt.  The  method  of  colkclion  was  to 
exact  from  er.ch  mission  the  larjic^t  lossible  amount 
of  supplies  for  iiuards  r.nd  i)rcsidial  i^arrisons,  ;;nd  at 
the  end  (A'  each  year  to  .i:iv(>  credit  on  account  for 
the  excess  of  amounts  thus  furnished  over  If.e  taxes. 
''I  find  no  evidence,"  says  Bancroft,  ''that  any  part 
of  the  l)alance  was  paid  in  any  instar.ce."   (-1) 

The  neophytes  of  Santa  lues,  Santa  Barbara,  and 
Purisima  in  J 824  revolted  ai^ainst  the  military  au- 
thorities, ar.d  caused  son:e  bhodMicd.  The  Fathers  in 
Mexico,  advised  by  those  in  California,  decdared  the 
real  cause  to  be  the  discontent  of  the  Indians  at 
haviuii'  to  sui)port  the  troops  by  their  luird  lafor 
without  pay,  wliich  discontent  was  fanned  into  revolu- 
tion l)y  continued  acts  of  cruelty.  At  any  rate  there 
was  no  ill  feelini^  shown  l)y  the  Indians  aiiainst  the 
Fathers.  (5) 

Meaxwhilk  the  missions  received  nothin-i  from  the 
rious  Fund  throu.iili  the  Mexican  treasury.  Duriuii' 
1819-1820,  it!24,()0()  of  tlie  stipend  were  paid,  but  it  is 
not  certain  that  even  this  amount  c>v(M'  came  to  Cali- 
f;)rnia.    ((>) 

As  reiiistered  in  the  mission  books,  duriuii'  the  dec- 
ade 1820-1880,  there  were  1,8(:()  Baptisms,  717  deatli, 
;.nd    857    marriaues    ainoiiir    the    Si)anish     and     mixed 

i:;i     Kane.  in.   -M.  (U     IbM.   sT-.^Ji.  (:.)     thi  r   U.  52:-:.L'.s.        (Hi     Hi,L 

III,  s;i. 


—  j(;;5  — 

white  population,  which  in  1880  numbered  4,250  for 
whole  California.  The  FrunciKcan  Fathers  were  in 
oharg-e  of  tho  settlers,  as  there  were  no  resident  sec- 
ular pri?sts  in  th:*  territory.   (T) 

TiiK  neoi)hyte  I'opulation  li:;d  fallen  from  i(),4T;>  in 
1820  1o  18,810  ;it  tl;e  close  of  IS:)].  (8)  There  were 
])r()l)al)ly  about  2,000  pai!,an  Indians  livin;;'  in  the  ran- 
chos,  j.uehlos,  j.nd  prc^sidics,  thon^ih  tlu^re  art>  no  data 
on  which  to  base  a.ny  i-stiniate  resjicctin-i  tiie  nunibei' 
of  ii'entiles.  In  only  a  few  missions  were  there  r.ny 
more  ])aji'ans  accessible  for  conversion,  except  at  very 
•iTeat  distances.  Dnrinji'  this  ])eriod  in  all  tlie  Indian 
mission  18, 720  persons  wtre  baptized,  and  l(),(SSr) 
deaths  occured,  whilst  5,54!  coui»lcs  V'.ere  joined  in 
matrimony.  JMission  cattle  increased  from  lIi>,4S!*  to 
152,900  head;  horses  decreased  from  4,958  to  ',1)08; 
and  sheep  likewise  decreased  from  101, 098  to  158,(555. 
The  averaii'e  crop  of  i:rain  amounted  to  S(),250  l)ushels 
The  lariiest  crop  durinii'  Ih.e  whole  existence  of  the 
missions,  180,000  bushels,   was  in    1S21.    (9) 

Of  the  thirty-seven  Franciscans  at  work  in  1S2<» 
ten  died  before  IS.'H,  four  left  California,  and  only 
three  came  to  take  their  ])laces.  Only  twenty-six, 
therefore,  were  in  chariie  of  twenty-one  missions.  The 
death  of  Fr.  Sehan  left  none  alive  of  those  who  had 
come  l)efore  1790;  and  the  pioneei's  of  eaili/r  date 
than   1800  were  reducMl  to  live.   (10) 

I'^ECULAP.IZATION  of  the  iv.issious  continued  to  be  the 
talk  amouii  i)oliticans,  and  tiioniih  (iovernor  Fchandia 
well  knew  that  the  territorial  iiovernnuMit  had  1.0 
l)ower  to  secularize  th','  missions,  a  decree  of  seculari- 
zation  was  issued  .January  (»th,    1881,    ''It   was  an   ille- 

17)     1  anc.  II.  (3.-.;!.  (S)     "IiiCormp^^  Gonoralcs."  The  ..ilicial  ropoits    of    tlio 

Fr.  Snpi-i'ior  of  the  ("alifornii  iiii.-^t;!^!^^  close  witli  IfS:!],  at  loa^t  as  lar  ■•is 
till-  writer  lias  been  able  to  obtaia  tlieni.  The  report  of  \y.\\  is  ru.t  si^'iicd. 
Th  •  one  of  lS'«f  is  .signed  by  Fr.  Saneliez.  Tiie  dates  and  otlier  stati,-tir:il 
ni.'itters  after  IKil  niu.=t  he  supplied  from  Rancroft.  whose  fifrnre-  we  h.ivc 
I'oiind  to  bo    incorrect   so   far,    thouj^li  not   very   materially  ^-o.  I'.M     •  Ii  - 

for.r.cs  Gcnerales,"  1820-lS:il ;   Bancroft    II,  e.il  656.     dOj  Huncroft  II. '•■MO.-,.-). 


—  164  — 

i>al  aiul  C'vcn  revolutionary  inoasm-e,''  says  iBalicroft. 
With  tho  proper  ilistriu-tious  the  (loeuiueut  Mas  sent 
not  only  to  local  (jlticials,  ])ut  to  the  Fr.  Prefect  and 
to  the  bislu)p,  who  were  urged  to  instruct  and  pre- 
pare the  Fathers  for  the  change.  The  ayuntamiento  of 
Monterey  chose  a  coniisioiuido  for  each  of  the  seven 
missions  of  the  military  district.  San  Carlos  and  San 
Gabriel  were  to  be  organized  into  towns  at  once, 
and  the  surplus  property,  after  distributing  the  lands 
to  the  neophytes,  was  to  pass  under  the  control  of 
secular  administrators.  A  similar  change  was  to  be 
effected  at  most  of  the  other  missions  as  rapidly  as 
the  comisionados  could  attend  to  their  duties.  Castro 
and  Alvarado  were  sent  to  San  Miguel  and  San  Luis 
Obispo,  where  they  read  the  decree  and  made  speech- 
es to  the  Indians.  At  San  Luis  the  comisarios  were 
elected;  but  at  San  Miguel,  after  listening  to  the 
speakers  the  neophytes  expressed  a  decided  preference 
for  the  missionary  and  the  old  system.  Alvarado, 
from  a  cart  in  the  mission  courtyard,  vividly  pict- 
ured the  advantages  of  freedom  to  the  Indians;  he 
then  requested  those  who  wished  to  remain  under 
the  missionary  to  stand  on  the  left,  and  those  pre- 
ferring freedom,  on  the  right.  Nearly  all  went  to  the 
left  and  were  soon  joined  by  the  small  minority.  The 
Indians  at  San  Luis  and  San  Antonio  expressed  the 
same  views.  On  account  of  the  arrival  of  Victoria, 
the  new  governor,  the  matter  went  no  further  than 
the  election  of  the  comisarios;  nor  is  there  any  rec- 
ord that  it  went  even  so  far  in  the  districts  of  San 
Francisco  and   San  Jose.   (11) 

In  August  1881  Fr.  President  Duran  issued  a  cir- 
cular, in  which  he  asked  the  Fathers  for  their  opin- 
ions of  a  scheme  for  emancipating  the  neophytes, 
and  distributing  the  estates  on  a  basis  including  the 
maintenance  of  religious  service,    the   support   of   the 


(U)    Buaerolt,  III,  m-\X'», 


—  IHo  — 

missionaries,  and  tlie  rt^teiiRion  of  community  proper- 
ty to  a  certain  amount  witli  wliich  to  found  new 
missions.  There  are  extant  three  replies  of  as  ninny 
relijtious. 

Fk.  Juan  Cahot  wrote  from  San  Mi{i;uel  that,  while 
he  W()uld  be  jilad  to  be  freed  from  his  cares,  he 
i'ould  see  no  way  of  distributing'  the  estates  without 
ruin.  The  Indians  of  his  mission  would  have  to  ])e 
scattered  at  lonji'  distances  in  order  to  jict  a  liviuji, 
and  he  could  not  be  responsible  for  their  spiritual 
ne(d>.  Fr.  Jose  Joaquin  Jimenez  of  iSanta  Cruz  wrote 
that,  in  view  of  the  reasons  urged  by  the  govern- 
ment, and  of  the  fact  that  the  burden  was  becoming 
insupportable  to  the  religious,  it  would  be  wisest  to 
dismiss  the  Indians  and  distribute  the  property  on 
the  basis  proposed,  but  also  that  the  Indians  sliould 
be  ol)liged  to  keep  their  share  of  the  land  and  to 
work.  Fr.  Jose  Sanchez  deemed  the  execution  of  the 
project  probably  inevitable,  but  sure  to  result,  as  it 
was  intended  to,  in  total  destruction  of  the  missions. 
Taking  into  consideration  what  had  happene  din  Low- 
er California  and  Sonora,  he  could  see  no  possibili- 
ty of  good  results  here.  "So  far  as  it  concerns  me 
personally,"  he  wrote,  "would  that  it  might  be  to- 
morrow, that  I  might  retire  between  the  four  walls 
of  a  cell  to  weep  over  the  time  I  have  wasted  in  be- 
half of  these  niiserables."   (12) 

Ox  December  31st,  1831,  Fr.  Duran  prepared  a  se- 
ries of  commentaries  on  the  decree  of  January,  for 
use  probably  in  Mexico.  "It  was  one  of  the  ablest 
documents,"'  says  Bancroft,  "that  was  ever  written 
by  a  friar  in  California,  but  one  which  cannot  l)e 
presented  en  resume,  and  nundi  too  long  for  literal 
reproduction.  On  the  decree,  article  by  article,  Fr. 
Narcisco  Duran  expends  the  full  force  of  his  talent 
and  learning,  with  not  infrequent  volleys  of  wit,  sar- 


(12 1    Bancroft,  m.  :m-^m. 


—  16u  — 

casm,  ridicule,  auJ  Ijittor  deiiiuiriuticn.  Not  a  weak 
spot,  and  there  are  many,  is  overlcjoked,  and  not  a 
weapon  neglected.  The  standiivd  jjosition  of  all  the 
missionaries,  thtit  the  Indians  were  absolute  owners 
of  the  soil  and  all  tin'  mission  pro[)erty,  hut  that 
they  were  still  children  requiriuii,  [jarental  control, 
and  that  the  missionaries  ;donc  were  ciualitied  to  ex- 
ercise that  control,  and  E(diandias  lark  of  authority 
to  nnike  the  (dniniies   was  particularly   insisted   ui)on.""' 

Fr.  Duran  c<in(duded  his  ariiument  in  these  words: 
'^It  would  h.'  l>etter,  with  less  1;luster  ahout  the 
l!idian  ;,    t;)     l)e-ii  n      with     the    //c///r     (/e     lUtzm  .     (18) 

''Lp;t  tlie  latter  he^in  to  wtnk,  to  found  estal)lish- 
ments  and  s(diools,  and  to  practice  arts  and  industries ; 
tlien  it  will  he  time  to  lead  the  Indians  to  follow  a 
li'ood  e\am])le.  Ai'e  they,  hut  yesterday  savaiies  to  iio 
ahead  and  teaidi  the  way  to  civilized  men?  To  form 
such  projects  of  jiivini:  freedom  to  Indians,  after  hav- 
inii  taken  a  million  dollars  of  their  liard  earniniis  for 
the  troops,  and  to  leavt'  in  theii'  endemic  s.loth  the 
others,  who  as  a  rule  know  iiotliinu  hut  to  ride  on 
horseback?  Truly,  I  know  not  from  what  spirit  can 
proceed  smdi  a  i)()licy,  or  rather  I  Ivuow  too  well. 
Why  not  write  what  all  say?  \\\\\  say  in  wjuspers 
wluit  all  say  openly?  What  all  believe  is  that,  under 
the  spL'ciou-  i)rete.\t  (d'  this  sch?'.n:\  there  is  a  se- 
cret i)lan  for  a  li^ner.tl  sack  of  the  mission  i)roperty  ; 
the  leaders  in  the  plot  intend  to  convert  as  much  as 
p;)ssil)le  of  tlie  b::)oty  into  m  )n.\v  to  be  enjoyed  in 
foreiiin   lands/'   (11) 

Meanwhilk  in  the  Mexican  cona,ress  Carlos  Carrillo 
exerted  all  his  intluenc.'  and  (do;iuen"e  in  opposition 
to  any  (dnin;ie  in  the  mission  system.  He  was  a 
friend  of  the  missionaries,  and  foresaw  m)thing  but 
ruin  in  secularization.  A  l)ran(di  of  the  same  subject, 
and  one  of  nu)re  ur,i;ent  importance  at  the  time  than 

(i:i)     S3ttlf>:-s  of  Spatii-li  or  iiiixcil    hloo.L        (Ui     Bancroft.,  Ill,  ;;09-310. 


seeuLu-izatiun  of  the  inis^sious,  was  llio  clispo.^ition  to 
Ije  made  of  the  Pious  Fiiiul,  a  topie  iiiider  discussion 
in  conjiress.    (.j) 

This  Pious  Fund  coiisisled  of  money  and  ])roperty 
which  had  Ik  en  (hnaldl  hy  various  ('atJKlics  for  tlie 
purpose  of  estal)lishinii  and  nuiintainini;'  Catiiolic 
missions.  Down  to  the  year  17()S  It  had  urown  n) 
much  that  it  yiehk-d  a  revenui>  of  lifty  thousand  (h>l- 
hn-s  annually.  Thc>  hc-innin-  of  the  Fund  dates  from 
the  year  IHDT.  Pefore  the  royal  warrants  had  yet  been 
obtained  by  the  Jesuit  Fathers  for  the  leduction  of 
California,  Fr.  Salvatierra,  S.  ,J.  proc-eeded  to  Mexico 
for  the  purpose  of  collectinji  funds  for  the  establish- 
ment of  missions.  Amouii'  those  who  subscribed  liber- 
ally were  Don  Alonso  Davohis,  Count  de  Mira  Vallez, 
and  Don  Mateo  Fernandez  de  la  Cruz,  who  donated 
two  th.ousand  dollars.  This,  with  the  other  private 
subscriptions  collected  by  the  FaUier,  amounted  to 
fifteen  thousand  dollars.  At  the  same  time  the  Con- 
liTCiiation  of  Our  Lady  of  Dolors  gave  eight  thousand 
dollars  as  a  fund  for  one  mission,  to  which  they  aft- 
erwards added  two  thousand  dollars  more,  as  nothinii; 
short  of  ten  tliousand  dollars  sutticed  for  the  estab- 
lishment and  maintenance  of  a  mission.  During  the 
same  year  Don  Juan  Cavallero  y  Ozio,  a  devout  priest 
of  the  city  of  Queretaro,  su.bscribed  twenty  thousand 
crowns  for  the  establishment  of  two  other  missions, 
whi(di,  ad<led  to  the  sums  already  mentioned,  consti- 
tuted the  b{-ginning  of  what  was  afterwards  known 
as  tl!(>   Pious   Fuiul  of  California.    ((')) 

Ox  the  lifth  of  February  l(ii>T  the  royal  warrants 
were  issued  to  Father  Salvatierra,  and  two  days  later 
he  left  Mexic.  to  set  out  for  (Vilifornla,  whic.'i  he 
reached  in  the  same  year.  For  the  next  few  years  Fr. 
Kir.o,  S.  J.,  who  w;',s  in  S'cr.cra,  r.ho  (clltctcd  what 
subscriptions  lie  could  obtain,  and    sent    them    to    his 

(oi     Bancrolt.   lUl.         (0)     Glooson,   Vol.  II.  I:i8-1:!0> 


—  16S  — 

brotlier  religious.  The  next  important  donation,  was 
made  in  1702  by  Don  Ji)se  de  la  Puente,  >vho  sub- 
scribed for  the  establishment  of  three  missions;  while 
Don  Nicolas  de  Artejia  and  his  wife  founded  another 
mission,  whicli  made  the  sum  eciiial  lo  forty  thousand 
dollars.  1\)  the^'o  other  donations  were  constantly  ad- 
df>d,  so  that  in  J 768  the  a^i'^rcfiate  snnis  collected  a- 
mounted  to  one  million  two  hundred  and  seventy- 
three  thousand  dollars,  of  which  only  eijihteen  thou- 
sand dollars  had  been  received  from  the  government. 
It  must  be  o])served  that  these  donations  were  given 
for  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  the  mis- 
sions in  perpetiiAoii.  To  avoid  the  loss  of  any  part  of 
the  Fund,  the  money  was  invested  in  land  and  other 
real  estate,  the  annual  revenue  of  which  would  serve 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  missions.  Down  to  17()S 
the  Pious  Fund  remained  inidcr  the  control  of  the 
Jesuit  Fathers;  but  on  the  expulsion  of  these  reli- 
gious it  was  taken  charge  of  V)y  the  Spanish  authori- 
ties, and  farmed  for  t'.ie  benefit  of  the  missions.  The 
Fund  in  1768,  as  we  have  already  seen,  yielded  an 
annual  revenue  of  tifty  thousand  dollars.  Twenty-four 
thosand  of  this  sum  was  expended  in  stipends  for  the 
Franciscan  and  Dominican  missionaries,  and  twenty- 
six  thousand  dollars  for  general  mission  purposes. 
This  arrangement  lasted  down  to  about  J  807,  from 
which  date  to  1831  the  missionaries  received  only 
$24,000,  if  indeed  it  ever  reached  California. 

Don  Carrillo's  etf'orts  in  behalf  of  the  missions 
proved  of  no  avail.  "Under  the  plea  that  the  mis- 
sions were  no  longer  in  need  of  external  support,  the 
congress  of  Mexico  by  a  decree,  passed  on  the  25th 
of  May,  1882,  empowered  the  executive  to  rent  out 
all  the  mission  properties  for  a  period  of  seven 
years,  the  proceeds  to  l)e  ])aid  into  th  ^  national 
treasury.'-   (7) 

(8i    GlsLv^ou    II.,  r«:    Banc,  III,  ■m-:'\.i. 


—   IHO  — 

Ox  November  18th,  18o2,  (iovernor  Echandia  issued 
supplementary  regulations,  to  liriufj;  about  the  secu- 
larization of  the  missious,  which  did  not  go  so  far  as 
tlie  decree  of  .rnniiary.  Moreover,  they  were  intended 
to  api)ly  lo  Ihe  four  j-oulhernniost  missions  only.  It 
was'lirst  suhniittiMl  lo  the  niissioiiari(>s,  who  were  at 
the  same  time  a^skccl  to  accept  the  ])ositioiis  of  ]»;n-- 
ish  priests.  Fr.  Sanchez  rei)lied  in  a  ionj:'  series  of 
critical  notes  on  l)olh  jireface  and  re<:lainento.  "This 
criticism,"  Bancroft  says,  ''is  one  to  which  it  is  ini- 
possil)]e  to  do  justice  her(\  and  to  which  may  )>(>  ap- 
l)lied  much  of  wluit  I  raid  nl)out  Duran's  notes  on 
the  original  decree.  (iivii:ii  his  attention  chieny  to 
the  preamble,  Fr.  Sanchez  bejiins  by  sujij;estinji-  that 
the  precepts  of  ()])cdience  to  law  vronld  come  with 
l)etter  grace  from  one  who  had  given  a  better  exam- 
ple than  Echandia.  His  pretensions  to  teach  tlie  pa- 
dres their  obligations  and  rights,  or  to  change  their 
status,  are  met  with  protest  and  ridicule.  If  the  laws 
and  his  instructions  recpiired  him  to  secularize  the 
missions,  why  liad  lie  waited  six  years,  until  the  ar- 
rival of  his  successor.  l)ef()re  acting?  If  tlie  Indians 
of  the  south,  as  was  certainly  true,  were  assuming  a 
threatening  attitude,  it  was  due  to  the  license  they 
were  enjoying  under  Echandia,  and  to  his  unwise 
act  in  having  put  arms  into  their  hands  against  Za- 
morano,  which  would  be  a  reason  for  a  return  to  the 
old  restraint  rather  than  for  additional  license.  As 
to  the  enthusiasm  of  the  Indians  for  Echandia,  the 
Father  has  little  to  say  beyond  reminding  him  that 
there  are  several  ways  of  winning  popularity  among 
scliool-boys,  one  of  the  most  successful  being  t;>  let 
them  do  as  they  ])lease." 

Fk.  Sanchez  concludes  the  document  i;s  follows: 
''It  seems  to  me  that  I  have  given  some  convincing 
proofs,  not  perhai)s  of  absurdities,  I  do  not  venture 
to  say  that,  ))ut  of  difficulties  as  they  a])i!ear  to  me 
at  first  reading.   I  do  not  wish  to    engage    in    a    pre- 


^  170  - 

lunged  di>^lJllte  with  Ecli.iiRli.i ;  let  hiui  do  wh.U  nuiV 
seem  best.  I  have  expressed  my  views,  not  so  much 
for  him,  as  for  an  instruction  to  the  Fathers  that 
they  are  ]>y  no  nr?ans  to  lend  themselves  to  any 
such  cooperation  as  is  demanded  hy  that  lientlcman, 
since  to  do  so  would  he  to  subscribe  to  the  ruin  of 
their  missions,  and  to  the  iiiuominy  of  all  tlie  insults, 
suspicions,  and  distrust  expressed  in  his  plan,  which 
were  by  no  means  necessary  if  only  the  welfare  of 
the  Indians  were  soujiht.  Let  Sen  )r  Echaudia,  then, 
do  what  he  pleases  al)out  the  missions,  but  let  him 
not  count  on  the  cooperation  of  the  Fathers,  which 
he  himself  must  kno\\-  to  l)e  out  of  the  question.  The 
missionaries  v^ill  serve  as  such  and  in  no  other  capac- 
ity, until  the  curia  ecclesiastica,  in  accord  with  the 
supreme  government,  communicatiuii'  with  us  throui>;".i 
(mr  prelate,  may  see  fit  to  order  a  competent  chan»>;e, 
and  so  long-  as  they  are  given  the  necessary  food  to 
support  life;  and  if  this  1)?  wanting  they  have  the 
natural  and  divine  right  to  shake  oif  the  dust  from 
their  shoes,  and  go  to  other  work  wherever  it  may 
be  found."   (8) 

Fr.  Duran  also  issued  a  scries  of  notes  similar  to 
those  of  Fr.  Sarichez.  The  answers  from  the  P'athers 
of  San  Diego,  San  Luis,  Se.n  Juan,  and  San  Gabriel 
were  to  the  effect  that  they  left  the  nuitter  entirely 
with  their  superiors.  Fr.  Marlin  added  that,  since 
May  20,  \m'2,  the  neophytes  at  San  Diego  had  al- 
ready managed  temi)oral  all'airs  I'or  Ihemselves,  except 
Ihe  wine  ccdlars.  Fr.  Zalvidei  declared  that  he  would 
gladly  be  relieved  of  the  burdeu  ;  that  lie  had  toiled 
over  twenty  years,  but  had  not  saved  half  a  dollar. 
There  is  nothing  on  record  to  show  that  Fchandia 
took   any  further  steps  before  tire  end  of  18^2.    (9) 

Fi:.  Antonio  Peyri  left  California  at  the  beginning 
of  the  year;  and  Fr.    Antonio    Menendez,    a    Domini- 

(»}     Bar.crof,   III,  ::i.-):!l().        (it)     Banc.  Ill,  ::i':-:;i7.- 


-  171  - 

ean,  who  I'oi-  six  years  had  sei-wd  as  ehiiphiin  at  dif- 
ferent places,  died  in  AuiiiiJ^t.  Two  priests  from  the 
Sandwich  Islands  remained  in  the  country  for  live 
years  about  this  period;  they  were  Jean  Alexis  Au- 
^uste  Hachelot,  prefect  apostolic  of  the  Sandwich  Is- 
lands, and  Patrick  Sliort.  They  had  been  driven  from 
their  missions  tlirouiih  Protestant  intriijues.  Kev. 
Bachelot  served  as  assistant  priest  at  San  Gabriel, 
whilst  Rev.  Short  went  north  and  was  eniiajied  in 
some  educational  enterprise  at  Monterey  in  ISJU.  (10) 


GI^RPTEI^    XIX. 

New  Missioxabies  Feom  Zacatec.vs— Coxxordato  Fixeral— Corporal 
PrxisHMEXT— Gov.  FiorERoA's  Report— His  Regulatioxs— Fr.  Diraxs 
Letter— Ixdiaxs  Uxwillixg  To  Be  'Emaxcipated"— Rexewed  Efforts 
Fat-ters  Dieoo  Axd  Dcrax  Reply— Six  Missioxh  Secularized— Statis- 
Tics-MissioxARY  CnAXGEs-TiiE  RiLE  Of  I'luxdlr -Tiie  F'Rst  I5isuop 
Of  C'aliforxia. 

With  the  new  iiovernor,  Francisco  Fii-ueroa,  there 
came  to  California  a  missionary  reenforcement  of  ten 
Franciscans,  all  Mexicans  by  l)irtli.  In  order  to  rid 
the  country  of  the  Spanish  reliiiious,  the  i»overnment 
luul  applied  to  the  (^)lleiie  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadalu- 
pe at  Zacatecas  for  a  numl>er  of  niissionaries,  and 
insisted  that  some  Fatliers  be  sent  to  take  the  place 
of  the  Spaniards.  The  colleiie  reluctantly  liave  way 
to  the  demand,  and  thus  in  April  18^8  (1)  ten  Fa- 
thers departed  for  the  northern  country.  The  superior 
of  this  band  of  missionaries  was  Fr.  Francisco  Garcia 
Diego  with  the  title  of  commissary.  In  California 
these  religious  were  commonly  known  as  (Jaudalupa- 
nos  or  Zacatecanos,  as  the    earlier    Fathers  had    been 

(10)  Banc,  III,  :!17.  (I)  Solomnyor,  Ilifitoriii  del  Colej^io.  ds  G u:\dalupe 
pajri>  .olo;     Banc,  Illi  31S,  says  February. 


~  172  — 


(i 

^^^MM--. 

1 

^?' 

te.J  Ji  f    ll 

m 

^Ss^^f^^^'^^^^ 

i^B 

Missionary  College  De  Nuestra  Senora  De  Guadalupe, 
Zacatecas,   Mexico, 


called  Feniaiulinos  from  the  iiauie  of  their  (•olleii'(>. 
Immediately  after  their  arrival  the  Zacatecanos 
were  put  in  chariie  of  the  seven  missions  from  San 
Carlos  northward;  their  superior,  Fr.  Diego,  went  to 
reside  at  Santa  (Mara.  Tlie  Fernandinos  who  had  l)een 
at  these  missions  retired  to  the  southern  establish- 
ments.   (2) 

CoNSiDERixo  Ihe  importance  of  the  subject,  there  is 
a  remarkal)le  absence  of  oriiiinal  records  respectinu' 
the  cominii  of  the  Fathers  from  Zacatecas  and  the 
division  of  the  missions;  thouiih  it  cannot  be  doubted 
that  much  which  is  no  longer  extant  ^\as  written  at 
the  time.  This  is  also  tlie  case  resi)ectin,ii-  many  im- 
portant topics  ol'  mission  history  duriiiii'  these  last 
years.  It  will  be  remembered  that  in  1S17  the  south- 
ern missions  were  ceded  by  the  college  of  San  Fer- 
nando to  the  Franciscans  of  the  college  at  Orizaba; 
but  on  account  of  tr<)ul)les  in  Mexico  and  the  dissa- 
tisfaction of  the  California  Fathers  the  change  was 
not  consummated.  The  transfer  of  the  northern  mis- 
sions was  evidently  agreed  upon  in  Mexico,  l)ut,  l)e- 
yond  the  presence  of  the  ten  Zacatecanos  in  Califor- 
nia, there  is  no  account  ol'  th^'  journey,  and  no  otti- 
cial  record  of  their  arrival  extant.  Fr.  Duran  in  a 
circular  to  the  Fernandinos,  January  "i^d,  J 888,  allud- 
ed to  the  cession  as  a  matter  in  which  he  should  lose 
no  time,  as  he  had  already  permitted  the  superior  of 
the  Zacatecans  to    station    his   religious    so    that  they 

(2)  The  Fatli(>r.s  from  Zacatecas  weiv :  Fraiici  ;c()  Garcia  Diego,  the  j^uper- 
ior,  who  succeeded  Fr.  Viader  at  Santa  Clara.  Fr.  Jos^  Maria  de  Jesu- 
Gonzalez  Rubio,  who  took  Fr.  Duran'.s  place  at  San  Jos^ ;  Jos6  Maria  de 
Jesus  Gutierrez,  who  relieved  Fr.  Fortuui  at  San  Francisco  Solano:  Ra- 
fael de  .Jesus  Moreno,  was  the  assistant  of  Fr.  Diego  at  Santa  Clara ; 
JLiorenzo  d■^•  la  Concepcion  Quija-;,  f  jllowed  Fr.  Est^aega  at  San  Gabriel, 
but  soon  removed  to  Solano ;  .\ntonio  Suarez  del  Real,  who  succeeded 
Fr.  Jimeno  at  Santa  Cruz;  Jos<?  Maria  del  Refugio  Sagrado  Suarez  del 
Real,  brother  of  Fr.  Antonio,  who  took  the  place  of  Fr.  Abella  at  San 
Carlos;  Jesus  Mari  i  Vasijuoz  del  Mercado,  who  was  stationed  at  Sai 
Rafael  in  place  of  Fr.  AmoiOs;  Jo.-(5  Bernardino  Perez,  secretary  to  Fr. 
Diogo;  and  Francisco  del  Josus  Sanchez,  i>f  whojii  nothing  is  kuowu 
Ic.r  !j  wv  It  .viiBJ'!*.  Bancrt-ft,  III  SieJ-yiS. 


-  ITl  - 

could  learn  their  respective  (hities,  and  prepare  to  be 
installed  in  the  niifrions.  He  hoped  that  the  change 
would  enable  some  of  his  own  brethren  to  lio  to  the 
relief  of  the  mother  collejie,  which  had  been  reduced 
to  only  four  Fathers.  He,  moreover,  declared  that  no 
one  niiiiht  hoi)e  for  jx^-niii^pion  to  retire  to  any  other 
destination.    (JJ) 

The  1  est  of  feelini*  existed  between  the  two  bands 
of  missionaries  in  Calil'ornia.  A  coiu-ordaio  funeral 
was  soon  concluded  between  them  by  virtue  of 
which  each  Father  ajireed  to  say  twenty  Masses  for 
the  soul  of  any  member  that  mi^ht  die  of  the  other 
band.   (4) 

It  did  not  take  the  Zacatecanos  lonji  to  learn  that 
their  lots  Inid  not  fallen  in  places  altoji'ether  pleasant; 
for  in  Septemlxn-  their  superior  complained ''we  cannot 
sul)sist  here  Ioniser,  because  the  clinuite  is  destroying;' 
our  health."  Their  tr()ul)les  in  188;},  to  say  nothinii 
of  the  climate,  arose  especially  from  the  unmanaiie 
able  character  of  the  Indians,  and  from  the  difficulty 
of  furnishing  supplies  to  the  i)residios.  The  Indians 
did  not  l)ehave  in  a  satisfactory  manner  so  that  some 
of  the  missionaries  found  it  necessary  to  use  the  lash. 
In  his  circular  of  July  4th,  1888,  however,  Fr.  Diego 
disai)proved  of  this;  for  he  says:  ''Mi  genio,  mis  ide- 
as, mi  sensil)ilidad  todo  junto  se  opone  a  esta  costum- 
bre  (|ue  januis  aprobare,  "My  nature,  my  ideas,  my 
feelings  are  altogether  opposed  to  that  custom  which 
1  shall  never  approve."    (o) 

(tOVERNOR  I-'igueroa  had  been  instructed  to  restore 
the  missions  to  the  condition  in  which  they  had  been 
before  the  publication  of  (Governor  Echandia^s  order 
of  secularization;  but  at  the  same  time  to  ascertain 
what  missions  were  in  a  conditicm  to  be  secularized, 
and  to  report  such  a  plan  as  he  might  deem  expedi- 
ent. His  views  were  for  the  most  part    identical  with 

(8)    Banc.   in>  :?2n.     Ui    Ibid,     loi    Ibid.  322. 


—  IT.-)  — 

those  of  his  arbitniry  predecessor;  l)ut  the  result  of 
his  investigations  was  the  conviction  that  any  gener- 
al measure  of  secularization  would  be  ruinous,  and 
that  a  chaniie  of  system  must  he  very  gradually  ef- 
fected. Ill  his  report  to  llie  government  Figueroa  de- 
scribes the  neoi)hytes  as  (■hildren  with  a  natural  i)re- 
dilection  for  the  customs  of  their  ancestors,  and  for 
a  savage  life  without  work.  During  their  reduction 
they  had  Jeanud,  perforce,  only  to  cultivate  the 
soil  imperfectly.  t(»  practice  some  rude  industries, 
and  to  manage  horses.  11'  frc>ed  at  once  I'rom  their 
present  state  of  mild  servitude,  they  would  soon  from 
proprietors  become  Ixggars,  after  having  bartered 
away  their  possessions  for  li(|uor  and  gewgaws.  They 
would  then  return  to  the  ^\■ilderness  and  join  the 
wild  Indians  in  stealing  cattle  and  horses,  in  order 
to  sell  them   to  the  Xc>w   Mexicans  and  foreigners. 

Nevertheless,  he  issued  a  series  of  regulations  on 
gradual  emancipation  which  were  to  go  into  eifect 
provisionally  until  ap])roved  by  the  government. 
Shortly  before  these  regulations  were  published,  Fr. 
Duran  on  July  IGth,  18'3J^,  wrote  a  strong  letter  on 
the  subject  to  the  governor.  He  based  his  opi)osition 
to  the  measure  on  the  state  of  things  which  he  had 
found  at  Los  Angeles.  The  t\\()  or  three  hundred  In- 
dian inhal)itants  of  that  town  and  neighliorhood,  lie 
showed,  were  l)eyond  all  comparison  more  unfortun- 
ate and  oppressed  than  any  in  the  missions.  Not  one 
had  a  garden,  a  yoke  of  oxen,  a  horse,  or  house  lit 
for  a  rational  being.  Instead  of  the  ecfuality  so  much 
talked  about,  the  Indians  suept  the  streets  and  did 
all  the  menial  work.  For  oU'ences  scarcely  noticed  in 
others,  they  were  bound  naked  over  a  cannon  to  re- 
ceive one  hundred  blows.  They  were  in  reality  slaves, 
being  bound  for  a  whole  year  by  an  advance  of  some 
tritle,  since  no  Indian  looked  l)eyond  the  present. 
They  liad  no  ambition  for    li1)erty    excei)t  for   savai''e 


—  17(5  — 

liberty  and  vicious  license,  which  they  would  pur- 
chase at  the  cost  of  a  thousand  oppressions.  Fr.  Du- 
ran  said  he  was  convinced  l)y  experience,  and  from 
conversinii;  with  practical  men,  that  emancipati(m 
would  result  in  slavery  or  savaj2;ism  to  the  Indians, 
and  in  destruction  to  all  their  property.  He  begged 
the  governor  to  consider  well  the  results  before  decid- 
ing a  subject  ^'worthy  the  wisdom  of  a  whole  con- 
gress." However,  when  he  saw  the  regulations  pub- 
lished, Fr.  Duran  otl'ered  no  further  opposition  be- 
yond recommending  a  change  in  some  of  tiie  articles. 
His  closing  suggestion  was  as  follows:  ''If  after 
three  or  four  years  it  ^hall  be  noted  that  the  "em- 
ancipados-'  depend  on  wild  fruits  for  subsistence, 
that  they  allow  their  live-stock  to  decrease,  that 
they  neglect  their  planting  and  other  labors  in  a 
spirit  of  vagabondage,  or  that  they  manifest  no  zeal 
or  liking  for  a  rational  and  civilized  life,  and  if,  be- 
ing several  times  warned,  they  do  not  mend,  then 
they  shall  be  returned  to  their  missions."   (6) 

The  governor  made  an  earnest  etfort  to  give  the 
Indians  the  civil  lil)erty  so  little  prized  by  them,  but 
so  valuable  in  the  eyes  of  the  Mexican  theorists.  He 
visited  the  southern  missions  and  exhorted  the  as- 
sembled neophytes  to  accept  the  proifered  freedom  ; 
Init  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  families  at  San  Diego 
and  San  Luis  Key,  qualified  acc()rding  to  the  stan- 
dard estaljlislud,  only  ten  could  be  induced  to  be 
emancipated.  At  San  Juan  C'apistrano  the  scheme  of 
forming  a  pueblo  of  the  emancipated  Indians  a\  as 
tried;  but  the  results  were  not  encouraging.  There 
were  no  Indians  "emancipated"  north  of  San  Juan 
Capistrano.   (7) 

SriLL,  in  August  1832,  Governor  Figueroa  again 
called  upon  the  superiors  of  the  two  missionary 
])ands  to  state  what   missions  were  in  condition  to  be 


it))    BiKiic~  III  "427  :i4,      i,T)    Ibiu.  ;j'j;j. 


—  lit  — 

stHlikrized  undel-  the  law  of  1818;  what  objections 
to  seculai-i;<iitiou  existed;  and  what  would  be  the 
best  means  to  be  eniph)yed.  Fr.  Garcia  Diego  for  the 
Zacatecanos  replied  that  all  the  missions  under  his 
charue,  except  Solano,  which  lacked  some  weeks  of 
the  required  ten  years  of  existence,  were  subject  to 
secularization  according;  to  the  law  of  1S1J3;  but  he 
l)elievcd  that  the  law  could  not  be  applied  to  Califor- 
nia without  inevitable  ruin  to  the  missions  and  to 
the  neophytes.  The  law,  he  declared,  was  framed  2,000 
leagues  away  by  men  who  had  no  knowledge  of  the 
character  and  needs  of  the  California  Indians.  Eman- 
cipated Indians  would  return  to  nakedness  and  sav- 
agism.  Gocd  mtn  would  not  be  chosen  foi  alcaldes, 
and  the  Fathers  would  have  to  content  themselves 
with  saying  Mass  and  hearing  the  confession  of  those 
who  applied.  Only  under  restraint  could  the  Indians 
be  made  to  attend  to  their  religious  duties.  At  all 
events,  the  Fathers  would  not  serve  as  mere  curates, 
and  as  the  bishop  had  no  priests  to  take  their  places 
the  missions  would  perish.   (8) 

Fk.  Duran  in  behalf  of  the  Fernandinos  also  op- 
posed a  change  in  the  mission  system.  He  pointed 
out  two  great  obstacles  which  must  be  overcome  be- 
fore secularization  could  be  beneficial  to  all  parties 
concerned :  first,  the  natural  apathy,  indolence,  and 
incompetency  of  the  Indians;  and  second,  the  burden 
imposed  upon  the  missions  for  the  support  of  the 
troops  vrhich  had  been  borne  by  these  establishments 
for  more  than  twenty  years.  Of  course,  the  natives 
would  do  nothing  for  the  support  of  the  soldiers  after 
the  missions  were  secularized ;  and,  if  any  of  their 
property  were  taken  by  force,  the  Indians  would  find 
means  to  do  away  with  the  rest  and  escape  lo  the 
Avilderness  and  to  barbarism.  Fr.  Duran,  disclaimed 
any  opi)osition  from  motives  of  self-interest,    but    the 


(8)    I^auc.  in,  *», 


-  178  -^ 

law  of  18J8  was  altogether  inadfieqiiato,  as  it  had 
l)een  made  by  men  who  knew  nothing  of  the  subject 
in  its  Californian  phases.  The  ten  year  rule  should 
be  set  aside  and  another  adopted,  if  the  results  of 
half  a  century's  work  Avere  to  be  saved.  Without 
waiting  for  the  report  of  the  governor,  however,  the 
national  congress  passed  a  bill  for  the  secularization 
of  the  missions  on  the  17th  of  August,  1888.  The  law 
directed  that  the  missions  should  be  converted  into 
])arishes  under  the  management  of  the  ordinary  ec- 
elesicsti  al  authorities.    (9) 

Six  missions  were  secularized  in  \'6'M\  these  were 
(San  Diego,  San  Luis  Obispo,  San  Antonio,  Soledsv), 
San  Juan  Bautista,  and  San  Francisco  Solano.  No 
change  took  place  at  San  Buenaventura,  Santa  Inez, 
San  Miguel,  Santa  Clara,  and  San  Jose.  Tlius  in  six- 
teen missions  the  missionaries  were  deprived  of  the 
temporal  management.  Oomisionados  at  first  took 
charge;  inventories  of  all  mission  property  we:  e 
made;  a  portion  of  the  property  (listri])uted  to  the  ne- 
ophytes; the  Fathers  became  curates  temporarily;  and 
majordomos,  often  unofficially  called  administrators, 
succeeded  the  comisionados,  or  were  managing  the  es- 
tates under  their  super,7isi()n.  The  Fathers,  especially 
the  Fernandinos,  quietly  submitted  to  the  new  sys- 
tem, and  in  good  faith  devoted  themselves  to  the 
performance  of  their  new  duties,  though  aware  of  the 
hopelessness  of  the  task  in  which  they  were  en- 
gaged.  (10) 

Regular  mission  statistics  cease  almost  entirely 
witli  secularization  in  1884,  even  for  tliose  estal)- 
lishments     which    were    not    secularized    until     some 

(9)  Bancroft,  III  y;51.:tt6.  The  Fr.  Guardian  of  the  Zacatecas  college,  in  a 
lottor  to  Fr.  Dbgo,  May  1851,  congratulated  the  Fathers  on  t'le  adoption 
of  a  measure  whicli  would  enable  them  to  retire  to  the  motherhousc.  In 
anotlior  lett-^r  of  June  15tU,  183"),  he  declared  that  the  mission  reust  no 
be  called  pariahos,  nor  the  mUsionario?  curi\tei*i  Banc,  III,  U47 ;  Wi, 
(Ul)    B;\np,  HI,  ^W-liri!*, 


- 1-6  - 

yc-fli-s  later.  Nothihji  but  occasional  and  fragmentary 
reports  are  extant  for  the  period  18.%  to  1840.  In 
JiS85  there  were  twenty-six  Fatlicrs  in  charge  of 
twenty-one  missions.  The  neophyte  population  in  iive 
years  decreased  from  18,720  to  ahout  J5,()(I0;  only 
one  mission,  San  Luis  Key,  showed  a  gain.  Baptii-ms 
numbered  8,5(i0  for  the  four  years  since  18o().  During 
the  same  time  4,250  persons  died.   (]1) 

The  reader  will  have  noticed  throughout  this  work 
that  the  mortality  among  the  converts  was  unusually 
large.  To  what  this  death-rate  should  l)e  attril)uted 
it  will  1)0  ditticult  to  say,  Gleeson  remarks;  nor 
(ould  the  missionaries  themselves  assign  a  positive 
cause.  Syphilis,  measles,  and  smallpox  carried  off  large 
numbers.  Some  of  tlie  diseases,  in  all  probability, 
were  generated  l)y  the  sudden  change  in  their  lives 
from  a  wandering  existence  to  a  quiet,  domestic 
state.  The  same  result  had  })een  previously  experi- 
enced by  the  Jesuit  Fathers  in  Lower  California, 
where  great  numbers  of  converts  died  rapidly.   (12) 

The  author  of  "Old  Missions"  gives  another  exi:»la- 
nation  of  the  high  death-rate  among  the  mission  In- 
dians. ''Many  historians,"  she  says,  "attribute  the 
decimation  of  the  native  race  to  the  new  modes  of 
life  forced  upon  it  by  the  advance  of  civilization  and 
Christianity.  Be  that  as  it  may,  the  race  was  fast 
becoming  incapable  of  its  own  reproduction,  even  be- 
fore the  advent  of  the  white  man,  and  this  must 
needs  result  disastrously  to  any  people."   (18) 

DuiiiNG  the  four  years  preceding  1885  cattle  de- 
creased to  140,000  head;  horses  likewise  showed  a 
loss  of  4,000  head;  and  siieep  decreased  from  150,000 
to  180,00.  The  average  yield  of  grain  in  all  the  mis- 
sions  decreased  from  57,500  fanegas  to  82,700  fa- 
negas  a  year,  or  more  than  forty  per  cent.  The 
greatest  loss  v.as  singularly  enough  at  San  Juan  Cap- 

(11)    Rarr.  Ill,  iiw.       (li)    aipfwn  II,  U2.        U=!)    "Old  MiffiioHM  of  Call. 


—  180  - 

istrnno  which  had  pi-ftctically  boon  tinned  into  a 
piie))k).  The  new  ?.vf,teni  was  beginninji  to  sliow  re- 
sults not  flattering  to  the  enemies  of  tlie  misir^iona- 
ries.  The  loss  at  San  Juan  Capistrano  was  f-eventy- 
three  per  cent.   (14) 

Two  of  the  Fernandinos,  Fr.  Jose  Bernardo  8an- 
ehez,  who  had  been  superior  of  the  missions,  and 
Fr.  Luis  Gil  y  Taboada,  died  during  the  year  1838; 
and  one,  Fr.  Jose  Viader,  left  the  country.  Fr.  Nar- 
ciso  Duran  succeeded  Fr.  (Sanchez  as  president  or  su- 
perior of  the  missions  in  June  1821.  He  also  held 
the  offices  of  vicar  to  the  l)ishop  and  ecclesiastical 
judge.  Fr.  Duran's  authority,  after  the  coming  of  the 
Zacatecanos,  was  contined  to  the  missions  south  of 
8an  Antonio.  Fr.  Sarria,  as  already  noted,  had  held 
the  office  of  comisario  prefecto  down  to  1830,  after 
Avhich  period  the  office  seems  to  have  been  abolished, 
as  far  as  the  Fernandinos  were  concerned.  In  the 
north  Fr.  Garcia  Diego  was  comisario  prefecto  of  the 
Zacatecanos,  and  Fr.  Kafael  Moreno  was  president 
and  vice  prefecto.  Both  were  reelected  in  1835.  Fr. 
Diego  at  the  same  time  was  one  of  the  discretos  or 
councillors  of  the  college  at  Zacatecas.   (15) 

The  venerable  ex-prefecto  of  the  Fernandinos,  Fr. 
Francisco  Vincente  Sarria,  died  in  1835;  his  associate, 
Fr.  Francisco  Javier  Uria,  had  died  the  year  before. 
These  are  the  only  changes  to  be  noticed  in  mission- 
ary circles,  except  that  Fr.  Perez,  of  the  Zacatecanos 
disappeared  from  the  records  in  1835.   (1(5) 

Fk.  Narciso  Duran  continued  to  be  the  president 
or  superior  of  the  southern  missions  until  1838,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  Fr.  Joaquin  Jimeno;  but  in 
1837  the  office  of  comisario  prefecto  seems  to  have 
l)een  revived,  for  Fr.  Duran    was    appointed    to    that 

(U)    Banc,    III.    150-^57.        (lb)    Bancroft,  aS7-3yS;    Sotoinayor,  p.  (544. 
(16)    Banc.  Ill,  3r;0.  Sotomayor  mcntiors  n  Fr.  Bernardino  Pcrcit  as  vicaiio 
and  discreto  of  tho  collego  of  Zacatecas  in  1810;  as   guardian  in  1S43,  and 
HRaiu  BS  discrete  at  the  chaptor  of  J857.  Historic  p.  044  f  047, 


—  lb\  — 

position  and  held  the  oflice  until  1840.  He  also  held 
the  office  of  vicar  under  the  bishop  of  Sonora,  except 
for  a  short  period  in  1833-J30,  when  it  was  attached 
to  thnt  of  president  and  occupied  by  Fr.  Jimeno. 

Of  the  Zacatecanos  in  the  north  Fr.  Rafael  Moreno 
was  president  and  vice-prefecto.  Tiie  Fr.  Prefect, 
Garcia  Diego,  was  absent  in  Mexico  from  early  in 
18530  until  Novenil)er  1838,  when  Fr.  Jose  Maria  Je- 
sus de  Gonzalez  avssumed  the  office  of  prefect.  He 
had  been  elected  on  June  19th,  1837.  On  July  22(1, 
3840,  he  was  reelected.  Fathers  Victoria,  Martin, 
Fortuni,  and  Arroyo  of  the  Fernandinos,  besides  Fr. 
Moreno  of  the  Zacatecanos,  died  during  1835-1840,  so 
that  the  nunil)er  of  Franciscans  serving  in  California 
was  reduced    to    twenty.   (17) 

''All  writers  and  witnesses,  that  mention  the  sub- 
ject, are  unanimous  in  describing  Governor  Alvara- 
do's  rule  from  1830  to  1842,  as  a  period  of  plunder 
and  ruin  in  mission  history.  So  uniform  is  their  tes- 
timony, that  there  is  no  need  to  cite  individual  ex- 
pressions of  opinion,"  says  Bancroft. 

"The  method  of  mission  spoliation  at  this  time  was 
substantially  as  follows :  Tlie  governor,  and  subordi- 
nate officials  by  his  authority,  used  the  cattle  and 
the  grain  of  the  missions  as  freely  as  they  used  the 
revenues  from  other  sources.  If  the  government  con- 
tracted a  debt  to  a  trader,  the  governor  gave  in  pay- 
ment an  order  on  any  mission  for  wheat,  tallow,  or 
hides,  just  as  he  would  draw  a  check  on  the  treasur- 
y.  The  majordomo,  being  an  employe  of  the  govern- 
ment, obeyed  the  order,  ;.s  a  rule,  whenever  the  arti- 
cles called  for  existed  at  the  mission.  There  were  oc- 
casional refusals  and  pleas  in  behalf  of  the  Indians, 
})ut  of  cours?  these  pleas  were  much  less  frecpient 
and  zealous  than  those  of  the  religious  in  earlier 
times. 

(17^    Bancrift    IV,  C;>Gi. 


—  182  — 

"As  to  the  comisioiiado8,  niajordomos,  and  admini- 
strators, who  successively  "managed-'  the  missions, 
many  were  simply  incompetent  and  stupid,  and  ex- 
hausted their  little  energy  and  ability  in  the  task  of 
collecting  their  salary,  filling  the  governor's  orders 
as  long  as  the  granaries  and  herds  h.eld  out,  exercis- 
ing no  restraint  oriutluenc?  on  the  ex-neophytes,  and 
allowing  the  affairs  of  their  respective  establishments 
to  drift,  but  not,  as  may  be  imagined,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  general  prosperity.  Others  were  vicious  as 
well  as  incompetent,  ready  to  sell  any  article  of 
mission  property,  not  only  live-stock,  but  kitchen 
utensils,  farm  implements,  tools  from  the  shops,  and 
tiles  from  the  roofs,  for  money  with  which  to  grati- 
fy their  i)ropensity  for  gambling.  8till  others  were 
dishonest  and  able,  and  devoted  their  energies  to  lay- 
ing the  foundations  of  future  wealth  for  themselves 
and  friends,  oppressing  the  Indians,  quarrelling  with 
those  Fathers,  officials,  and  assistants  whom  they 
could  not  control  or  deceive,  and  dis])osing  (jf  the 
mission  wealth  without  scruple  for  their  own  inter- 
ests. 

"Of  the  Fathers,  a  few  accepted  the  new  situation 
and  made  the  best  of  it.  They  strove  to  reconcile  the 
discordant  elements,  and  retained  a  degree  of  influ- 
ence over  the  Indians  for  their  spiritual  and  tempo- 
ral welfare,  and  were  ever  ready  to  aid  with  their 
counsel  any  person  high  or  low  in  station  who  would 
listen.  Others  retired  to  the  habitations  assigned 
them  by  law,  avoided  all  controversy  and  intercourse 
w^ith  the  world,  and  performed  the  duties  of  parish 
priests  for  all  who  recognized  them  as  such.  Others, 
again,  did  not  submit  so  cjuietly  to  the  robbery  and 
injustice  witnessed  on  all  sides,  l)ut  protested  on  ev- 
ery occasion,  too  often  vnth  ample  cause.  As  to  the 
Indians,  those  to  whom  property  was  distributed,  as  a 
rule,  made  no   good    use    of    it.    The    cattle  required 


—  188  — 

care;  the  t(;ols  implied  work;  nnd  it  was  generally 
deemed  best  to  convert  all  as  rapidly  as  possible  into 
liquor,  steal  cattle  and  various  articles  as  needed, 
and  when  all  was  jronc,  and  the  vifrllance  of  local  al- 
caldes interfered  with  the  pleasures  of  a  vafiahond 
life  about  th(>  towns,  to  decide  between  a  return  to 
mission  labor,  or  tliiiht  to  join  the  gentiles,  jupt  as 
the  missionaries  had  predicted.  Pilfering  and  drunk- 
enness increased  rapidly,  as  did  the  ravages  of  syph- 
ilitic disease  and  relappe  in  to  barbarism."   (18) 

The  ncoi)hyte  population  during  this  j.criod  of 
misrule  decreased  in  all  the  missions  frc  ni  a))ont 
]5,0()0  in  1884  to  6,000  in  1840  still  living  at  the  n)is- 
sions,  besides  two  or  three  thousand  more  whose 
whereabouts  as  vagrants  or  servants  was  somev>hat 
definitely  known.  In  the  same  years  cattle  had  de- 
creased approximately  from  140,000  to  50,000  head; 
horses  from  12,000  to  10,000;  and  sheep  from  180,000 
to  50,000.   (19) 

A  great  change  in  the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  the 
Pacific  coast  took  place  at  the  close  of  1840,  when 
a  bishoi)  was  appointed  to  govern  this  part  of  the 
Church  of  Uod.  For  several  years  Fr.  Diego  had 
been  urging  the  necessity  of  such  a  change  with  the 
result  that  he  himself  was  chosen  for  the  position,  as 
we  shall  see  in  the  next  chapter. 


(IHt     Banr.  IV,  49- 5H.         COi     Bancroft,  62-6:*. 


181 


Gi^pPTER    XX. 


The  Diocese  Of  fALiFORxiA— Election  Of  The  First  Bishop— His  Pas- 
toral Letter— Arrival  And  Reception— Ills  Means— Santa  Barba- 
ra Chosen  Fob  His  Eemdence— His  Dissapointment- Missions  Er- 
STUBED  Missionary  Changes— The  Bishop's  Efforts— Fr.  Duran's 
Report— Masonic  Hatred  Destroys  Valuable  Books  And  Manuscripts. 
First  .Seminary— Secularization  Completed. 

The  provinco  which  comprised  Upper  and  Lower 
California,  or,  as  it  was  called  at  the  time,  ''Both 
Californias,-'  "Amlas  ('alilorniap,*'  had  liitherto  been 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  biflcp  cf  f-(nia.  In 
1835  the  Mexican  C'ongress  resolved  that  the  two  Oal- 
ifornias  sliould  be  formed  into  a  separate  diocese  and 
have  a  bishop  of  its  own  who  would  naturally  l)e 
more  interested  in  the  affairs  of  the  country.  In  ac- 
cordance with  this  resolution  tlie  government  on  Sep- 
tember 19th,  183(>,  published  a  decree,  "That  one  of 
the  three  persons  named  by  the  metropolitan  chapter 
should  be  selected  and  proposed  to  the  Holy  See  for 
bishop  of  both  Californias."  The  l>ishop  wis  to  re- 
ceive the  sum  of  $(),()00  a  year  fiom  tlie  public  treas- 
ury until  the  diocese  should  have  an  income  suffi- 
cient for  his  support;  moreover,  he  was  to  receive 
$3,000  to  defray  the  travellinir  expenses  to  his  dio- 
cese; and  finally  he  was  to  have  the  administration 
of  all  the  i)roi)erty  belonging  to  the  Pious  Fund. 

Troubles  in  Mexico  and  (-alifornia  prevented  fur- 
ther progress  in  this  matter  until  June  22d,  1839, 
when  the  metropolitan  chapter  chose  three  candidates, 
the  Franciscan  Fr.  Garcia  Diego  heading  the  list. 
On  April  27th,  1840,  the  Papal  Bull  which  appointd 
Fr.  Diego  y  Moreno  bishop  of  tho  Californias  was  is- 
sued, and  in  August  the  iiewp  arrived  in  Mexico.   On 


—  185  — 

September  19th  the  bishop-elect  took  the  constitu- 
tional oath  before  the  President  of  Mexico,  and  on 
October  4th  he  was  consecrated  in  the  church  of  Our 
Lady  of  Guadalupe,  Zacatecas.  (1) 

On  October  2Sth  the  new  bishop  published  his  first 
p:i8t(n-al  letter  to  the  missionaries  and  the  laity  of 
his  diocese  in  the  Spanish  language.  It  was  dated  at 
the  college  of  San  Fernando,  Mexico,  and  printed 
during  the  following  month  of  November.  The  bishop 
signs  himself  simply  ''Fray  Francisco,  Obispo  de  Cal- 
ifornias.'-  The  pastoral  letter  is  too  long  to  be  given 
here  in  full ;  it  may  be  sufficient  to  say  that  it 
dwells  esi)ecially  on  the  spiritual  misfortunes  of  Cal- 
ifornia in  the  past.  He  compares  the  condition  of 
the  people  with  that  of  the  Israelites  in  Egypt,  de- 
scribes his  efforts  with  the  government  since  1836  to 
have  California  erected  into  a  diocese,  the  subsequent 
delays,  and  his  own  final  appointment  for  the  posi- 
tion of  bishop,  much  to  his  confusion  and  surprise. 
After  quoting  the  Bull  of  the  Holy  Father,  the 
bishop  addresses  himself  to  the  missionaries  in  these 
words:  ''Permit  me  now,  before  we  close  our  letter, 
to  direct  our  voice  to  the  venerable  priests  who  may 
be  found  in  our  diocese.  You  have  without  doubt  in 
the  l)ishop  of  the  Californias  a  c<mipanion  in  your 
labors,  a  brother  who  loves  you,  and  a  missionary 
like  yourselves,  who  will  respect  you  and  will  consid- 
er it  th?  greatest  pleasure  to  serve  you,  etc."  The 
bishop  then  asks  them  to  read  the  pastoral  to  the 
laity  from  tlie  pulpit,  and  to  explain  to  the  people 
the  sublime  dignity  of  a  bisiiop,  his  own  affection 
for  them,  and  the  great  l)enefits  that  result  from 
this  new  favor  of  God.   (2) 

The  bishop  did  not  reach  his  diocese  until  late  in 
1841,  when  he  landed  at    San   Diego   on   the   11th   of 


(1)    Banc  .  IV,  «4-6->;    O'KerO.  22-2«:    Cartu  Pr.st^ril  <]r]  Fr.  Garcia  Diofo. 
t3)    Carta  Ta.'-tora).  ::.)£:    Pai-c  IV.  65. 


—  180  — 


1 


"■.^. 


Presidio  and  Town  of  Santa  Barbara  in  1835; 
Mission  Santa  Barbara  in  the  Distance. 


—  ]8T  — 

DccGinber  with  a  suite  of  twelve  persons.  He  had  in- 
tended to  establish  his  permanent  residence  at  San 
Diejro,  but,  owing  to  the  abject  poverty  of  the  mis- 
sion at  that  place,  lie  r (on  changed  his  mind.  On 
January  11th,  1842,  lie  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara.  His 
reception  there  v;ns  a  royal  one.  Alfred  Iiobinson,  an 
eyewitness  says:  ''All  was  l)ustle;  men,  women,  and 
children  liastening  to  (he  l)each,  banners  tlying, 
drums  beating,  and  roldiers  marching.  The  whole 
jiopulation  of  the  place  turned  out  to  i)ay  homage  to 
this  first  l)isliop  of  C^ilifornia.  At  eleven  o'clock  the 
vessel  anchored.  He  came  on  shore  and  was  welcomed 
by  the  kneeling  multitude.  All  received  his  benedic- 
tion ;  all  kissed  the  pciitifical  ring.  The  troops  and 
civic  authorities  then  escorted  him  to  the  house  of 
Don  Jose  Antonio,  where  he  dined.  A  carriage  had 
been  prej)ared  for  his  excellency,  with  several  others 
occupied  l)y  the  president  (8)  and  his  friends.  The 
females  had  formed  with  ornamented  canes  beautiful 
arches,  through  Avliich  the  procession  moved;  and  as 
it  marched  along,  the  heavy  artillery  of  the  presidio 
continued  to  thunder  forth  its  noisy  Avelcome.  At 
four  o'clock  the  bishop  was  escorted  to  the  mission, 
the  enthusiastic  inhabitants  taking  the  horses  from 
his  carriage  and  dragging  it  themselves.  Halting  at  a 
small  bower  on  the  road,  he  alighted,  went  into  it, 
and  put  on  his  pontifical  ro!)es;  then  r?suming  his 
jilace  in  the  carriage,  he  continued  on,  amidst  the 
s(nind  of  musi*'  and  the  firing  of  guns,  till  he  arrived 
at  the  church,  where  he  addressed  the  multitude  that 
followed  him."   (4) 

Bishop  Francisco  Diego  came  with  the  smcere  de- 
sire to  benefit  his  diocese,  and  with  al)undant  means, 
unfortunately  only  on  paper,  for  carrying  out  liis 
plans.    He    had    from    the    national  treasury    a    sala- 


(8)    The  Fr.  Superior  of  the  California  missions.  (O    Banc.  IV,  -.^fl-.m', 

Robiuso-i,  'Llf-  ii  C-iIifoniia,'  103.       Gb:3oa.  II.  ITJ. 


—  188  — 

ry  of  $6,000;  and  he  had  tlic  ndininistration  of  the 
Pious  Fund,  the  large  revenues  of  which  he  could 
use  in  accordance  with  the  intention  of  the  founders, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  titiies  and  other  contributions 
from  the  faithful:  and  l)efore  leaving  Mexico  the  new 
hishc'i)  hiid  received  other  inixiortant  concessions  from 
the  "iovernment,  so  that  he  had  good  reasons  to  hope 
for  ;i  successful  administration.   (5) 

A  i)etition  signed  by  123  residents  of  the  town  of 
Sinta  Barbara  was  soon  presented  to  the  bishop,  ur- 
ging him  to  Hx  liis  residence  at  that  place.  The  peti- 
tion was  granted,  and  tlius  Snnta  Barbara  became 
the  episcoj)al  eity  of  the  first  l)ishop  of  ('alifornia.  A 
l)eginning  wns  nuide  for  a  cathedral,  residence,  and 
seminary.  ''large  ])ilcs  of  stones  were  heaped  up  in 
several  ])lnces  for  tlie  laying  of  the  foundations. ...and 
there  they  will  undoubtedly  remain  for  some  years, 
as  monuments  of  the  frailty  of  human  speculations,'" 
rays  Robinron,  an  eyewitness.  It  is  said  that  Bishop 
Francisco  curried  rome  of  the  stones  with  his  own 
hnnds.  The  funds  necessary  for  the  erection  of  these 
Iniildings  tlie  liishop  expected  to  obtain  from  the 
government  out  of  tlie  funded  property  of  the  mis- 
sions; but,  as  that  was  confis^'ated  in  the  same  year, 
the  project  fell  to  the  ground;  for  utter  failure  was 
a  foregone  conclusion,  when  the  bisho])  had  to  depend 
upon  California  resources  alone.    (6) 

Whex  Fr.  (Garcia  Diego  had  lieen  consecrated,  the 
Pious  Fund  was  turned  over  to  him,  and  he  appoint- 
Pedro  Ramirez  as  his  maiuiger:  but  in  February  1842 
it  was  confiscated  l)y  President  Santa  Anna,  and  in- 
corporated into  the  national  treasury.    (7) 

O^  the  29th  of  Alarcli,  1848,  the  new  governor, 
Micheltorena,  issued  a  decree  restoring  the  manage- 
ment of  the  temporalities  of   twelve    missions    to    the 


(o)    Bauc.  IV.  :W:  V;<U^^.    (0)    Gleescn.  II.  172:    Banc.  IV,  Vr,.     (Ti      Bnnc. 
IV.  :»5-::37. 


- 160  - 


Rt.  R3V,  Garcia  Disjo  y  MoraiiD,  0.  S.  F.,  First  Bishop  of 
California. 


—  190  — 

Fatliers,  on  condition  that  one  eighth  of  the  tot  ill 
proceeds  of  every  kind  be  paid  into  the  public  treas- 
ury. These  twelve  missions  were  San  Diego,  San  Luis 
liey,  San  Juan  Capistrano,  San  Gabriel,  San  Fernan- 
do, San  Buenaventura,  Santa  Barbara,  La  Burisinia, 
Santa  lues,  Santa  Clara,  San  Antonio,  and  San  Jose. 
Under  this  regulation  the  missionaries  became  inde- 
pendent 01  the  administrators  with  whom,  as  a  rule, 
their  relations  had  not  been  pleasant.  Fr.  Duran, 
the  prefect  of  the  Fernandinos,  instructed  the  Fathers 
to  receive  the  property  after  taking  an  inventory  of 
everything;  to  perform  with  tiie  \itmost  exactness  the 
duties  imposed  on  their  ht)nor  and  conscience;  to  in- 
vest any  surplus  of  revenue  in  live -stock,  or  in  means 
for  new  conversions,  but  in  no  case  to  sell  anything 
for  money ;  and  to  make  the  l)est  use  of  this  oppor- 
tunity to  save  the  neophytes  and  their  property  from 
utter  destruction.   (8) 

The  only  changes  to  l)e  recorded  among  the  mis- 
sionaries in  184'J-1845  were  the  arrivals  of  Fathers 
Gomez,  Muro,  and  Kosales  from  Zacatecas ;  the  de- 
parture in  1844-1845  of  Fathers  Mercado,  Heal,  and 
Quijas  to  the  same  college;  and  the  death  in  1842  of 
Fr.  lianion  Abella,  the  senior  of  the  Fernandinos  in 
Ualifornia,  and  the  sole  survivor  of  tliose  that  had 
come  to  the  territory  l)efore  J 800.  Meanwhile,  Fr. 
Uuran  continued  to  liold  the  otlice  of  comisario  pre- 
fecto,  and  Fr.  Jimeno  that  of  i>resident  of  tlie  soutli- 
ern  missions;  while,  on  the  resignation  of  Fr.  Gonza- 
lez, the  vice-prefecto  and  president  of  the  Zacateca- 
nos,  Fr.  Lorenzo  Quijas  was  appointed  to  the  former 
olRce,  and  Fr.   Antonio  Anzar  to  the  latter  office.   (9) 

Bisiio?  Garcia,  as  we  have  already  seen,  was  pre- 
vented from  carrying  out  this  plans  from  lack  of 
funds.  He  could  obtain  from  Mexico  no  part  either 
of  his  salary  or  of  the  Pious  Fund  revenue  which  the 

(»)   Har.c.  iv,;;u3;ni.      m   ibid,  iv,  ;;7i-:t7a 


—  191  — 

govenuneiit  pledged  itself  to  pay  fur  the  propagation 
of  the  Oospel  in  (\ilifoniia.  His  only  regources  were 
the  voluntary  contriljiitions  of  his  Hock  and  the  col- 
leetion  of  the  titiies.  The  revenues  of  tlie  latter 
source,  however,  did  not  c>.\cee(l  the  cos!  of  collec 
tion.  The  hishoj)  was  \ery  much  discouraged  in  con- 
sequence of*  his  failure  to  provide  for  the  i)ecuniary 
necessities  of  his  diocese,  and  o!i  account  of  tiie  in- 
diii'erence  to  (diurch  oblig.ition  ^  and  ejdscopal  autho- 
rity m-anifeded  \>y  ni  in\'  i)roniinent  ('alifornians. 
Nevertheless,  he  sought  to  confer  all  the  henelits  he 
couhl  upon  an  undeservinii  people.  On  January  Itli, 
184:0,  he  announced  Our  Lady  of  Kefuiie  as  the  (dii(d* 
patroness  of  the  diocese,  and  named  St.  Francis  of 
Assisi  and  St.  Francis  de  Sales  as  the  other  two  i  a- 
troiis.  In  the  same  year  he  issued  a  pastoral  letter  in 
which  he  exhorted  tlie  clergy  never  in  pul)lic  or  pri- 
vate to  speak  a  word  that  might  he  construe<l  into  a 
censure  of  the  country's  lailers.  The  hisjiop  <!(dares 
they  must  inculcate  a  sidrit  of  ohedience,  hut  keep 
aloof  from  politics.  They  were  also  to  avoid  speaking 
against  their  hrethren,  whether  Mexican  or  C'alifor- 
nian.  The  zealous  hishop,  moreover,  succeeded  in 
removing  a  puhlic  scandal  hy  uri^ing  (Jovernor  Mich- 
elt(  r.Mia  to  marry  the  woman  whom  tliat  otlicial  had 
hrought  from   Mexico  as  his  mistress.    (1(1) 

A  general  report  on  the  condition  of  the  southern 
missions  in  chariie  of  the  Fathers  from  the  mission- 
ary college  of  San  Fernando,  Mexico,  was  drawn  up 
by  Fr.  Narciso  Duran  in  Fehniary  lS-14.  It  is  in 
marked  contrast  to  similar  documents  of  earlier 
times.  He  says:  '''San  Miguel  has  neither  lands  nor 
cattle,  and  its  neophytes  are  demoralized  and  scat- 
tered for  Avant  of  a  missionary.  San  Luis  Obispo  is 
iu  the  same  condition.  La  Purisima,  though  without 
property  or  sowing-lands,  has  yet  a  vineyard  of  mod- 


(UH   uauc  IV,  ii7.;-;n4. 


-  192  - 

erate  extent,  and  retains  ^00  neophytes.  The  mis- 
sionary, Fr.  Juan  Moreno,  is  ill,  but  has  an  assistant 
in  the  person  of  Rev.  Mii^uel  Gomez.  Santa  Ines, 
witli  264  r.eophytes,  and  sufficient  resources  for  their 
support,  is  in  charge  of  Fr.  Jose  Jimeno.  Santa 
Barbara,  attended  by  Fathers  Antonio  Jimeno  and 
Duran,  has  the  i^reatest  difficulty  to  support  its  287 
souls.  San  Buenaventura  renuiins  in  toleral)ly  good 
condition,  and  has  plenty  of  resources.  Its  temporal 
alfairs  are  managed  by  Fr.  Jimeno  from  Santa  Bar- 
bara, whilst  spiritually  it  is  in  charge  of  Kev.  Jose 
Maria  Kosales.  San  P'ernando,  with  few  cattle,  has 
two  vineyards,  and  is  in  charge  of  Fr.  Bias  Ordaz. 
San  Gabriel,  once  the  'queen  of  all  the  missions,'  has 
nothing  left  but  its  vineyards  in  a  decayed  condition. 
There  are  still  300  Indians  in  the  care  of  Fathers 
Estenega  and  Antonio  M.  Jimeno.  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano  has  no  missionary,  and  its  neophytes  are  scat- 
tered. San  Luis  Rey,  with  a  population  of  400,  has 
hardly  anything  left,  and  its  missionary  Fr.  Zalvidea, 
is  in  a  state  of  dotage.  San  Diego,  always  a  poor 
mission,  has  nothing  now.  Fr.  Vincente  Oliva  cares 
for  its  100  souls.  From  all  of  which  it  appears  that 
three  missions  are  abandoned  for  want  of  priests  and 
means;  that  there  renuiin  (mly  eight  religious  with 
three  secular  priests  to  attend  the  missions;  that  only 
Santa  Ine^,  and  San  Buenaventura  possess  the  means 
for  moderate  subsistence:  and  that  the  other  nine, 
ruined  by  secularization,  and  their  neophytes  demo- 
ralized, are  in  a  moral  impossibility  of  raising  their 
heads."  (11) 

As  to  the  success  of  the  Fathers  in  managing  the 
fragments  of  mission  property  restored  to  them  in 
1843,  it  is  difficult  to  form  any  definite  idea  from 
the  few  local  items  that    constitute    the    only    record 

(11)  ■•Informo  del  actual  ostado  de  lari  misioncs  do  la  Alta  California  nl 
cargo  del  Coloffio  dc  San  Fernando  dc  Mexico.  Febr..  \^*i{'  po(r  '"Ji  ?^<iro 
^'a^ci»o  Pur;ui,  »«  Banc.  iV,  ilil-^i'^'i- 


—  198  — 

exlaut.  The  reports,  and  many  other  valuable  docu- 
ments, sent  to  the  college  of  8an  Fernando  for  safe- 
keeping, were  preserved  with  the  utmost  care;  but 
in  1800,  as  soon  as  the  expulsion  of  the  religious  Or- 
ders from  Mexico  became  general,  all  these  docu- 
ments relating  to  California  and  its  missions,  to- 
gether with  a  vast  number  of  priceless  historical  man- 
uscripts and  other  valuable  papers,  were  boxed  up 
and  taken  to  the  private  dwelling  of  the  syndic  of 
San  Fernando.  Such,  however,  was  the  demoniacal 
hatred  excited  against  the  religious  communities  that 
nothing  they  po333Ssed  was  safe  anywhere.  Eveii 
these  documents  and  manuscripts,  that  one  should  im- 
agine the  government  would  make  effort  to  preserve, 
when  found  by  the  officers  of  Masonic  rule,  were 
taken  from  the  private  hou^e  of  the  syndic  and  pub- 
licly burned  on  the  streets  of  the  City  of  Mexico,  as 
an  eyewitness,  the  Very  Rev.  Fr.  Isidore  Gamacho, 
in  1886  guardian  of    San  Fernando,  informs  us. 

Moreover,  during  the  rule  of  the  mission  roI)bers, 
18:^6-1842,  when  Alvarado  was  governor  of  California, 
and  also  during  the  subsequent  war  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico,  the  soldiers  did  pretty 
much  as  they  pleased.  Many  missions  were  completely 
gutted,  and  no  regard  was  paid  for  books,  papers, 
reports,  manuscripts,  or  documents  of  any  kind.  In- 
stances are  reported  wliere  vahial)le  doL'uments  were 
used  for  gun  wads  and  cigarette  paper.  In  view  of 
these  facts  it  is  surprising  that  even  the  few  papers 
we  possess  at  the  present  day  should  have  been 
saved   from  the  general  ruin.   (12) 

Bishop  Garcia  in  1844  resolved  to  establish  an  ec- 
clesiastical seminary  at  Santa  Ines.  By  his  authority 
Fathers  Jimeno  and  Sanchez  applied  to  the  govern- 
ment for  a  grant  of  land  for  the  support  of  the  in- 
stitution.   Their    request    was    complied    with    on    the 


O'Keofo,  ■>r>-Z 


-  104  - 

16th  of  Mai-cIi  1844,  when  six  leagues  of  huK\  were 
turned  over  to  the  bisliop.  Early  in  May  he  started 
northward  with  his  attendants.  When  the  l)isliop  ar- 
rived at  8anta  Ines  lie  found  the  grant  of  land,  to- 
gether with  a  eoniniunication  from  (iovernor  Miehel- 
torena  to  the  effect  that  he  had  assigned  $500  in 
money  a  year  for  the  seminary,  on  condition  that  ev- 
er>'  Californian  in  search  of  higher  education  be  ad- 
mitted into  the  institution.  Finally  on  May  4th,  1844, 
the  founders  assembled  in  the  mission  church.  After 
the  pontifical  Mass  in  honor  of  Our  Lady  of  Refuge, 
and  a  discourse  by  the  bishop,  the  constitution  which 
was  to  govern  the  seminary  was  read,  and  the  insti- 
tution declared  open  f<n-  the  reception  of  students. 
The  bishop,  priests,  and  collegians  then  signed  their 
names  to  a  record  of  the  prrcecdings.  The  names 
were  those  of  Bishop  Garcia  Diego;  his  secretary  Fr. 
Jose  de  Gonzalez;  Subdeacons  Doroteo  Ambria  and 
Gervasio  Valdes;  Fr.  Jose  Jimeno,  rector;  Fr.  Fran- 
cisco de  J.  kSanchez,  vice-rector;  Fathers  Juan  Moreno 
and  Antonio  Jimeno;  Rev.  Jose  M.  Gomez;  and  the 
collegians,  Jose  de  los  Santos  Avila,  Alejo  Salmon, 
Agapito  Cabrera.    Ramon  Gonzalez,    and  Diego  Villa. 

Feom  Santa  Ines  the  bishop  journeyed  northward. 
At  Monterey  his  reception  was  hardly  less  enthusias- 
tic than  at  Santa  Barbara,  and  his  presence  imparted 
unusual  splendor  to  the  procession  of  Corpus  Christi. 
After  visiting  Santa  Clara  and  San  Francisco  he  re- 
turned to  Santa  Barl)ara  at  the  end  of  July  1844.(1:]) 

Gov.  Rico  now  determined  to  make  the  seculariza- 
tion of  the  missions  complete  by  leasing  or  selling 
what  remained  of  the  estates.  The  govern(n-  explained 
his  views  to  the  superiors  in  order  to  obtain  their  co- 
operation. Fr.  Duran  refused  to  have  any  share  in 
'the  tremendous  responsibility  about  to  be  incurred 
before    God  and  man.'    He  expressed    surprise  that  a 

(i:t.|    Banc.  IV,  425-427. 


-  li)6  - 

iiovei-nor  rn?  intei'hn  should  dare  to  uiideitake  such 
innovations,  and  detdared  the  real  nu»tive  to  be  clear, 
which  was  not,  as  the  governor  pretended,  the  lil^erty 
and  welfare^  of  the  Indians,  whose  ideas  of  liberty 
were  those  of  schoolboys  glad  when  the  master  is 
sick  and  school  closed,  etc.  He  would  never  consent 
to  a  sale  of  the  missions,  which  belong',  not  to  the 
nation,  but  to  the  Indians.  Despite  this  remonstrance 
the  govern(»r  did  not  abandon  his  project,  for  on  May 
28th,  1845,  the  assembly  passed  the  following  resolu- 
tions which  were  published  as  a  decree  by  Gov.  Pico 
on  June  5th.  1,  The  Indians  of  San  Rafael,  Dolores, 
Soledad,  8an  Miguel,  and  Purisima  are  ordered  to 
reunite  and  occupy  those  missions  within  a  month, 
or  they  will  be  declared  vacant,  and  disposed  of  for 
the  general  good  of  the  department.  2.  Carmelo,  San 
Juan  Bautista,  San  Juan  Capistrano,  and  Solano  are 
to  be  considered  pueblos  for  the  present,  and  after 
reserving  a  curate's  house,  church,  and  courtliouse, 
the  remaining  property  shall  be  sold  at  auction  for 
the  payment  of  debts,  the  surplus  to  be  devoted  to 
the  support  of  divine  worship.  8.  The  rest  of  the 
missions  may  be  rented  at  the  option  of  the  govern- 
ment;  and  the  Indians  shall  be  free  to  work  for  the 
lessees,  on  the  lands  t(/  be  assigned  them,  or  for 
other  persons.  4.  The  principal  building  of  Santa. 
Barbara  is  reserved  for  the  Idshop  and  the  mission- 
aries, and  the  rent  of  this  mission  is  t<»  be  equally 
divided  )>etween  the  Church  and  the  Indians.  5.  The 
proceeds  from  the  rents  shall  be  divided  into  three 
equal  parts,  one  for  the  support  of  the  missionary 
and  divine  worship,  one  for  the  Indians,  and  one  for 
the  government  to  be  devoted  to  education  and  th.e 
public  welfare  after  the  debts  are  paid.  0.  The  first 
part  shall  be  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  prelates  for 
equitable  distribution.  7-8.  Money  due  the  mission  is 
to  be  exacted    and    used    for    the    purposes  named. 


—  196  — 

Before  the  end  of  1845  San  Juan  OaijifAtrano,  La 
Purisima,  and  San  Luis  Obispo  were  sold,  and  kSanta 
Barbara,  San  Buenaventura,  Santa  In^s,  and  San  Fer- 
nando leased  to  private  parties.   (14) 

Six  other  missions  were  to  be  sold  in  January,  V)ut 
a  purcluiser  was  found  for  only  one,  that  of  Soledad. 
At  different  dates  between  May  and  July  the  follow- 
ing missions  were  sold  privately  :  San  Juan  Bautista, 
San  Jose,  San  Luis  Rey,  San  llafael,  San  Buenaven- 
tura, San  Diego,  San  Gabriel,  Santa  Barbara,  Santa 
Ines,  San  Fernando,  orchard  of  Santa  Clara,  and  San 
Miguel.   (15) 


GI^PPTEI^    XXL 

California  In  The  United  States— Orders  From  General  Kearney 
And  Gov.  Mason— Mission  Property  Restored— Other  Items— Mission- 
aries In  1846— Death  Of  Bishop  Garcia— Death  of  Fr.  Dcran— A  No- 
vitiate Established  At  Santa  Barbara— The  New  Bishop— First 
Franciscan  Priests  Ordained  In  California- Death  Of  Fr.  Gonzalez. 
The  Community  Doomed  To  Extinction— Incorporated  Into  The  Prov- 
ince Of  The  Sacked  Heart- The  First  Guardian. 

It  soon  ])ecame  evident  to  the  new  rulers  of  Cali- 
fornia, the  United  States  Authorities,  that  there 
was  room  for  much  doubt  respecting  the  true  ow- 
nership of  the  mission  estates,  wherefore  they  ad- 
hered to  the  policy  of  maintaining  the  matter  in 
statu  quo.  Un  March  22d,  1847,  Ceneral  Kearney  gave 
orders  that  four  missions  in  the  north  should  remain 
in  charge  of  the  missionaries,  without  prejudice  to 
the  rights  of  the  claimants,  uutil  proper  judicial  tri- 
bunals should  be  established.  This  caused  some  troub- 
le at  Santa  Clara,  where  American  immigrants  had 
taken     possession,    but    Governor    Mason     announced 

(14)     Banc,   IV,  .W.-o53.        {V>)     Banc,  V,  r)58-r)(W. 


—  19T  — 

that  *'the  government  fully  recognizes  and  will  sus- 
tain the  rights  of  the  priests  at  the  missions  and  to 
all  mission  property,  against  all  who  cannot  in  due 
course  of  law  show  a  just  and  sound  title;*'  and  he 
once  ordered  a  military  force  to  eject  the  immi- 
grants; but  Fr.  Real  finally  permitted  them  to  re- 
main till  after  harvest,  and  longer,  by  paying  a  small 
sum  f(n*  tlie  support  of  the  church.  Finally,  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States  decided  that  (lover- 
nor  Pico  had  no  right  to  sell  the  mission  property. 
The  property  of  the  Church,  including  the  church 
buildings,  priests'  houses,  and  lands  to  the  extent  of 
six  to  one  hundred  and  ninety  acres  at  each  of  the 
twenty-one  missions  was  given  to  the  archbishop  as 
the  representative  of  the    Catholic  Church.  (1) 

Of  general  mission  matters  during  1845,  outside  of 
those  connected  Avith  the  disposal  of  estates,  there  is 
little  on  record.  Fr.  Duran  continued  to  be  the  supe- 
rior of  the  missions  in  the  routh,  wliile  Fr.  Anzar 
directed  the  Zacatecan  missions  in  the  north.  Two 
Fathers,  Jose  M.  Gutierrez  and  Miguel  Muro,  left 
the  country  during  the  year;  and  one,  F"r.  Juan  Mo- 
reno, died.  Bishop  Garcia  Diego  still  resided  at  Santa 
Barbara,  but  was  unable  to  accomplish  much.  On 
July  4th  he  wrote  to  Governor  Pico  that  he  had  no 
means  to  defray  the  expenses  of  divine  service,  and 
expressed  the  wish  of  having  a  successor.  In  Septem- 
ber he  described  the  lamentable  condition  of  all  reli- 
gious interests  in  California  to  President  Herrera  of 
Mexico.  The  only  method  of  relief  he  could  suggest 
was  to  bring  a  new  force  of  priests  and  missionaries 
for  old  and  new  establishments  from  Euro])e,  and 
pay  their  expenses  from  the  Pious  Fund.   (2) 

At  the  beginning  of  1846  there  were  thirteen  Fran- 
ciscan Fathers  in  California,  six  Fernandinos  and  sev- 
en Zacatecanos ;  but  at  the  end  of  1848    only    one   of 

(1)    Bauc.  V.  D6•^564.        i2i     Raiic,    IV.  553-554. 


—  198  — 

the  former,  Fr.  Ordaz,  was  left  with  six  of  the  latter. 
The  year  of  the  American  conquest,  1846,  brought 
death  to  five  of  the  missionaries.  Fr.  Duran  held 
the  position  of  ccmisario  prefecto  until  his  death  in 
June,  and  Fr.  Anzar  occupied  the  same  position  f(>r 
the  Zacatecanos  until  succeeded  by  Fr.  Gonzalez.  The 
formality  of  assii^ning  stipends  for  each  of  the  mis- 
sions had  been  kept  up  in  Mexico,  though  of  course 
no  money  was  forwarded  to  the  missions. 

In  April  184(),  while  seriously  ill,  the  bishop  ap- 
pointed Fathers  Duran  and  Gonzalez  his  vicars-gene- 
ral, and  shortly  after,  April  ;30th,  he  died.  His  re- 
mains were  buried  in  the  mission  churcli  en  May  3d, 
in  a  tomb  on  the  epistle  side  of  the  main  altar.  (3) 

Fr.  Duran,  the  venerable  head  of  the  Fernandinos, 
died  at  his  post  on  June  1st,  1846,  and  his  remains 
were  interred  in  the  vault  of  the  mission  churcli  at 
Santa  Barbara.   (4) 

Fr.  Gonzalez  Rubio  now  governed  the  diocese  of 
California  alone  until  the  latter  part  of  1850,  when 
he  surrendered  the  administration  to  the  Rt.  Rev.  J.S. 

C?)  Banc.  V,  r.G5 ;  68'2-6;ii;  Shea,  Vol,  IV,  :i5:j;  O'Koefe  26. 
Bishop  Francisco  Garcia  Diego  y  Moreno  was  born  at  Lagos,  Mexico,  on 
Sept«^mber  17th  1785.  He  made  his  profession  in  the  Franciscan  Order  at 
Guadalupe  on  December  21st,  180:1,  and  was  ordained  priest  at  Monterey, 
Mexico,  on  November  i:5,  1808.  He  had  been  "lector  de  artes  y  de  sagrada 
teologin"  at  the  college  of  Guadaluixi  de  Zacatecas,  when  in  183;i  he  was 
sent  to  California  as  comisario  i)refecto  of  a  band  of  missionaries  from 
the  same  college.  Fr.  Diego  became  the  missionary  of  Santa  Clara,  but  in 
is;j5  went  to  Mexico,  and  remained  there  till  1841,  when  he  returned  as 
the  first  bishop  of  the  territory.  After  a  second  visitation  of  the  diocese 
lie  was  complefc'ly  discouraged,  and  thereafter  labored  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara to  ctfect  wliat  good  was  possible  until  his  death,  which  occurod 
at  midnight,  at  the  age  of  60  years,  5  months,  and  24  days.  A  tablet  over 
his  tomb  bears  the  following  inscription:  "Hie  jacet  illmus  ac  Revmus 
r.^.  Fr.  Fran.  Garcia  Diego  y  Moreno,  Primus  E;)us  hujus  Diop;esi:  Cali- 
foru.  Qui  pridi"  Kalendas  Mali,  Anni  Domini  MDCCCXLVI  ex  hac  vit  i 
migr.ivit." 

(4)  Banc,  V.  6:i'/-6;i4.  Fr.  Narcisco  Duran  was  bom  December  16th.  1776, 
at  Castellon  de  Ampurias,  Catalonia,  and  became  a  Franciscan  at  Gerona 
on  May  M,  1792.  He  came  to  Mexico  in  1803,  and  to  California  in  1S06.  He 
was  stationed  at  San  Jos^  In  1806-18H3,  and  then  ;it  Santa  Barbari  until 
the  day  of  his  death.  Fr.  Duran  was  president  of  tlie  Fernandinos  in 
1825-1827;  1831-1>';3'' ;  and  18I4.]8i6.  From  Ig-S'-lsiy  h?  also    lield  the    po-ition 


—  lot)  — 

Alemany,  O.  P.,  who  had  been  consecrated  bishop  of 
Monterey  in  June  of  the  same  year.  At  the  earnest 
request  of  the  new  bishop  Fr.  Gonzalez  retained  the 
office  of  vicar-general,  however.  During  the  adminis- 
tration of  Fr.  (ionzalez  the  Rev.  Fr.  Langlois  in  1849 
received  from  him  lh(^  faculties  of  vicar  for  the 
northern  part  of  the  territory  with  instructions  to 
purchase  some  land  in  San  Francisco  for  ecclesiastical 
purposes.  This  was  done,  and  the  first  Catholic  church 
in  San  Francisco,  for  llio  use  of  immigrants,  was  e- 
rected  on  the  site  of  the  present  substantial  church 
of  St.  Francis  on  Yallejo  Street.  Since  then  the  city 
has  had  (wo  churches  dedicated  1o  the  Saint  of  AsMsi : 
Mission  Dolores,  whose  titular  feast  is  on  September 
17th,  the  feast  of  the  wounds  of  St.  Francis,  and  St. 
Francis  Assisi  church  on  A^allejo  Street.  Both  parish- 
es are  in  charge  of  secular  priests.   (5) 

In  February  1852  a  petition  to  establish  a  Francis- 
can convent  or  college,  with  a  novitiate  for  the  edu- 
cation of  young  men,  was  sent  to  Kome  and  granted 
by  the  authorities.  The  bishop  kindly  ofiered  to  assign 
another  place  in  his  diocese  for  that  purpose,  in  case 
the  buildings  of  Santa  Barbara  should  prove  unsuit- 
able. On  January  7th  1853,  the  Fathers  held  a  meet- 
ing at  which  were  present  the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Alema- 
ny, Fr.  J.  M.  (Gonzalez  Rubio,  Fr.  J.  J.  Orruiio,  then 
guardian  of  the  college  of  San  Fernando,  Mexico,  Fr. 
Jose  Jimeno,  the  comisario  prefecto  of  the  California 
missions,  Fr.  Antonio  Jimeno,  and  Fr.  Francisco  San- 


cf  comisario  prefecto.  He  was  a  most  earnest  and  successful  missionary, 
and  as  superior  he  was  a  worthy  successor  of  the  Fatliers  that  held  tlie 
office  before  liini.  Throughout  the  troublous  times  of  secularization  lie 
managed  tlie  miss.'on  affairs  with  marked  ability.  In  1817  he  was  present 
at  the  founding  of  San  Rafael.  In  1826  he  le'used  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  shaky  Mexican  republic,  but  likewise  refused  to  aid  the 
revolutionist  Soils  in  1829.  Governor  Figueroa  recommended  his  exile  in 
1833.  In  1815  Fr.  Duran  ordered  the  balance  due  him  to  be  paid  to  the 
Indians.  In  physique  Fr.  Duran  was  of  medium  stature,  somewhat  stout, 
<  f  fair  complexion,  with  blue  eyes.  Only  two  cf  the  Fornandinos,  Fathe.5 
Oliva  and  Ordaz,  survived  liim.  (5)    0"Ke"f'^.    29-:^i;    Gloeson  II  .  2^)1. 


—  m)  — 

chez.  On  that  occasion  the  monastery  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara was  declared  a  hospice  prepartory  to  making  it 
an  apostolic  college  of  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith, 
and  Fr.  Jo-e  Jimeno  was  appointed  its  first  presi- 
dent.  (6) 

Fr.  Jose  Jimeno  did  not  consider  the  mission  l)ui]d- 
ings  suitable  for  a  college,  and  he  therefore  selected 
a  place  in  tiie  city.  The  bishop  approved  of  the 
choice  of  location,  which  was  that  of  the  jiresent  ])ar- 
ish  churcli  and  residence.  Tiie  church  was  immediate- 
ly commenced ;  the  house  prepared  for  occupation ; 
and  on  Sunday  July  23,  1854,  it  was  solemnly  an- 
nouced  in  the  presence  of  a  large  multitude,  that  tlic 
apostolic  college  was  then  and  there  founded  nnder 
the  patronage  of  Our  Lady  of  Seven  Dolors.  The  no- 
vitiate was  opened  at  tlie  same  time  by  giving  the 
habit  of  St.  Francis  to  iive  young  men.  These  first 
fruits  of  tlie  Order  in  California  were :  Jose  Godyol, 
Francisco  Oodina,  Jose  Alcina,  Geroninio  Lopez,  and 
Jose  Hermenegildo.  The  last  two  were  lay  brothers, 
the  first  of  whom  I  find  a  record  in  California.   (7) 

After  the  promotion  of  Bishop  Alemany  to  the 
archdiocese  of  San  Francisco,  Kt.  Rev.  Thaddeus 
Amat  became  bishop  of  Monterey.  The  new  bishop 
preferred  to  have  his  residence  in  the  town  of  Santa 
Barbara.  He,  therefore,  removed  to  the  parish  church 
and  in  exchange,  with  the  consent  of  Rome,  left  the 
Fatliers  in  possession  of  the  old  mission.  By  this  ar- 
rangement they  obtained  the  perpetual  use  of  the 
mission  buildings,  church,  two  orchards,  and  a  vine- 
yard. Before  the  transfer  had  been  completed,  the 
president  of  the  college,  Fr.  Jose  Jimeno  died  at  the 
age  of  52  years.  His  brother,  Fr.  Antonio  succeeded 
him,  but  soon  retired  to  Mexico  (8) 

(6)     O'Keefe,  :»-31.    (7)    C'Keefe,  ;il-32.     (b)     Banc,  IV,  C02;     O'Keefo,  32. 
Fr.  Jot^  Joaquin  Jimono  came  from  the  collosrc  of  San  Fernando  to  Cali- 
fornia in  1827  or    Win.  Ho  was  stationed  at  San    Luis  Rcy  in  l»27-ls:;0;    at 
Santa  Cruz  in  1K3'-'-1>!:3;5  ;  at  Santa  In6-  in  lS:iJ-1550;  at  San  Gabriel  in  l«5t)- 


—  '2()\  — 

In  1859  Fr.  Gonzalez  Rubio  was  appointed  presi- 
dent of  the  institution,  and  in  consequence  resigned 
the  office  of  vicar-^acneral  of  the  bishop.  During  liis 
term  as  president  of  tlie  college,  seven  young  Fran- 
ciscans were  ordained  priests.  They  were  the    Fathers 


Fr.  Gonzalez  Rubio  and  his  Comrannity  at  Santa  Barbara . 
Jose  Godvol,  Francisco  Codina,  and    Jose    Alcina    o.i 


185.";  and  at  Sta  Barbara  in  1854-185!5.  From  ISiS  he  wa;-  president  of  tlio 
Fernandinos,  vicar-general  in  ]838-lS:W,  and  comipario  i)refccto  after  Fr. 
Duran's  death  in  1S46.  In  1844  he  founded  the  Sta  In^s  seminary,  and  was 
its  rector  until  1850.  In  1854  he  founded  the  college  of  Our  Lady  of  Sor- 
rows at  Santn  Barbara,  and  wa.-  its  president  until  he  died. 
Fr.  Antonio  Jimcno  came  to  California  in  1826  or  a  little  later,  and  served 
as  missionary  at  Sta  Cruz  in  1827-1828;  at  Sta  Barbara  in  182t;-184():  at  San 
Buenaventura  in  184('-184:<;  and  again  at  Sta  Barbara  in  1844-18.5G,  when  lie 
departed  for  Mexico.   In  1871  he   was  still   living  in   the  City  of  Mexico, 


—  202  — 

August  loth,  1860;  Fathers  Bonaventura  Fox  and  B. 
Sheehan  on  December  21st,  1864 ;  Fathers  Joseph  J. 
O'Keefe  and  P.  Wade  on  September  19th,  1868.   (9) 

On  account  of  ill  liealth,  Fr.  Gonzalez  several  times 
asked  the  Most  Rev.  General  to  relieve  him  of  the 
office  of  president,  but  his  petition  was  not  granted 
until  1871,  when  Fr.  .1.  M.  Ronio  was  sent  to  take 
his  place.  Fr.  Romo  arrived  in  California  in  January 
1872,  l)ut  did  not  take  possession  of  his  office  until 
June,  when  the  documents  arrived  appointing  him 
guardian  of  the  college  and  monastery  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara. Fr.  Gonzalez  lingered  on  until  the  year  187.5, 
-when  he  died  at  Santa  Barbara,  the  last  survivor  of 
the  California  missionaries,  "a  man  respected  and  l)e- 
loved  by  all  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  his 
career,"  says  Bancroft.   (10) 

When  Fr.  Romo  arrived  the  community  at  the  mo- 
nastery consisted  of  the  following  members:  Very 
Rev.  J.  Romo  guardian;  Very  Rev.  J.  Gonzalez,  chro- 
nologist ;  Rev.  F.  Codina,  vicar;  Rev.  F.  Sanchez, 
nuisler  of  novices;  Rev.  J.  Godyol,  procurator  and 
treasurer;  Rev.  J.  O'Keefe,  Secretary;  Rev.  P.  P. 
Wade,  secretary  of  the  council;  Rev.  F.  Alvarez,  li- 
brarian ;  Brothers.  L.  Marron,  A  Gallagher,  J.  O'Mal- 
ley,  P.  Haberlin,  E.  Barry,  J.  Diillinan,  J.  Kirwan, 
Charles  Reid,  D.  Potter.  The  thre?  last-named  were 
Franciscan  Tertaries,  it  seems.  (11) 

It  was  evident,  however,  that  the  only  Franciscan 
community    in  California    was    doomed    to  extinction, 

blind  and  indigent,  probably  the  liist  survivor,  of  the  Fathers  there  that 
had  labored  in  California.  (9)  O'Keefe.  :!2 ;  Citalogu.s  Prov.  SS.  Cordi-. 
(10)  O'Keefe.  8'2-;i;!;  Banc.  Ill,  Tft'i.  Fr.  Jose  Maria  de  .Jesus  Gonzalez  Bu- 
bio  was  born  at  Guadalajara  Mexico,  in  18*)!.  He  came  to  California  from 
tlie  apostolic  collepe  of  Zacatecas  in  IS'i'i,  and  served  as  missionary  at 
San  JosiJ  in  18:j:5-1842 ;  at  Sta  Barbara  lie  resided  from  184.'1  until  the  day 
of  his  death.  He  was  also  president  and  vice-comisario  prcfecto  of  the 
northern  missions  in  18:^8-184:i.  From  1846  lie  wa ;  administrator  of  tlie  di- 
ocese of  California  until  the  appointment  of  a  now  bishop  in  ISV).  Under 
Bi.'hop  Alemany  li'^  was  vicar-genera]  until  1850. 
Ull     Fro.'-ppctus  cf  the  cjlleee  18T--MS73. 


—  :>();{  — 

unless  some  means  were  found  to  obtain  priests  and 
novices  from  other  countrier.  Vocations  to  the  sa- 
cred ministry  were  not  suificiently  numerous  in  Cali- 
fornia to  furnish  the  requisite  novices.  For  thi?  rea- 
son Fr.  Romo,  tlie  o;uardian,  resolved  to  visit  liis 
native  country,  Mexico,  with  a  view  to  induce  some 
of  the  religious  to  join  the  community  at  Santa  Bar- 
bara. AVith  the  Snj)eri<>r  (leneraPs  permission  lie 
stnrled  out  on  liis  journey  in  May  1870,  and  did  not 
return  until  three  years  later,  very  much  discouraiied  ; 
for,  nothwithstandinji  his  earnest  efforts  in  that  di- 
rection, he  had  failed  to  ol)tain  a  siuiile  rescruit  for 
old  Santa  Barbara  monastery. 

After  some  consultations  the  guardian  explained 
the  difficulties  under  which  the  community  labored  to 
tiie  Most  Rev.  Sup.  General,  and  asked  him  to  annex 
the  Santa  Barbara  house  to  some  province  in  the  east, 
as  progress  Avas  impossible  in  its  isolated  and  inde- 
pendent condition.  The  Suj).  General  then  appointed  a 
memlier  of  the  province  of  the  Sacred  Heart  to  make 
a  visitation,  in  order  that  he  might  come  to  a  right 
decision.  The  visitation  was  made  in  August  1884  by 
the  A^ery  Rev.  Ferdinand  Bergmeyer,  O.  S.  F.  After 
his  report  had  been  received  at  Rome,  the  Sacred 
Congregation  of  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith  issued 
the  following  decree :  "As  the  Most  Rev.  Minister 
General  of  the  Regular  Observance  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Francis  has  earnestly  requested  that  the  College 
of  Our  Lady  of  Seven  Dolors  of  Santa  Barbara,  in 
the  diocese  of  Monterey  and  Los  Angeles,  both  for 
the  greater  increase  of  the  same  college  and  for  the 
greater  extension  of  the  Order  of  St  Francis  in  Cali- 
fornia, be  changed  from  its  independent  state,  and 
annexed  to  the  Province  of  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus 
in  the  United  States  of  North  America,  His  Holiness 
Pope  Leo  XIII,  in  an  audience  on  the  19th  of  April, 
1885,  having  heard  the  report  of  Archbishop  Jacol)ini, 
secretary  of  the    Propaganda,    kindly    consented    that 


—  204  — 

the   aforesaid  college  should  be  incorporated  with  the 
Province  of  the  Most  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus."  (12) 

Thereupon  at  the  provincial  chapter  held  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  on  July  15th,  1885,  Fr.  Ferdinand  Berg- 
nieyer  was  elected  iiuardian  of  the  monastery  of  San- 
ta Barl)ara,  and  placed  in  charj;e  during  the  follow- 
ing month  of  August.  Of  the  religious,  who  had  com- 
posed the  Franciscan  comnninity  up  lo  that  time, 
there  reni':iined,  and  wer."  inc<);'p')r;ited  into  th?  prov- 
ince of  the  Sacred  Heart,  Fathers  .lose  Orodyol  Bona- 
venture  Fox,  and  Joseph  O'Keefe,  and  the  brothers 
Antliony  (-iallagliev,  Joseph  O'Malley,  and  Peter  Ha- 
berlm.  Fv.  Victor  Aertker,  and  Bro.  Beatus,  also 
cam-  to  Santa  Barbara   with  Fr.   Ferdinand.    (13) 


CI^HP'TSR  XXII. 

MlSSIOKAET     CirAXGEf— Fe.      FEEEiyAXD       ELECTED     PEOVIXCEiL      Of       TlIE 

Pkovince  Of  The  Sacred  Heart— Fr.  Ferdinand  A-jain  Guard- 
ian Of  Santa  Barbara— His  Tragic  Death— Biography— Fr.  Serva- 
Tius  .VltmIcke- riiANGEs— New  Foindationk— San  Louis  Ely  Eeoccu- 
piED  By  FRAxrrscANs  From  Mexico— FnorosiTioN  To  Organize  A 
Custody  O?  This  Ijimaculate  Heart  Ov  Mary  In  California— The 
f'oTMisi^ARiAT  Of  California. 

At  the  intermediate  cliapter,  held  in  St.  Louis, 
]\Io.,  o!i  January  20ih,  18S7,  Fr.  Victor  was  trans- 
i'erred  to  the  conveni  of  St.  Boniface,  which  was  at 
the  same  time  accepted  upon  the  urged  request  of 
Arcliln'sho])  Biordan,  and  Fr.  (^melius  Schoenw^ielder 
of  Quincy,  Ills.,  took  his  place  at  Santa  Barl)ara.  Fr. 
Jose  Godyol  was  changed  to  the  orphan  asylum  at 
T^ajaro.  near  AVatsonville,  which  institution  had  been 
])ut    in    charge    of    the    Fathers  some  time    l)efore    bv 


O'Kocfe.    l-J  IH.  (1.3)    Ibil.         T.i belli  Capituliri_=.  1885. 


^  20o 


Pr.   Ferdinand   Bergmeyer. 


JRt.  Rev.  Bishop   Moi-a  of  Los  Angeles.   (1) 

In  the  spring  of  1888  the  Very  Rev.  Jerome  Kil- 
genstein,  then  provincial  of  the  (Jincinn  iti  province, 
lield  the  canonical  visitation  at  8anta  Barbara.  At 
the  subsequent  chapter,  July  liolh,  Fr.  Ferdinand  of 
Santa  Barbara  was  elected  provincial.  This  made  it 
necessary  for  him  to  reside  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Fr.  Kil- 
ian  Schloesser  of  Chicago,  111.,  becam?  guardian  in 
his  place.  Fr.  Cornelius  was  transferred  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  Fr.  Riynerius  Dicku3ite  tojk  his  place  at 
Santa  Barbara.   (2) 

No  further  changes  oc cured  until  July  1891,  when 
Fr.  Hugo  Fessler  of  Chillicothe,  Mo.,  was  elected 
guardian.  Fr.  Kilian  became  vicar,  and  Fr.  Gerard  of 
San  Francisco  was  placed  here  at  the  same  time.  Fr. 
Vincent  Halbfas  had  held  the  visitation  in  Califor- 
nia during  the  spring  of  1891.  Fr.  Ferdinand  was 
succeeded  as  provincial  by  Fr.  Michael  Richardt,  till 
then  rector  of  the  college  at  Teutopolis,  111.   (3) 

The  provincial  chapter  of  August  22th,  1891:,  re- 
stored Fr.  Ferdinand  to  Santa  Barbara  as  guardian. 
Fr.  Kilian  was  transferred  tct  the  new  residence  at 
Fruitvale,  Cal.,  and  Fr.  Gerard  became  vicar  and 
librarian.  Fr.  Hugo  was  changed  to  Chicago,  and  af- 
ter a  few  months  was  apjjointed  superior  of  St.  Ma- 
ry's, Memphis,  Tenn.    (4) 

A  horrible  tragedy  took  place  within  tiie  peaceful 
walls  of  the  old  monastery  of  Santa  Barbara  on  the 
morning  of  Fe])ruary  27th,  189().  The  venerable  Fr. 
(Guardian,  Fr.  Ferdinand,  was  murdered  by  one  of 
the  domestics,  who  at  times  had  been  afflicted  with 
a  lit  of  insanity.  It  was  owing  to  the  kindness  of  his 
victim  that  the  murderer  found  a  temporary  home  at. 
the  monastery.  Fr.  Ferdinand  had  just    taken    break- 

(1)  Tabella  capitularis  pro  anno  isa7.    Vide  tho  local  history  of  th^  several 
new  houses   in  subsequent  chapters  for  further  particulars. 

(2)  Tab.   Cap.   pro   anno  1888,     (3)    T.ib.   Cap.,    1891.     (4)    Tab.   Cap.  189!. 


—  20f  — 

fast,  and  was  a)>out  to  retire  to  his  room,  when  li6 
was  tired  at  hy  tlie  insane  man.  Four  bullets  entered 
the  body  of  the  venerable  Father.  The  community  at 
once  hastened  to  the  assistance  of  their  superior,  who 
still  conscious  asked  for  tiie  last  sacraments.  Despite 
all  medical  aid  Fr.  Ferdinand  died  on  tiie  same  day 
about  7  o'clock  in  the  eveninu.    (5) 

Shortly  l)efore  the  death  of  Fr.  Ferdinand,  Fr.  Ser- 
vatius  Altmicks  of  Bayfield,  Wisconsin,  had  been  sent 
to  Santa  Barbara  and  appointed  vicar  of  the  monas- 
tery in  place  of  Fr.  Gerard,  who  had  been  appointed 
superior  of  the  residence  at  Fruitvale.  After  the 
death  of  Fr.  Ferdinand,  Fr.  Servatius  held  the  otKce  of 
superior  ad  interiun  until  the  next  chapter,  whicli 
was  held  in  August  1896,  elected  Fr.  Bernardin  Weis 
of  St.  Louis  guardian  of  Santa  Barbara.  Fr.  Servatius 
was  then  sent  to  Memphis,  Tenn.  While  on  his  way  to 
the  latter  place  he  was  taken  sick  at  the  convent  in 
Los  Angeles  on  August  23d,  and  died  on  the  same 
day  after  receiving  the  last  sacraments.   (6) 


(5)  Fr.  Ferdinand  Beigmcyer  was  born  on  October  ;iOth,  1S2(>,  at 
Riesenbeck,  Westphalia,  Prussia.  While  pursuing  his  classical  studies  hi- 
was  forced  to  enter  the  Prussian  army,  and  served  as  a  soldier  for  three 
years,  at  the  end  of  which  he  entored  the  Franciscan  Order  on  June  Z.'ith, 
18.52.  On  Sept*?mbor  4th,  18.56,  he  was  elevated  to  the  priesthood,  and  sent 
to  the  United  States  in  November  18.59.  He  was  first  stationed  at  Teuto- 
polis,  IHs.,  and  then  at  Quincy,  Ills.,  where  he  was  for  a  time  professor  in 
the  college,  and  later  on  pari.sh  priest  and  guardian  of  the  monastery  until 
1871,  when  he  became  suporior  of  the  convent  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  In  1S77 
Fr.  Ferdinand  was  transferred  to  tlie  convent  at  Indianapolis,  Inc\,  where 
he  was  parish  priest  and  superior  until  1885,  when  ho  was  made  guardian 
of  Santa  Barbara.  Whil?  at  Indiaaapolis  In  al^a  haM  the  office  of  cu.'-- 
tos.  In  1891,  at  the  close  of  his  t.n-m  of  office  as  provincial,  lie  was  for 
more  than  a  year  guardian  of  the  monastery  at  Quincy,  after  wliicli  he- 
was  returnad  to  Santa  Barl)ara.  In  18S9  Fr.  Ferdinand  went  to  Rome  to 
take  part  in  the  election  of  a  new  superior  general.  He  was  also  theolo- 
gian to  the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  of  Indianapolis  at  the  provincial  synod  of 
the  bishops  of  the  Cincinnati  p-ovinco  in  1-iii  and  ag  lin  at  tin  Plenary 
CouncU  of  Baltimore  in  1881.  Wlien  iaformed  that  tliere  was  little  hope 
of  recovery  he  said  to  the  Fatlier  at  his  side:  "It  Has  Come  To  Pass 
AS  I  Wished:  "Cubsum  Coxslmmavi,  Boxum  Certamex   Certavi." 

(6)  Fr,  Seivatius  .\ltmicks,  was  born  at  Warendorf,  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
on  July  23d,  1829,  and  ontored  the  Order  of  St.  Francis  on  October  M, 
1850,  On  April  5th,  1851,  he  was  elevated  to  the  priesthood,  and  landed 
at  New  York  on  .September  14th,   l,'-.58,  together   with    Fathers   Capistran 


It'll.  Haj'iierius  at  the  same  time  was  transferred  to 
St.  Bernard,  Nebraska,  whilst  Fathers  Peter  Walli- 
scheck  of  Quincy,  Aloysius  Yv^iewer  of  Teutopolis, 
Mafchias  Rechsteiner  and  Felix  Raab  of  St.  Louis, 
were  stationed  at  kSanta  Barbara.   (7) 

Since  the  Province  of  the  Sacred  Heart  was  ex- 
tended to  the  Pacific  coast  in  1885,  a  number  of  resi- 
dences have  been  establislied  in  ditferent  parts  of 
California.  As  already  mentioned,  the  Boys'  Orphan- 
age at  Pajaro  was  put  in  charge  of  the  Fathers  in 
1887.  In  the  same  year  the  only  German  parish  in 
San  Francisco,  St.  ]3onif ace's  on  Golden  Gate  Ave., 
was  transferred  to  the  Franciscans  by  the  Archbishop 
of  San  Francisco.  In  the  following  year  St.  Turibius 
Indian  mission  in  Lake  County,  besides  some  Indian 
and  white  settlements  in  Mendocino  County,  were  en- 
trusted to  the  Fathers.  In  1891  the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop 
of  Los  Angeles  requested  the  Franciscans  to  accept 
the  new  German  parish  at  Lo;^  Angeles.  His  request 
was  granted.  About  the  same  time  the  Most  Rev. 
x\rchl)is]iop  of  San  Francisco  asked  the  Fathers  to 
organize       a    German     parish    across    the    l)ay.    Thus 


Zwinge  and  Damian  Hennawig.  These  were  the  first  Fathers  to  come 
from  Prussia  to  establish  the  Franciscan  Order  in  th'j  Western  States. 
At  tlie  request  of  the  Bishop  of  Alton,  Ills.,  they  founded  a  convent  at 
Teutopolis.  In  tiw  following  year  Fr.  Soi'vatlu?  was  sent  to  Quincy  to 
establisli  a  convent  in  that  city.  In  1892  he  went  to  St.  Louis  and  found- 
ed St.  Anthony's  convent.  For  soni-:!  years  he  war>  in  charge  of  the  first 
parish  in  Effingham,  Ills.,  In  1.S72  li?  becam."  vicar  of  St  Antliony's  and 
lector  of  moral  theology  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  which  offices  he  held  until 
1870,  wlien  at  his  urged  request  he  was  sent  to  the  Indian  mission  at 
Bayfield,  Wise.  In  the  next  year  Jio  with  tli.>  writer  establislied  the  mi-- 
sion  among  the  Menominee  Indians  at  Keshena,  WLsc.  In  1882  he  was 
sent  to  Superior  City,  Wisconsin,  to  take  cliarge  of  the  new  convent  at 
that  place,  in  the  following  year  he  was  recalle<l  to  St.  Louis  to  again 
teach  moral  theology;  but  after  one  year  hii  urgent  pi^tition  to  be  rr- 
turned  to  the  Indians  was  granted.  He  was  now  stationed  at  Bayfield 
and  Ashland  until  18S.">,  when  he  was  sent  to  Harbor  Springs,  Micliigar, 
where  he  established  a  boarding  school  for  Indian  children,  erected  a 
convent  and  three  churclies  at  that  place,  in  Goodhart,  and  Burt  Lake  for 
the  Indians.  On  account  of  ill  health  he  was  relieved  of  active  work  and 
transferred  to  Ashland  in  1893.  Finally,  Fr.  Servatius  was  removed  to 
Santa  Barbara.  At  his  own  request  he  was  recalled  to  tlie  east  in  18?e, 
but  <'.ie<!  on  the  way  to  Memphis,     ill    Tab.  Capit,   IsiKJ., 


—  206  — 

ohiircli  and  convent  of  St.  Elisabeth  aiope  at  Fiiiit- 
va^e. 

A  second  (lernian  parish  had  h)n<i-  been  a  necessity 
in  San  francirco.  With  llie  ccnpcnt  of  1i;e  Archbish- 
op St.  Anthony's  congregation  was  therefore  organized 
in  ]894.  Finally,  at  the  nrgent  request  of  the  Bishop 
of  Sacramento,  the  Fathers  estal)lished  a  residence  and 
formed  a  mixed  congregation  at  the  capital  of  Califor- 
nia in  the  latter  part  of  1894.  San  Luis  Hey,  too,  is 
again  in  ciiargo  of  the  Franciscans.  The  Franciscans 
of  Mexico  in  1893  took  possession  of  the  ancient  mis- 
sion, so  long  abandoned,  and  opened  a  novitiate  there 
for  the  purpose  of  educating  young  men  for  the 
Order  in  Mexico,  where  under  the  Free  Mason  gov- 
ernment   they    are  prohibited  from  receiving  novices. 

Owing  to  the  great  distance  from  the  motherhouse, 
it  appeared  advisable  to  organize  the  convents  west 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  into  an  independent  custody. 
In  1S9G,  therefore,  the  Very  Rev.  Fatlier  Provincial 
Micliael  Richardt  proposed  a  plan  of  forming  the  cu  - 
tody  under  the  patronage  of  the  Imnnunilate  Heart 
of  Mary.  The  conditions  proposed  by  the  Fr.  Provin- 
cial, and  approved  of  by  the  delinitors  at  a  meeting 
held  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  on  February,  20th,  1890,  were 
extremely  favorable  to  California.  They  were,  how- 
ever, submitted  to  a  meeting  of  the  local  superiors 
of  the  Paeilic  Coast  on  April  8th,  and  unanimously 
adopted.  All  the  Fathers  and  brothers  were  permitted 
to  remain  or  to  join  the  mother  province.  Likewise 
all  the  members  of  the  province  were  at  liberty, 
during  a  period  of  three  months,  to  choose  to  remain 
in  the  east  or    to    join  the    new  custody.    (8) 

The  whole  nuitter  was  then  submitted  to  the  Most 
Rev.  Superior  General.  It  seems  the  proposed  plan 
was  considered  premature  at  Rome;  for  instead  of  an 
independent    custos  the    intermediate   chapter,    which 

(S)    Circular  of  Fr,  Michael  Richardt,  April  llth,  1890. 


210  -- 


Very    Rev.    Michael    Richardt,    0.  S.  F, 


-  ^11  - 

oonveiied  at  St.  Louis  July  22d,  189G,  elcoted  a  foni- 
niissary  for  the  western  houses  in  the  person  of  Fr. 
(.'lenientin  Deynian,  at  tlie  time  superior  at  Pc^jaro. 
The  lirst  commissary  hekl  the  ottice  only  three 
months,  for  after  a  long-  and  painful  disease  Fr. 
Clementin  died  at  FlKjenix,  on  Dec-emljer  4th,  1890. 
Fr.  Kilian  kSchhesser,  the  senior  Father  of  the  prov- 
ince, was  chosen  to  succeed  him.  A  novitiate  was 
likewise  jjranted  to  the  incipient  western  province, 
and  Fr.  Bernardin  Weis  appointed  master  of  nov- 
ices. In  addition,  a  classical  school  was  opened  at  the 
monastery  of  Santa  Barbara  for  younii  men  wim 
wished  to  enter  the  Seraphic  Order.  Fr.  Peter  Wal- 
lisheck  was  made  rector  of  studies.   (0) 

As  we  have  seen,  the  twenty-one  old  missions  in 
their  palmiest  days  numbered  forty  F'ranciscan  Fath- 
ers, but  no  lay  brothers.  Thoug;h  only  two  of  the  old 
establishments,  Santa  Barljara  and  San  Luis  Rey,  re- 
main in  charge  of  the  Order,  amonfr  another  race  of 
people  other  missions  have  been  founded  which  bid 
fair  to  outnumber  the  ancient  establishments  before 
the  lapse  of  many  years.  Thus  after  three  centuries 
since  the  Franciscans  first  entered  Lower  California, 
and  after  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  years  of  un- 
interrupted work  in  Upper  California,  the  prospects 
are  that,  ere  long,  the  dream  of  a  century  ago,  (10) 
the  Custody  of  California,  will  be  realized.  At  pres- 
ent the  new  commissariat,  including  the  residence  at 
Phoenix,  Arizona,  consists  of  nine  convents,  Avith 
twenty-seven  Fathers  and  about    thirty  lay  brothers. 


(9)    Tab.  Cap.  1596.  (10)    See    Chapter  X,  Part 


—  ^12 


SI^PPTEI^    XXIII. 


Metsod  T.ie  Frwcisc.vn's  Ob-ikrved  I.v  Tie  Cali^orn-ia  Missions— Pec- 
uliarity Of  The  SPAKisn  Missions— The  Mission  Buildings— Opin 
IONS  Of  Dwinelle  And  Forbes— Mission  Fare— The  Commissary  De- 
partment—Dress— Punishments— Disaster— The  Indian  Under  The 
Control  Of  The  Catholic  Missionary  And  Otherwise. 

Befobe  proceedinji;  to  relate  the  local  liistory  of 
each  mission,  it  will  be  necessary  to  describe  briefly 
the  method  which  the  Franciscans  followed  while  in 
control  of  the  Indians;  for,  though  the  missions  be- 
gan about  the  period  of  the  American  Revolution, 
and  attained  a  Avonderful  degree  of  prosperity,  they 
differed  essentially  from  those  planted  in  other 
sections  of  our  country.  Here  it  was  not  a  single 
missionary,  venturing  alone  into  a  distant  land  fac- 
ing every  danger  from  the  elements,  the  wild  beasts, 
or  the  untamed  savages  of  the  forest.  The  missionary 
went  to  his  station  attended  by  a  snnill  guard,  (1) 
with  a  colony  of  Indian  converts,  herds  of  cattle, 
and  a  plentiful  supply  of  agricultural  and  other  im- 
plements. Around  this  nucleus  of  converted  Indians, 
other  natives  soon  gathered,  buildings  were  erect- 
ed, the  new-comers  formed  to  habits  of  industry,  and 
instructed  in  the  doctrines  of  Christianity.  As  many 
of  the  missionaries  were  ingenious  in  mechanical  arts, 
the  Indians  were  taught  various  trades,  and  each 
mission  yearly  sent  otf  its  cargoes  of  surplus  products 

(1)  The  thoughtful  reader  ere  this  will  have  come  to  the  conclusion  tha'", 
though  this  system  had  its  advantapes,  the  missionaries  personally  wouhl 
have  fared  better  without  this  military  assistance  and  supervision,  and 
that  ofton  enough,  for  the  sake  of  their  Indian  neophytes,  they  must  have 
sighed  for  that  freedom  of  action  which  was  §adl,v  wanting  under  SpanisU 
officials  and  rulings, 


-  ^18  - 

and  maiuifactures  to  receive  in  return  the  necessary 
sioods  from  Europe.  Tliis  prosperity  constantly  at- 
tracted new-comers  who  wore  in  time  trained  to  the 
life  of  the  mission.  (2) 

A  rectaujiuhn-  l)uilding.  eijihty  or  ninety  yards  in 
front,  and  about  as  deep,  composed  tlie  mission.  In 
one  end  was  the  churcli  and  dwellinji;  of  the  mission- 
aries. The  interior  was  a  large  court,  adorned  with 
trees  and  fountains,  in  some  cases,  surrounded  l)y 
galleries  or  corridors,  on  which  opened  the  rooms  of 
the  missionaries,  stewards,  and  guests,  the  shops, 
schools,  store-rooms,  granary  etc.  A  part,  or  another 
building  rather,  separated  from  the  main  building, 
constructed  so  as  to  leave  a  square  court  in  the  mid- 
dle, called  the  monjerio^  or  monastery,  was  reserved 
for  the  Indian  girls.  This  was  presided  over  by  a 
trusted  old  Indian  woman.  Here  these  girls  were 
taught  to  spin  and  weave,  and  to  receive  such  other 
instruction  as  was  suited  to  their  sex.  Most,  if  not 
all,  the  cloth  that  was  used  at  the  mission,  and  much 
used  at  the  presidio,  besides  the  blankets,  sheets,  ta- 
blecloths, towels,  and  napkins,  was  produced  by  the 
deft  fingers  of  the  mission  maidens  at  the  monjerio. 
Thus  they  were  trained  to  become  thrifty  houscAvives. 
The  boys  learned  trades. 

Each  mission  was  directed  by  two  Fathers,  one  of 
whom  superintended  the  mission  buildings  and  relig- 
ious instruction;  the  other  supervised  the  field-labors, 
in  which  he  always  took  part,  teaching  by  advice  and 
example.  How  well  they  succeeded  we  may  judge 
from  the  results  which  they  obtained,  and  from 
the  affection  of  the  Indians.  Strangers  who  visited 
these  missions  were  amazed  to  see  that  with  such 
petty  resources,  most  fre(iuently  without  the  aid 
of    white    mechanics,    with     Indian    workmen    alone, 

(2)    This   detcrlptiou  is  niainly   fi'oiii   Shea'.--    "Catliolic  Missions"    aud    L. 
Power's    "Old  Missions  of  California." 


—  214  — 

they  accomplished  so  much,  not  only  in  agriculture, 
but  in  architecture  and  mechanics,  in  mills,  machines, 
bridges,  roads,  and  canals  for  irrigation,  and  accomp- 
lished it  only  by  transforming  hostile  and  indolent 
Favages  into  industrious  carpenters,  masons,  coopers, 
saddlers,  shoemakers,  weavers,  stone-cutters,  brick- 
makers,    and  lime-burners. 

The  discii)line  was  severe,  and  the  whole  estab- 
lishment conducted  like  some  large  factory.  This 
has  excited  a  great  outcry  from  superficial  travellers 
and  bigoted  writers.  Well,  the  missions  have  been  a- 
bolished,  and  the  Indians  left  to  the  enlightened  men 
of  our  day.  Under  their  care  the  natives  have  passed 
away  like  smoke  before  the  wind,  and  right-minded 
men  now  sigh  for  the  l)eneficial  management  of  the 
missionary  Fathers.  Dwinelle,  in  his  Colonial  History 
of  San  Francisco  (3)  says:  "If  we  ask  where  are  now 
the  thirty  thousand  Christianized  Indians,  who  once 
enjoyed  the  beneficence  and  created  the  wealth  of 
the  twenty-one  Catholic  missions  of  California,  and 
then  contemplate  the  most  wretched  want  of  all  sys- 
tem, which  has  succeeded  them  under  our  own  gov- 
ernment, we  shall  not  withhold  our  admiration  from 
those  good  and  devoted  men,  who,  with  such  wisdom, 
sagacity,  and  selfsacrifice,  reared  these  wonderful  in- 
stitutions in  the  wildernesi  of  California.  They,  at 
least,  would  have  preserved  these  Indian  races,  if 
they  liad  been  left  to  pursue  unmobp'sted  their  work 
of  pious  beneficence." 

Alexander  Forbes,  another  unprejudiced  writer,  in 
his  History  of  Upper  California^  says:  ''Much  credit 
is  unciuestionably  due  to  them  (the  Fathers),  and  the 
result  exhil)its  in  a  striking  point  of  view  the  effica- 
cy of  the  system  followed  by  the  Fathers,  more  espe- 
cially when  compared  with  that  adopted  by  mission- 
aries in  other  countries There  are,  I  fear,  few 

(y^    .\.^   quot'.-d  by  F.  Glco.ou  II.    1:^2. 


—  i>lo  — 

examples  to  be  found,  Nvliere  men  enjoying  unlimited 
confidence  and  power  have  not  abused  them.  And  yet 
I  have  never  heard  that  the  missionaries  of  California 
have  not  acted  with  the  most  perfect  fidelity,  tlmt 
they  ever  hetratjed  their  truat  or  exercised  inhuman- 
ity;  and  tlie  testimony  of  all  travellers  that  have  vis- 
ited this  ccTintry  is  uniformly  to  the  same  effect.  On 
the  contrary,  there  r,re  recorded  instances  of  the  most 
extraordinary  zeal,  industry,  and  philanthropy  in 
the  conduct  of  those  men.  Sincp  \he  country  lins  been 
opened,  etrauiicrs  have  found  at  their  missions  the 
most  generous  and  disinterested  h.ospitality,  protection, 
and  kindness,  and  this  without  one  solitary  instance 
to  the  contrary  that  I  liave  ever  lieard  of.''   (1) 

Aroukd  the  mission  building  arofe  tlie  houses  of  the 
Indians,  and  of  a  few  white  setlers.  At  various  dis- 
tances were  ranclierias,  ov  Indian  luimlets,  each  with 
its  chapel.  In  a  little  building  near  the  miesion  was 
a  picket  of  five  or  six  horsemen  who  acted  as  sol- 
diers and  couriers. 

The  regulations  vrere  the  same  for  all  the  missions. 
At  daybreak  the  Angelus  bell  summoned  the  natives 
to  church  lor  prayers  and  Holy  Mass,  after  which  they 
took  their  breakfast.  This  ccnsisted  invariably,  at  San 
Diego  at  least,  of  atole^  or  ground  barley.  Then  all 
joined  their  respective  bands,  and  proceeded  to  the 
regular  task  for  tlip  day.  Between  eleven  and  twelve 
o'clock  the  midday  meal  was  taken,  consisting  of  the 
ever-present  atole  in  its  different  forms,  witli  mutton 
or  beef.  Occasirrally  the  Spanish  frijuks  (l)cans), 
were  noticed  on  the  table  at  this  meal.  To  the  sick 
or  aged  milk  Avas  freely  given.  There  was  rest  until 
two  o'clock  when  labor  recommenced  and  lasted  till 
live  o'clock.  During  the  heated  liours  of  the  summer 
afternoons,  a  mule  laden  with  backets  would  pass 
around  \\\o  tjpkls,    regaling  the  toilers    with    draughts 


A-    qnot:il  by  Gbr:,on  11,   r.;0  i;J". 


—  216  — 

of  vinegar  and  sweetened  water.  This  was  considered 
a  rare  luxury.  After  the  work  was  done  the  evening 
meal  was  served.  Phwle^  a  favorite  preparation 
from  atolc^  forn:cd  llio  principal  tlish.  To  this  tlie 
neophytes  were  at  libcn-ty  to  add  nuts  and  wihl  ber 
ries  which  they  gathered  in  large  quantities  and 
stored  away.  At  sundown  ths  "Angelus"  called  the 
faithful  to  prayers ;  the  neophytes,  workmen,  and 
missionaries  repaired  to  the  chapel  or  church,  where 
the  beads  were  said,  the  litany  sung,  and  the  even- 
ing blessing  imparted. 

The  commissary  department  was  conducted  in  the 
following  manner.  Every  morning  at  daybreak  the  ma- 
vera,  or  keeper  of  the  granary,  distributed  sufficient 
food  lor  the  day  to  each  individual  or  family.  The 
unmarried  men  carried  their  share  to  the  pozolera, 
where  it  was  prepared  and  eaten  at  tlie  community 
table.  The  married  men  carried  their  rations  to  their 
respective  rancherias,  where  they  shared  them  with 
their  families.  Here  was  laid  the  foundation  of  Cali- 
fornia civilization.  The  family  circle  had  become  a 
fixed  institution. 

The  dress  of  the  men  was  a  shirt,  trowsers,  and  a 
blanket,  though  the  alcaldes  and  chiefs  of  gangs  of 
workmen  frequently  wore  the  complete  kSpanish  cos- 
tume. The  dress  of  the  Avomen  was  the  usual  one, 
with  the  invariable  blanket.  When  the  crops  had  been 
harvested  each  mission  sold  or  shipped  it.>  breadstuffs, 
wine,  oil,  hemp,  hides,  and  tallow,  and  from  the  re- 
turns distributed  to  th'  Indians  clothes,  handker- 
chiefs, tobacco,  and  other  articles.  The  surplus  was 
spent  in  (he  purchase  of  necessaries  for  the  mission, 
furniture  for  the  church  or  the  Indians,  implements  of 
agriculture,  tools,  etc.  Besides  the  funds  thus  resul- 
ting from  their  own  lal)()rs,  the  Indians  enjoyed,  in 
the  early  years  of  the  missions,  the  revenue  of  a  por- 
tion   of  the  'Tious  Fund''    wliich  had  been  bestowed 


))}'  rl  aritable  persons  on  the  old  Jesuit  missions;  the 
missionaries  who  were  bound  by  the  vow  of  poverty 
received  only  food  and  clotliiuii'. 

The  Indians  of  a  mission  were  not  all  of  the  same 
tribe,  but  perfect  harmony  i)revailed;  and  when  the 
season  of  work  was  over,  many  paid  visits  to  their 
countrymen,  and  seldom  returned  alone.  Sometimes  a 
zealous  Christian  would  visit  his  own  tri])e  as  an  apos- 
tle to  announce  the  happiness  enjoyed  under  the 
mild  lule  of  the  Gospel,  In  this  way  llu^  missions 
constantly  received  new  accessions;  for  the  iiood  Fa- 
thers had  the  art  of  making  labor  attractive. 

However,  human  nature  is  the  same  everywhere. 
Not  all  were  docile  and  submissive  at  all  times,  and 
the  Fathers,  who  had  studied  the  character  of  their 
wards,  chose  the  only  means  that  will  bring  refractory 
si)irits  to  terms,  and  the  only  means  that  Indian  nat- 
ure at  least  will  appreciate,  as  only  those  know  that 
have  resided  among  Indians  for  any  length  of  time. 
There  were  various  modes  of  punishments  in  vogues 
in  the  various  missions.  Imprisonment  was  one  kind. 
If  the  crime  was  a  capital  one,  the  culi)rit  was  turned 
over  to  the  military  authority  at  the  presidio.  Small- 
er olfences  were  usually  settled  l)y  the  missionaries 
themselves.  Indeed,  it  is  recorded  that  rebellious 
young  men  and  boys  had  l)een  laid  over  the  good 
old  Fathers  knee  to  receive  i)hysical  emphasis  oi'  liis 
admonitions,  and  with  salutary  effect. 

kSucH  was  the  managenuMit  of  tlie  California  mis- 
sions under  the  rule  of  th.c  Franciscans.  Tlie  stock 
had  increased  with  wonderful  rapidity;  the  orchards 
nourished,  the  fields  yielded  an  abundance  of  wh.eat 
and  other  grain,  and  pros])erity  reigned;  but  l)etter 
than  all  civilization  and  Christianity  had  taken  root 
in  the  nev.-  soil  and  had  thriven  vigorously,  when  in 
1884,  there  came  a  thuiulerbolt  that  smote  the  tried 
mission  svstem  till  it  shook  and  fell,  a  shattered    fa- 


—  218  — 

i)rie.  It  canio  in  the  form  of  a  decree  that  the  iiiis- 
sions  were  to  he  snatched  from  the  jurisdiction  of 
tlie  Fathers  and  transferred,  just  as  they  stood,  to  the 
jrovernment.  Comisionados  ^vcre  dispatclied  to  tlie 
uiis«ions  to  assume  cliarjLie.  The  neophytes,  wliom  the 
missionaries  had  cared  for  aud  kioked  npon  r.s  Iheir 
children,  were  taken  from  them  and  turned  adrift. 
The  tlocks  they  had  tended,  the  orchards  th.ey  had 
roared,  an<l  \he  h.uildin^s  they  had  erected,  were 
now  no  longer  1  heirs.  The  result  was  disaster  on  ev- 
(M-y  side.  The  Indians  of  California  took  to  the  moun- 
tains and  returned  to  th.eir  l>arbarous  ways,  or  l)e- 
came  the  outcasts  of  towns  that  had  arisen  in  the 
r.eighborhood.  Later  (U  the  l'.  S.  liovernment  tried 
the  reservation  plan,  which  is  tlie  old  mission  plan 
revived  in  !( me  of  its  features,  luit  with  religion  left 
out.  Tlie  agent  takes  the  place  of  the  missionary, 
with  what  results,  and  with  what  cost  to  the  United 
States,  is  known  to  all.  It  is  anything  but  gratifying. 
The  Indian  under  the  rule  of  the  Catholic  Religion 
thrives,  as  Mexico  proves,  Init  the  Indian  without 
his  priest  to  control  him  disappears,  or  simply  fol- 
lows his  animal  instincts,  as  is  the  case  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  wherever  Catholic  missionaries  are  not  in 
full  control. 


L>19   — 


PART    II. 

LOCAL     HISTORY. 

GRflPTER     L 

SAN    DIEGO. 

San  Diego  Mission  Founded— First  Missionaries— Other  Missionaeies- 
Fr.  Serea  Goes  To  Mexico  And  Returns— Preparations  Foe  A  New 
Church— Removal  Of  The  Mission— Success  Of  The  Fathers— Indian 
Revolt -Attack  Ox  The  Mission— Death  Of  Fr.  Jayme— Destruction 
Of  The  Buildings— Brave  Defense-  Fe.  Seeea  Pleads  Foe  The  Reb- 
els—Raid On  The  Indians— Church  Asylum— Riveea  Excommunicated. 
Rebuilding— Dtsappotxtment— The  Viceroy's  Order. 

The  mission  of  8aii  Diego  was  formally  foinided  l)y 
Fr.  Jimipero  kSerra  on  July  16th,  17G9.  The  first  mis- 
sionaries were  Fathers  Junipero  Serra  liimself  and 
Fernando  Parron.   (1) 

When  Fr.  Serra  on  April  16th,  177J,  started  out 
for  Monterey,  he  left  Fr.  Francisco  Gomez  as  assist- 
ant to  Fr.  Parron  at  8an  Diego;  but  owing  to  their 
ill-health  both  obtained  permission  to  retire  to  a 
more  congenial  climate  that  they  might  recuperate. 
Fr.  Parron  went  to  Lower  California,  whilst  Fr.  Go- 
mez chose  Mexico.   (2) 

Fathers  Luis  Jayme  and  Francisco  Dumetz,  origi- 
nally from  the  Mallorca  Franciscan  province,  were 
appointed  their  successors  about  the  middle  of  July 
177L   (.">) 

(1)  Sec    riiapter    IV,   of    Part  Fir.-t    for     p  irticular.^.  Vida,    82-101. 

(2)  Vida,  84;  ^8;  12(i.  Banrroft,  I,  178.  Fr.  Fernando  Parron  liad  orLginally 
boon  a  member  of  tJio  Ei-tromadura  provinrr,  Spain,  and  Fr.  Franci.-co 
Gomez  liad  bfpn  a  nm  cf  the  provincp  of  t)ir  Imnr  culatc  Concej  t''?D, 
Spain,  r  ilou,  Noticin?  I,  :'.         C\)    VIda,  HO. 


—  220  — 

Fr.  Dumetz,  liowcver,  also  ii'i'eyV  sick  and  departed 
for  Ihe  peninsula  together  with  Fr.  Canibon,  prohr- 
l)ly  in  May.  It  seems  Fr.  S;)mora  from  Sau  (inl)riel 
remained  here  for  a  while,  lliouiih  h<>  was  in  very 
l)0()r  health   himself.    (4) 

Latk  in  Auiiust  Fr.  .hinipero  with  Don  Faiit's  start- 
ed out  from  Monterey  for  San  Dieiio  to  make  ar- 
raniiements  for  the  transportation  of  supplies  from 
there  to  San  Carlos  and  San  Antonio.  At  San  (Jabriel 
Fr.  Paterna  join.cd  his  superior  and  both  reached 
San  Die.iio  on  September  16th.  Fr.  Junipero  embarked 
for  Mexico  on  October  2()th  1872.  (-5)  Fr.  Somera  had 
retired  a  little  while  ])efore.  Fr.  Pena  was  sent  up 
from  the  peninsula  by  Fr.  Palou,  and  labored  together 
with  Fr.  Jayme  until  August  oOth,  1773,  when  Fr. 
Francisco  Palou  with  seven  missionaries  arrived  at 
San  Diego.  After  that  date  the  missionaries  here  were 
Fathers  Luis  Jayme  and  Vincente  Fuster,  together 
with  Fr.  Gregorio  Amurrio  as  supernumerary.  (6) 

Aftek  pleading  the  cause  of  the  California  missions 
successfully  in  Mexico,  Fr.  Serra  returned  to  the 
coast  and,  having  reached  San  Diego  o]i  March  loth, 
1771,  departed  for  Monterey  on  the  (Uh  of  April.  On 
account  of  ill  health  Fr.  Mugartegui  remained  at  San 
Diego,  whilst  Fr.  Amurrio  in  his  stead  took  ship  for 
Moiiterey.  xVbout  this  time  there  existed  around  San 
])iego,  within  a  radius  of  ten  leagues,  eleven  ranche- 
lias,  whose'  inhabitants  snl)sist(Ml  ou  grass,  seeds,  fish, 
and  rabbits.  X(>arly  all  tho^^'  in  the  rancheria  that 
had  formerly  attacked  the  mission  were  converted. 
In  a  material  way  some  little  progress  was  likewise 
made.  Four  thousand  adobes  had  been  manufactured, 
some  stones  collected,  and  the  foundation  for  a 
(diundi  ninety  feet  long  was  laid  when  work  had  to 
be  suspended.   (7) 

(4)    Vida,  i:a-i:r>;  Xof.ci;is  HI.  26.      \r.)    Nutici  \s,  III,  :«,  has  October  ISth. 
i(>i     Vida,  1 15-147:     Xoticias.  I.  ai()-01 ;  III.  :!l-:!ii.     (7i      Bancroft,    I,    21'<-'m\ 
Noticia-;.  III.   ll^-14'.i;  Vida.  IKi-KJ). 


—  221  — 

Ik  August  ,1774  the  mission  of  San  Die-^o,  with  tlio 
consent  of  the  viceroy,  ^\■as  removed  alout  two 
leaiiues  np  the  vaUey  northeastward  of  Cosoy,  to  a 
l)hice  called  by  the  native.-*  ''Nipaiiuay/'  It  was  prob- 
ably identit-al,  oi-  nearly  so,  with  that  of  the  later 
buildin^i-s  whose  ruins  are  still  visil)le  about  six  miles 
from  city  and  port.  There  are  no  accounts  of  1h(> 
ceremonies  with  which  the  transfer  was  celebrated, 
nor  is  the  exact  date  known;  but  the  Fathers  and 
neophytes  were  pleased  with  the  chaniie  and  worked 
with  a  will,  so  that,  by  th;^  end  of  the  year,  the 
mission  buildiniis,  consirtinii'  of  a  dwellinii,  a  store- 
Iiouse,  a  smithy  of  adoI)es,  and  a  wooden  church 
measiirini;'  eiiihteen  by  lifty-seven  feet,  and  roofed 
with  tiles,  were  in  a  better  condition  than  those  at 
Cosoy.  At  the  old  site  all  the  buildinjis  were  ,i:iven 
up  to  the  presidio,  exceid  two  rcjoms,  one  for  the 
visitinii  priests,  and  the  other  for  the  temporary  stor- 
age of  mission  supplies  coiiiinu:,-  by  sea.  ((S) 

According  to  Fr,  Serra's  report  of  1775,  sterile  San 
Diego  showed  a  total  return  of  only  thirty  fanegas  of 
wheat.  The  number  of  its  Christian  Indians  was  only 
ninety-seven.  Prospects,  however,  were  very  ))right  in 
the  fall  of  1775.  New  buildings  had  been  erected,  a 
well  dug,  and  more  land  made  ready  for  sowing. 
Fathers  Luis  Jayme  and  Vincente  Fuster  were  l)usily 
engaged  instructing  the  neophytes.  They  had  l)een  so 
successful  of  late  that  on  the  Hd  of  October  they 
were  able  to  baptize  sixty  Indians.  This  excited  the 
jealousy  of  Satan  at  whose  instigation  two  of  the  re- 
cently baptized  natives,  under  pretense  of  visiting 
some  relatives,  left  the  mission,  and  went  from  ran- 
cheria  to  rancheria  telling  the  Indians  that  the  Fath- 
ers were  ab(mt  to  baptize  them  by  force.  Many 
disbelieved  the  story,  l)ut  the  apostates  succeeded  in 
moving  over  one  thousand  savages  to  resolve  the  des- 

(&)    Serra,  "Informe,"  177.').  iu  Bancroft,  I.  'I'M. 


tiuc'tion  of  both  luissiou  niul  presidio.  The  Fathers 
liad  removed  the  mission  to  a  more  fertile  spot  about 
two  leagues  distant  from  the  harbor  and  fort,  as  we 
have  seen  before.  This  em])oldened  the  savages  to 
make  the  attack. 

On  the  night  of  the  4th  of  November  they  arrived 
in  the  valley  of  the  San  Diego  Kiver.  Here  they  sep- 
arated, one  party  proceeding  to  the  presidio  below, 
which  was  to  be  attacked  after  the  mission  had  been 
destroyed,  the  other  falling  on  the  mission.  They 
then  i^laced  sentries  before  all  the  cabins  of  the 
Christian  Indians,  and  threatened  tiie  inmates  with 
death  if  they  dared  to  move  or  give  the  alarm.  A 
large  number  of  assailants  rushed  to  the  church  and 
vestry  which  they  robbsd  of  its  sacred  vessels  and 
vestments.  They  next  advanced  upon  the  barracks, 
and,  finding  the  guards  asleep,  snatched  firebrands 
from  the  hearth  and  set  fire  to  the  l)uildings.  The 
blaze  and  the  horrible  yells  of  the  enemy  now  awoke 
both  Fathers  and  soldiers.  When  the  latter  at  last 
were  ready,  the  Indians  had  baguu  to  discharge  their 
arrows.  Fr.  Vincente,  peeing  the  danger,  took  the  son 
and  nephew  of  the  presidio  officer  and  hastily  fled  to 
the  soldiers'  quarters.  Fr.  Jayme,  awaking  and  seeing 
the  conflagration,  thought  it  accidental.  Rushing  out 
he  met  a  large  group  of  savages  whom  he  greeted 
with  his  usual  salutation :  "Amad  a  Dios,  hijos,'^ 
"Love  God,  my  children."  When  the  brutes  caught 
sight  of  the  good  missionary,  they  fell  upon  him  with 
fury,  and,  dragging  him  to  the  creek,  stripped  hin\ 
of  his  habit,  beat  him,  anl  jjierced  him  with  arrows 
until  he  fell  dead.  When  later  on  they  learned  that 
the  missionary  Aviiom  they  luul  killed  was  the  'reza- 
dor,'  the  one  ^^ho  always  prayed,  the  pagan  Indians 
gave  vent  to  their  fiendish  joy  by  wild  shouts  of  de- 
light. 

In  one  of  the  Inalding.s  lived    the    blacksmith    and 


-2^3- 


_  221  - 

the  carpenter.  With  them  also  resided  Ursulino,  the 
carpenter  of  the  fort.  He  had  become  ill  and  had 
been  l)ronght  to  the  m's  ion  to  recnperate.  Jose  Ma- 
nuel Arroyo,  the  blacksmith,  was  among  the  first  to 
luirry  out  sword  in  hand,  but  he  fell  dead  immedi- 
ately, pierced  by  two  arrows.  Felipe  Romero,  the 
uiission  carpenter,  also  seized  a  musket  and  killed 
one  of  tlie  assailants.  Th,-.i  takin;r  advanta.tie  of  the 
confusion  which  followed,  he  escaped  and  joined  the 
soldiers.  Poor  Ursulino  received  two  arrow  wounds 
which  some  days  later  proved  fatal.  The  l)and  which 
had  gone  to  attack  the  presidio,  seeing  the  mission 
buildings  on  hre,  and  on  that  account  fearing  discov- 
ery by  the  presidio  guards,  returned  and  joined  those 
at  Ih.e  mission  for  a  general  attack.  The  mission 
guard,  at  the  time  consisting  of  th?  three  soldiers  be- 
sides the  corporal,  reinforced  by  the  wounded  carpen- 
ter and  the  surviving  Father  Fuster,  defended  them- 
selves valiantly.  When  the  savages  saw  the  terri])le 
effects  of  the  muskets,  they  set  lire  to  the  building 
that  held  the  little  party  who  were  then  forced  to 
take  refuge  in  a  snuill  room  of  adobe  which  had 
been  used  as  a  kitchen.  This  h.ad  Init  three  walls; 
the  roof  of  dry  branches  and  the  remaining  side  was 
exposed  to  the  enemy.  To  protect  themselves  the 
soldiers  erected  a  barricade  with  two  bales  or  l)oxes 
and  a  copper  kettle,  lirought  at  great  risk  from  the 
burning  house;  l)ut  by  the  time  the  opening  was 
closed  two  soldiers  were  wounded  and  disabled.  There 
oi.iy  remained  the  corporal,  one  soldier,  and  the  car- 
penter to  defend  th:>  littl'^  fort  which  was  barely 
three  feet  high.  The  copoial,  who  was  a  sharpshoot- 
er, told  the  others  to  load  the  muskets  while  he  did 
the  shooting.  The  result  was  that  every  Indian  who 
approached  the  place  open  to  them  was  either  killed 
or  wounded.  The  infuriated  savages  now  determined 
to   .-et    fire   to   the    liranches   with   which    the    little 


room  was  roofed.  Fortunately  the  roof  vras  a  liimsy 
structure,  and  its  fire  did  not  last  long;  but  while  it 
rajied  there  was  great  danger  that  the  sack  contain- 
in;-  lifty  pounds  of  gunpowder  might  be  touclied  by 
the  falling  lirebrands^.  To  prevent  such  a  disaster, 
Fr.  Fuster  courageously  Fat  upon  it.  Finding  that 
their  stratagem  did  not  force  the  vSpaniards  to  como 
out,  the  savages  next  threw  burning  coals  and  pieces 
of  adol)e  over  the  walls,  and  succeeded  in  wounding 
Fr.  Fuster,  though  not  seriously.  The  gallant  little 
1  arty  defended  themselves  till  dayl)reak,  when  the 
Indians,  fearing  that  help  might  come  from  the  pre- 
sidio, fled  carrying  along  their  dead  and  wounded. 
The  survivors  then  crawled  from  l)ehind  their  adobe 
battlements.  They  were  niet  by  the  Christian  Indians 
wiio  v^ith  many  tears  and  lamentations  related  tlie 
story  of  their  confinement,  and  their  inability  to  ren- 
der assistance  during  the  night. 

Search  was  at  once  made  for  Fr.  Jayme.  After  a 
sliort  time,  in  the  dry  ])ed  of  a  creek,  they  discov- 
ered the  naked  body,  ))ruised  fr(un  head  to  foot 
Avith  ])Iows  from  stones  and  clubs.  The  face,  esi)ecial- 
ly,  was  disfigured  beyond  recognition,  while  the  body, 
besides  Ijruises,  showed  eighteen  arrow  w(mnds.  At 
the  sight  of  tlie  mangled  remains  of  jiis  l)eloved 
companion,  the  good  Fr.  Vincente  almost  fainted 
away.  It  was  learned  later  that  the  martyr  had 
expired  while  calling  on  .Fesus  to  receive  his  spirit. 
On  receii)t  of  the  news,  (\)ri)oral  Verdugo,  with  four 
nuMi  out  of  the  ten  he  coiniiiandcd  at  the  i^residio, 
hastened  to  th(>  mission.  Fr.  Fuster  had  two  i)iers 
made  on  which  the  l)odies  of  Fr.  Jayme  and  of  the 
l)la(dvsmith  were  borne  to  th(>  chapel  of  the  garrison 
for  burial  A  few  neophytes  were  left  behitid  to 
save  something  from  the  M'reck,  if  possible.  The 
carpenter  Frsulino  died  five  days  later,  having  in  a 
truly    Chvistian  fspirit    willed    all    the  pay  due  him  to 


he  used  for  the  benefit  ef  liis  murderers.  He  was 
buried  by  Fr.  Fuster.   (9) 

Thk  news  of  tiie  disaster  at  San  Dieiio  reached 
Monterey  on  the  IJJth  of  Deeeniber,  and,  thouf^h  late 
in  the  niirlit,  Captain  Rivera  at  onee  set  out  for  San 
Carlos  to  (•(  nnnunieate  the  fi;d  tidir.^s  to  Fr.  Junii  e- 
ro.  When  th.e  latter  heard  of  the  death  of  Fr.  Jayin(> 
he  exclaimed:  "Thanks  be  to  (iod;  tliat  land  is  wa- 
tered: now  will  follovN'  the  con 'er^ion  of  the  San  Die- 
<i()  Indians."  Tlie  next  day  a  Requiem  Mass  was  sung-, 
at  which  six  Fathers  assisted,  amonu;  them  Fr.  Palou. 
Fr.  Palo;i  a^,suros  u>  th?  zeal  and  tho  virtu:\^  of  tho 
murdered  priest  was  so  threat,  that  in  the  opinion  of 
all  his  soul  needed  no  supplications,  but  that  it  had 
gone  directly  to  heaven  to  receive  a  martyr's  crown. 
However,  adoring  CJod's  unsearchable  judgments,  the 
Fr.  Superior  ordered  ca'di  priest  to  say  twenty  Mass- 
es for  the  repose  of  the  soul  of  Fr.  Jayme. 

Fe.  Serra  immediately  wrote  to  the  Fr.  Guardian 
in  Mexico,  and  also  to  A'iceroy  Bucareli,  deploring 
the  rash  act  of  the  poor  Indians,  because  he  feared 
it  might  retard  their  conversion.  Like  a  true  father 
he  pleaded  for  the  misguided  na^-ives,  and  declared 
that  the  missionaries  were  not  disheartened,  but  that 
the  number  of  soldiers  should  be  increased,  in  order 
that  the  establishment  of  otlier  missions  might  pro- 
ceed. The  viceroy  received  Fr.  Junipero's  letter  in 
the  beginning  of  April,  1776,  and  replied  as  follows: 
'•In  view  of  tlie  prudent  and  Christian  reHections  ex- 
pressed in  your  letter,  inclining  to  soften  the  rebels 
l)y  kindness  rather  than  to  suIkIuc  them  by  punish- 
ment, I  have  written  Comandante  Rivera  so  to  act, 
thinking  it  the  best  method  of  pacifying  and  winning 
them.  Such  a  policy  would  ].erhr,ps  also  aid  us  in 
gaining  the  neighboring  tribes,  when  they  see  that 
thev  are  treated  with  leniency,  whereas  on  account  of 


(91    Vida,  170 -ISJ:       Banc-  I.  '.'yj 


Ilic'ir  cxcc!-scs  tb.ey  dof^ervr  i>uni>:lnnenl-.  I  have  or- 
(lorcd  my  officers  to  rebuild  tlie  misKioii,  i\u([  to  es- 
lal)lisli  that  of  San  Jiuiii  Capistrano.*'  This  letter  was 
dated  April  ;>d,  177(5.  Mueh  anxiety  would  have  bi»en 
spared  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  had  he  received  the  letter 
earlier.    (10) 

On  January  41  h,  ]77(),  ('ai)tain  Anza,  with  Fr.  Pe- 
dro F(!nt  of  the  Queretaro  Franciscan  college,  head- 
ing a  land  expedition  from  Sonora,  reached  San  (Ga- 
briel on  his  \\',\\  to  San  Francisco.  Captain  Rivera 
had  arrived  from  Monterey  the  day  before  with  ten 
or  twelve  men  for  the  protection  of  San  Diego,  and 
to  punish  the  Indians  who  had  destroyed  the  mission. 
The  disaster  and  danger  at  San  Diego  caused  Anza  to 
suspend  his  own  expedition  for  a  time.  At  the  re- 
quest of  Rivera  he  set  out  at  neon  on  the  7th  for 
San  Diego  to  help  punish  the  savages.  He  was  accom- 
panied by  Fr.  Font  and  seventeen  of  his  soldiers,  and 
reached  the  presidio  on  the  11th.  Investigations  now 
followed  respecting  tJie  late  outbreak.  Raids  were 
nuide  on  the  different  rancherias;  gentile  chiefs  were 
brought  in,  forced  to  testify,  tiogged,  liberated,  or 
imprisoned.  In  these  proceedings  the  missionaries 
took  no  part,  Fr.  Junipero  having  advised  an  oppo- 
site course.    ( 11 ) 

Heabing  now  that  provisions  had  liecome  scarce  at 
San  Gabriel,  Captain  Anza  with  Fr.  Font  hastened  to 
remove  the  immigrants  to  Monterey.  Only  one  event 
occurred  at  San  Diego  after  Anza's  departure  which 
desei'ves  notice  in  this  connection.  Carlos,  an  old  In- 
dian and  neophyte,  but  a  ring-leader  in  the  late  re- 
volt, returned  to  the  mission  and  professed  sorrow  for 
his  misdeeds;  but  as  he  feared  the  military  he  took 
refuge  in  th.e  (diurch.  Rivera  ordered  Fr.  Fuster  to 
deliver  up  the  culprit  on  the  plea  that    the    right    of 

(10)    Vida,  I{i4-n0.      iin  Banrr-'ft,  I.  -JC..-);  Virla  JNJ.^T;  Vide  "Frnnci  cans  in 
A-lzona." 


—  228  — 

church  asylum  did  not  protect  such  a  criminal,  and 
that  the  edifice  was  not  a  church  any  way,  but  a 
warehouse  used  temporarily  for  worship.  Advised  by 
his  brethren  Fr.  Fiister  refused,  and  warned  the  com- 
numdant  to  use  no  force.  Rivera,  however,  turned 
a  deaf  ear  to  this  warning',  entered  the  church  sword 
in  liand,  accompanied  by  a  squ:vl  of  soldiers,  and 
Avithout  paying  any  attention  to  the  earnest  protest  of 
Fathers  Fuster,  Lasuen,  and  Amurrio,  dragged  the 
Indian  out.  For  this  open  defiance  of  the  ministers 
of  the  C'hurch,  and  for  violating  a  sacred  place,  the 
Fathers  excommunicated  the  commander  and  tlie  sol- 
diers who  had  assisted  him,  and  on  the  next  day  or- 
dered them  to  leave  the  church  l)efore  the  ))eginning 
of  Muss.  They  then  reported  the  case  to  their  super- 
ior, Fr.  Serra,  and  sent  the  information  through  Ki- 
vera  himself.  Arriving  there  on  April  loth,  the  cap- 
tain informed  the  Fr.  President  of  the  excommunica- 
tion pronounced  at  San  Diego,  and  asked  for  absolu- 
tion. Aftr'r  consulting  with  th?  Fathers  at  San  Car- 
lo 3,  Fr.  Junjp3ro  approve  I  of  what  Fr.  Fuster  had 
done,  and  at  the  same  time  refused  to  grant  the  cap- 
tain's reque'st  for  absolution  until  he  had  given  satis- 
faction to  the  Churcl)  l>y  returning  the  Indian  Carlos 
to  the  sanctuary,  when  the  San  Diego  missionaries 
could  raise  the  excommuni(';(tion  without  interference 
from  their  sui)eri()r. 

Fr.  Serra  informed  the  Fr.  (luardian  aliout  the 
trouldes  in  California,  and,  after  much  difficulty  in 
obtaining  an  e.^cort  from  th(>  comandante,  sent  Fr. 
Cambon  with  the  letter  to  overtake  Capt.  An/a.  TJie 
i\ext  day,  April  19th,  Rivera  started  south  again,  but 
(m  the  plea  of  great  haste,  refused  Fr.  .lunij^ero's 
request  to  go  with  him.   (12) 

It  was  not  until  June  JJOth  that  Fr.  Serra  could 
proceed    to    San  Diego    for  tjie  purpose  of    rebuilding 

H->)    Ba-icroft.  T.  2'r>-2":;:  Vida.  1S7-191. 


^  2^9  — 

the  Uiit-Bioii.  In  (()Uii):(ny  with  Fr.  Santa  Maria  li^ 
embarked  at  Monterey  in  tlie  packet-))<)at  Principe, 
and  readied  San  Diejio  alter  twelve  day?.  The  two 
Fatiiers  who  had  l)een  destined  for  San  Juan  C'apis- 
trano  were  still  at  the  presidio  with  Fr.  Fuster. 
Anxious  to  hasten  the  estal)lishnieiit  of  the  mission, 
Fr.  Junipero  applied  to  Captain  Dit'iio  ('ho(iuet  of 
the  Principe,  and  asked  him,  for  the  sake  of  his  pa- 
tron saint,  to  allow  some  of  his  sailors  to  assist  in  e- 
rectinii  the  mission  bnildinjis.  The  noble  olticer  re- 
plied:  "Not  only  the  sailors  shall  help,  but  I  will  lio 
myself  like  a  common  laborer.''  With  two  mission- 
aries, the  nuirine  otlicer  and  six  ♦)f  his  men,  l)esides 
twenty  soldiers  and  some  laborers,  Fr.  Junipero  then 
set  out  for  the  place  where  the  old  mission  had  stood. 
For  two  weeks  they  worked  with  such  enthusiasm 
that  hopes  were  entertained  of  completiuii'  the  church 
and  dwelling  before  the  ship  would  have  to  sail.  The 
enemy  of  mankind,  however,  could  not  bear  to  see 
the  work  proceed  so  well.  He  accordingly  availed  hin.i- 
Kelf  of  the  caprices  of  the  commandant  to  frustrate 
the  plans  of  the  missionaries.  On  the  8th  of  Septem- 
l)er  Rivera  went  out  to  the  mission  grounds,  and  no- 
tified the  principal  officer  that  rumors  were  current 
that  the  Indians  contemplated  another  attack  on  the 
mission,  and  that  he  deemed  it  necessary  to  retire  on 
board  the  ship  with  his  men.  The  officer  of  the  ma- 
rines, seeing  there  was  no  ground  to  fear  an  out- 
break, entreated  Rivera  to  investigate  the  rumor; 
but  the  comandante  would  not  listen  to  reason,  and 
insisted  on  carrying  out  his  orders.  ])on  (.'hoquet  re- 
luctantly obeyed,  but  protested  that  it  would  be  a 
shame  for  the  Spanish  army  to  suspend  work  at  the 
mere  rumor  of  an  outbreak.  With  much  regret  he 
communicated  the  gloomy  news  to  the  missionaries. 
"Let  the  will  of  God  be  done,"  Fr.  Serra  exclaimed, 
"He  alone  can  remedy  this  evil." 
HAVI^Tr    been    informed  by  Don    Diego   Ohoquet   of 


—  !>30  --^ 

the  interruption  of  the  work,  the  viceroy  at  once  or- 
dered (iovenior  Neve,  who  resided  at  Loreto,  to  take 
up  his  residenee  at  Monterey  and  assign  Kivera  to 
Loreto.  Moreover  he  rouiniunioated  tliis  decision  to 
Fr.  Junipero  in  a  hnii;  letter,  written  December  25th, 
1776.  The  foUowinj-  paraiiraph  ironi  tlie  letter  shows 
that  ^'iceroy  Bucareli  was  animated  by  a  trnly  Chris- 
tian spirit.  ''The  suspension  of  the  work  on  the  de- 
stroyed mission  of  San  Dieiio  must  have  caused  se- 
vere pain  to  your  Reverence.  It  has  iireatly  displeased 
me  as  well,  the  more  so  as  I  l)ecame  aware  through 
Don  Diego  Choquet  of  the  frivolous  motives  that 
l)rought  it  about.  I  presume  that,  with  the  twenty- 
tive  soldiers  sent  to  reinforce  the  presidio,  Don  Fern- 
ando Rivera  will  devote  himself  to  the  erection  of 
the  mission  of  San  Juan  Capistrano;  but  if  he  does 
not,  the  governor  of  the  province,  who  has  orders  to 
reside  at  Monterey,  will  do  so.  I  have  ordered  the 
governor  to  have  San  Diego  reestablished,  and  not  to 
punish  the  ringleaders  of  the  late  outbreak,  hoping 
that  they  will  themselves  learn  to  regret  their  mis- 
deeds. I  likewise  ordered  him  to  establish  the  mission 
of  Santa  Clara  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco presidio  .  .  .  The  governor,  Don  Felipe  Neve,  is 
directed  to  have  recourse  to  your  counsels,  and  to 
consult  me  in  whatever  is  necessary  to  insure  the 
propagation  of  the  faith,  the  conversion  of  souls,  and 
the  extension  of  the  royal  dominion.   (13) 

(13.)    Vula,    loi-r.'t;. 


—  m 


SAN   DIEGO    (CONTINUED). 

Fe.  Seeeas  Happixess— Sad  End  Of  Ax  Indian  Ckiminal— The  Misskix 
Rebiiet— Missionaries— New  Registers— Fiest  Pvblic  Execution  In 
California— Fe.  Seera  Confirms  At  Sax  Diego— Fr.  Figuer- State 
Of  The  Missiox-Fatiiees  Toreexs  And  Maeixee— An  Aqueduct— Re- 
mains Of  Dead  Missionaries  Transferred- Various  Missionaries- 
New  Churoh— Mission  Bouxdarie?— Fe.  Martin  -  Kj-fe'ts  Of  Seculari- 
zation -Statistics. 

Twenty-one  (ln}>i  after  the  work  of  rehuildinj--  San 
Diego  Mission  liad  been  discontinued,  twenty-live  sol- 
diers arrived  from  Lower  California  with  two  letters 
from  the  viceroy  for  the  Kr.  President.  These  letters 
contained  the  information  related  at  tlie  <dose  of  the 
precedinji'  cliapter.  The  joy  of  Fr.  Serra  now  scarcely 
knew  bounds,  and  he  gave  vent  to  his  happiness  by 
having  tlie  ))ells  ring  out  the  news  to  his  liock.  A 
High  Mass  was  celebrated  on  the  following  day, 
whicli  happened  to  be  the  feast  of  St,  Michael,  the 
Archangel,  i)atron  of  the  missions.  Oa])tain  Rivera, 
having  receivi^d  orders  to  tliat  etf'ect,  liberated  all 
the  Indians  he  had  imprisoned.  One  of  them,  how- 
ever, had  meanwhile  hanged  himself  on  tlie  15th  of 
August.  It  was  the  anniversary  of  the  day  on  which 
six  years  before  t!:e  ;am'  Inda.i  I  ;  d  attempted  'o 
kill  Fr.  Junipero  in  the  lirst  general  attack  on  the 
mission.    (1) 

Kivera,  moreover,  detailed  twelve  soldiers  as  a 
guard  to  protect  the  workmen  who  were  rebuilding 
Missit)n  San  Diego,  and  left  thirty  at  the  presidio. 
With  twelve  soldiers  destined  for  San  Francisco  he 
then  proceeded  to  Monterey,  that  he  miglit  not    have 


to  witiies^i  tlie  i-eestHblishinelit  of  Sali  IJiego,  and  the 
foundatit)!!  of  San  Capistrano,  to  Avliich  uiidertakinjis 
Kivera  s-eeiiied  so  luiu-li  opposed.  Work  was  at  once 
resumed  and  the  l)uikliiigs  were  ready  for  occupation 
on  the  ITth  of  (Jctol)er.  Fathers  Fiister,  Lasuen,  and 
])rol)ably  Santa  Maria,  were  its  lirst  occupants,  Fr. 
►Serra,  accompanied  l)y  Fathers  Fahlo  Muiiiirtej;ui  and 
Oreiiorio  Amurrio,  had  hastened  to  San  Jinm  Capis- 
trano to  hty  the  foundation  for  this  new  mission.  The 
h)st  mission  registers  of  l)aptisms,  marriages,  and 
deatlis  at  San  Diego  had  already  l>een  rephiced  witli 
new  ones  in  whicli  tlie  mission  entries  were  restored, 
as  far  as  possible,  from  the  memory  of  priests,  neo- 
phytes, and  soldiers,  by  Fr.  Junipero  himself.  He, 
moreover,  added  valualde  notes  on  the  past  history 
of  the  mission  at  various  dates  from  August  14th 
to  October  25th.  Fr.  Fuster  also  added  an  interesting 
narrative  of  the  tragedy  of  November  5tii,  1775.  Fr. 
Palou  says  that  progress  in  the  work  of  conversion 
was  now  very  rapid,  as  wliole  rancherias  came  in 
from  afar  to  ask  for  baptism.   ("2) 

On  the  nth  of  April,  1778,  the  lirst  pul)lic  execu- 
tion in  California  took  place  at  San  Diego.  The  four 
chiefs,  Aachil,  Aalcuirin,  Aaran,  and  Taguagui,  were 
tried  on  April  6th,  convicted  of  having  plotted  to 
kill  the  Christians,  and  condemned  to  death  by  Orte- 
ga, then  commanding  at  San  Diego,  though  that  of- 
ficer had  no  right  to  inflict  the  death  penalty  with- 
out the  governor's  approval.  Fathers  Lasuen  and  Fi- 
guer  were  summoned  to  prepare  the  culprits  for 
their  end.  "You  will  cooj)erate,"  Ortega  wrote  to  the 
missionaries,  ''for  the  good  of  their  souls  with  the 
understanding  that,  if  they  do  not  accept  the  salutary 
water    of    baptism,    they    die    on    Saturday    nn)rning; 

and    if    they    do    accept they    will    die    all    the 

same."   (3) 


(2)    Vida,  186-197;  Bancroft,  I,  302-303.        (3)    Bancroft,  I,  316. 


Fli.  Junipero  Seri-;i,  who  liad  obtained  faculties  to 
luhniliii^ter  the  ^;aci-anieiit  of  continuation,  arrived  at 
San  Diego  on  the  loth  of  September,  1778.  He  re- 
mained at  the  mission  until  October  Sth,  duriui;- 
wiiii'h  time  he  conlirmed  all  the  nco|)hytes  and  the 
chihlren  of  the  soldiers.    (1) 

A  ne^\•  church  of  adol)e,  st reuiithened  and  roofed 
with  pine  timbers,  was  completed  in  J7^^0.  It  was 
ninety  feet  louii,  seventeen  feet  wide,  and  seventeen 
feet  high,   (o) 

Fk.  Junipero  came  to  San  Diego  to  administer  con- 
tirnnition  for  the  last  time  in  September  1788.  Fr. 
Juan  Figuer,  after  seven  years  of  faithful  service  at 
San  Diego,  went  to  his  everlasting  reward  on  Decem- 
ber J8th,  1784.  His  body  was  buried  in  the  mission 
church  the  next  day  by  Fr  Fasuen,  who  had  taken 
Fr.  Jayme's  place.    (()) 

The  presidio,  six  miles  below  the  mission  was  at- 
tended by  the  Fathers  every  Sunday  and  holyday. 
The  priest  said  Mass,  gave  instruction,  and  otherwise 
cared  for  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  soldiers  ami 
their  families  on  those  days. 

For  about  a  year  Fr.  Lasuen  served  alone  until,  in 
November  1785,  the  duties    of   this    new    position,    as 

(4)    Vida,  22f<.        (.i)     Bancrolt  I,  :K1.        i6)    Vide,  263. 

(7)  Fr.  Figuer  was  a  native  of  Anento  in  Aragou,  and  became  a  Fran- 
ciscan at  Zaragoza.  It  is  not  known  when  h-'  came  to  America,  or  joiueci 
tlie  colleRe  of  San  Fernando.  With  twenty  nine  Franciscanfs  he  arrived 
at  Tepic  from  Mexico  at  tlie  end  of  ITUJ,  and  in  February  1771  lie  sailed 
witli  about  nineteen  companions  for  Loreto.  Tlie  vessel  was  driven  to 
Acapulco,  and  in  retuniing  foundei-ed  at  Manzanilhi.  Most  of  the  Fatliers 
returned  to  Sinaloa  by  land,  but,  after  tlie  San  Carlos  had  been  set  a- 
float,  Figuer  and  Serra  again  entrustt'd  themselves  to  the  tea,  and  after  a 
tedious  voyage  reached  Loreto  in  August  1771.  Fr.  Figuer  was  assigned  to 
the  Lower  California  mission  of  San  Francisco  de  Borja.  In  November 
1772  he  was  sent  up  to  San  Diego  by  Fr.  Palou  in  company  with  Fr.  Us- 
.Kon,  both  being  intended  for  the  proposed  mission  of  San  Buenaventura ; 
but  tlie  founding  of  that  mission  was  postponed,  and  Fr.  Figuer  then  be- 
came missionary  of  San  Gabriel  in  May  1773.  There  ho  served  until  Oc- 
tober 1774,  when  he  was  transferred  to  San  Luis  Obispo.  From  here  he 
was  called  to  San  Diego  in  .June  1777.  At  this  place  he  toiled  as  an  earn, 
efct  missionary  up  to  the  time  cf  his  ('oath  in  December  1784, 
Pancroft,  I  4")l-l.")5, 


Superior  of  all  the  mission,  called  him  to  San  Cai'l»->5. 
His  place  was  taken  by  Fr.  Juan  Mariner.  Fr.  Juan 
Antonio  Grarcia  Rioboo  was  associate  missionary  until 
October  1786,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Fr.  Hilario 
Torrens.  The  tliree  last  named  Fathers  were  new- 
comers, Fr.  Kioboo  haviuii  been  sent  up  by  the  Fr. 
Guardian  in  1788,  at  Fr.  oerra's  recjuest  for  assist- 
ants, and  the  other  two,  having-  arrived  in  1785  and 
178(),  were  now  doing  their  first  mission  work  at  8an 
Diego.   (8) 

In  June  178o  Fr.  Lasuen  sent  to  Fr.  Junipero  a  re- 
port on  the  state  of  the  mission  of  San  Diego,  wliich 
included  an  outline  of  its  part  history,  and  a  state- 
ment regarding  the  agricultural  progress,  wliich 
showed  that  the  place  was  fit  for  a  mission.  Never- 
theless tiie  spiritual  interests  of  tlie  converts  made  it 
necessary  to  keep  up  the  establishment,  as  there  was 
no  better  site  available.  Aec-ording  to  the  description 
accompanying  the  report  the  buildings  were:  a  church, 
thirty  by  tive  and  one  half  varas,  or  yards;  a  grana- 
ry, twenty-tive  l)y  live  and  one  half  varas;  a  store- 
house, eight  varas;  u  house  for  sick  women,  six  var- 
as; a  house  for  men,  six  varas;  a  slied  f(.>r  wood  and 
oxen;  two  liouses  for  the  Fathers,  tive  and  one  Iialf 
varas;  a  larder,  eight  varas;  a  guest-room;  and  a 
kitchen.  These  were  all  of  adobe  and  from  tliree  to 
tive  and  one  half  varas  liigh.  With  the  soldiers'  bar- 
racks these  buildings  formed  three  sides  of  square  of 


(8)  Wo  ivad  uo  more  of  Fr.  Rioboo  :ift*'c  lie  k-lt  the  mission.  He  proba- 
bly lotiicd  to  his  co11h«.^  in  Mexico.  Of  hi.  tarly  life  nothing  is  known. 
lie  came  from  S:in  Fernando  collef,'e  to  Tejiic  in  th.-  sam.'  com!»any  with 
Fr.  Fi^ner,  probably  in  October  1770.  Crossing'  over  to  the  [jt^ninsiila  with 
(lovernor  Barri  in  Jamuiry  1771,  he  was  put  in  charge  of  the  twt)  pm- 
blos  near  ('ape  San  Lucas.  In  May  1778  he  sailed  from  Loreto  on  his  way 
to  Mexico.  Nothing:  more  was  heard  of  him  until  he  was  assigned  lo 
the  Sta  Barbara  Channel  missions ;  but,  di^likiatr  t.he  newly  inauj-u-ated 
system,  ho  refused  to  serve.  Later  on  l^'  wa>  sent  uj)  w  it!i  Fr.  Noboa  to 
Sau  Fraucisco,  where  he  arrived  June  "Jd,  17,s:i,  and  acted  as  assistaat 
priest.  Wo  find  him  in  the  same  capacity  at  San  Juan  Capiijtrano  and  San 
Gabriel,  until  he  came  to  San  Diefjo  in  1785,  wii.^ro  ho  rom,iined  up  t  >  the 
time  of  his  departure  for  Mexico.  B.uicroft.   I,  t.j.)-|.->7, 


^  ^65  ^ 

lifty-lise  vara.-^,  while  lli.'  tniii-lli  >;itk'  C(»n^;iste(l  of  ail 
:i(l()l»i'  wall  tln-cc  vai-as  liii:li,  with  a  lavcliii  a  lilth- 
hiiiluT.  A  rcmitaiii  for  taiiiiiiiii,  two  a(h)hr  <'()rials  for 
'het'p,  etc.,  and  one  corral  for  cows,  w  t-re  outside  the 
walls.  M(  st  of  the  stcud^  was  ke|)t  in  San  Luis  \'al- 
ley,  two  lejiiiius  away,  pi-otccted  l.y  palisade  i  orials. 
Tiiere  were  at  this  time  71<»  neophytes  under  nli^s:(ln- 
ary  care,  and  Fr.  Lasueu  estimated  the  iientiles  with- 
in a  radius  of  six  or  eii^ht  leai:nes  at  a  somewhat 
higher  fii;ure.  In  17U0  the  converts  had  increased  to 
856,  of  which  nundjer  4h'G  had  heen  haptized  since 
the  last  report,  and  :^7V)  had  died,  whilst  others  prol- 
ably  withdrew  from  the  mission. 

Large  stock  had  increased  from  (554  to  l,T2i)  head; 
small  stock  from  J,89J  to  2,116  head;  and  the  har- 
vest ai.'i:re^atcd  ahout  ]JAA)  bushels,  in  his  -eneral 
report  of  J7s7  on  the  state  of  the  missions,  (iovernor 
Faiies,  repeatiujii'  in  substance  Fr.  Lasuen's  earlier 
statements  respectin-:'  the  sterility  of  the  roil,  alHrmed 
that  only  alout  one  half  of  the  neoi)hytes  lived  at 
the  mission,  because  more  could  not  be  fed  there; 
that  the  lientiles  were  numerous  and  dauiierous ;  and 
that  it  was  only  throu.uh  f/w  in>r(  unitiiu/  fo'tl  and  ,\(i(- 
I'lfirv  of  the  Fdt/wr.s.  aided  by  the  jiovernor  and 
comjuandant,  that  this  mission  had  managed  to  main- 
tain a  precarious  existence.  He  added,  however,  that 
notwithstanding  all  dilficulties  San  Diego  was  the 
first  mission  to  register  a  thousand  baptisms;  and 
that,  owing  to  the  peculiar  traits  of  the  San  Diego 
Indians,  they  were  left  more  completely  under  mis- 
sionary control  than  the  Indians  at  the  other  mis- 
sions,  there  being  as  yet  no  alcaldes.    (U) 

Fatheks  Juan  Mariner  and  Hilario  Torrens  served 
as  missionaries  until  the  last  years  of  the  century. 
The  latter  left  California  at  the  end  of  1798,  and  Fr. 
Juan   Mariner  died  at    San    Diego    on    January    29th, 

i9.k    Kmciolt,    I,  457-m;         Notici  i  ,   III.  2;i(l-2:;j. 


ISOO.  Their  successors  were  the  Fathers  Jose  Paiiella 
a:vA  J03;  B.irona,  both  recent  arrivals  who  iiad  al- 
ready resided  at  San  Diego,  the  former  since  June 
1797,  and  the  latter  since  May  1798.  Fr.  Pedro  de 
San  Jose  Estevan,  t.s  supernumerary,  also  lived  here 
from  April  179G  t(»  July  1797.  The  only  missionary 
with  whose  conduct  fault  was  found  was  Fr.  Panella. 
He  was  accused  of  fiuelty  to  the  neophytes,  and  rei^- 
rimanded  by  the  superior  of  the  missions,  Fr.  Lasuen, 
who  decdared  that  he  would  not  permit  one  of  his 
subordinates    to    do  injustice  to  the  natives. 

During  the  last  ten  years  of  the  century  the  neo- 
phytes increased  from  856  to  1,528.  There  had  been 
1,320  baptisms  and  028  deaths.  San  Diego  had  thus 
become  the  most  populous  of  the  Oalifornia  missions. 
There  were  554  baptisms  in  1797.  This  was  the  lar- 
gest spiritual  harvest  ever  gathered  in  a  single  year 
with  one  exception,  that  of  the  year  1808  at  Santa 
Barbara  Mission,  when  881  Indians  were  washed  in 
the  waters  of  salvation.  Moreover,  the  deaths  at  San 
Diego  were  fewer  in  proportion  to  baptisms  than 
elsewhere,  except  at  Purisima  and  Santa  Barbara, 
though  the  rate  was  frightfully  high,  over  fifty  per 
cent,  even  there.  The  greatest  mortality  occurred  in 
1800,  when  96  natives  died.  Fr.  Lasuen  here  con- 
firmed 656  persons  between  1790  and  179;*.   (10) 

The  neophyte  cabins,  as  late  as  1798,  were  like 
those  of  the  pagan  Indians  of  v.ood  and  grass,  and 
considered  by  the  comandante  sufficient  protection    a- 

(10)  Banc.  I,  654-0").).  Fr.  Ililaiio  Torrens,  or  Torrent«»,  wa.s  a  native  of  Cata- 
lonia, wliere  for  a  loag  time  he  hf](l  t!if  office  of  preacher,  was  suar- 
dian  for  three  years,  and  then  vicar  of  a  monastery.  He  came  to  Cali- 
fornia in  17iS7  witli  the  highest  recommendations  from  hi3  college  foi" 
lalent  and  experience,  and  served  at  San  Diego  from  November  1780  to 
November  1798;  after  leaving  California  on  November  8th  he  died  in  the 
following  year  on  May  14th,  in  a  convulsion  as  tlie  Fr.  Guardian  wrote. 
Fr.  Juan  Mariner,  of  whom  sti'l  less  is  known,  came  to  California  in 
178.5,  and  was  stationed  at  San  Diego  from  November  of  that  year  until 
his  death.  In  July  179.5  he  made  a  trip  with  Grijalva  to  explore  a  site  for 
the  new  mis.sioa  of  San  Luis  Rey.       '•Inform?.,",  17J0-18t)J.  , 


gainst  the  weather.  The  names  i)f  the  rancherias  be- 
longing to  the  mission  were:  Cosoy,  San  Francisco, 
Soleddd,  San  Antonio  or  Las  Choyas,  Santa  Cruz  or 
C?oapan  in  San  Luis  Valley,  Purisima  or  Apuoquele, 
San  Miguel  or  Janat,  San  Jocome  de  la  ]\Lirca  or  Ja- 
niocha,  San  Jian  Capistin-.o  or  Matam(»,  aiul  San  Jor- 
ge or  Meti. 

The  mission  herds  multiplied  from  1,780  to  f),l)(>()  in 
tlie  year  1800,  and  it>  Hocks  from  2,100  to  6,000.  The 
harvest  of  agricultural  jjroducts  in  the  same  year 
amounted  to  2,000  bushels.  The  largest  crop,  9,450 
bushels,  was  harvested  in  1793  and  1799.  In  ]795,  a 
year  of  drought,  only  600  bushels  were  raised.  In 
1795  a  vineyard  was  surrounded  by  five  hundred  yards 
of  adobe  wall.  A  tile-roofed  granary,  ninety-six  by 
twenty-four  feet,  was  erected  of  adobe  in  1793.   (11) 

The  first  year  of  the  19th  century  proved  a  severe 
one  for  the  mission  from  a  material  point  of  vieAv. 
The  rains  were  late,  and  there  was  much  want  dur- 
ing the  year,  as  also  in  1803.  It  may  be  that  these 
droughts  impelled  the  Fathers  to  construct  an  ex- 
tensive system  of  irrigating  works,  and  that  the 
works,  whose  remains  are  still  to  be  seen,  were  pro- 
bably completed  during  the  next  few  years.  About 
three  miles  above  the  mission  the  river  was  dammed 
by  a  solid  stone  wall,  thirteen  feet  in  thickness,  and 
coited  with  a  cement  that  became  as  hard  as  rock. 
In  the  centre  was  a  gate-way  twelve  feet  high  and 
lined  with  brick.  The  dam  was  standing  as  late  as 
1S71,  though  th(^  water  had  washed  out  a  channel  at 
one  end,  and  the  sand  left  but  a  few  feet  of  the 
luM'ght  of  the  structure  visible.  From  this  dam  an 
ntpieduct  constructed  of  tiles,  resting  on  cobble-stones 
in  cement,  and  carrying  a  stream  one  foot  deep  and 
two  feet  wide  to  the  mission  lands,  was  ))uilt  througli 
a    precipitous    gorge,    impassable    on    horseliack.    The 


(11)     Bene..   T.  655-<5i7:       ■•Tnform'^>."  ITW-lym. 


—  5^8  — 

iuiviodiict  often  crov^ed  ^•uU-lie^  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
f:->t  Avide  and  desp,  and  wa-^  so  stvon.o'  that  in  places 
it    supi)nrted    its?lf     after    tlie    foundation'^    were    re- 

Ox  Ma.y  25tli,  ]S'X],  an  carthqnake  sliuiitly  dani- 
aiic'd  tlie  churcl!.  In  a  letter  lo  (governor  Arrilla^a 
Fr.  Sanchez  states  that  work  was  l)ei:un  o!i  a  new 
che.rch  SeptenilKH-  -iOth,  1808.  In  180-1  Fr.  Payeras 
and  other  Fathers,  in  the  ])resence  of  Coinandante 
Rodriii'nez  and  his  trooi)s,  transferred  the  renniins  of 
the  three  Fathers  Jaynie,  Fiji'uer,  and  Mariner  from 
their  old  resting'  places,  and  deposited  them  in  one 
};rave,  but  in  separate  chests,  l)etween  the  altars  of 
the  church.  The  remains  of  Fr.  J  ay  me  were  placed  in 
th-^  smallest  r^c^ptacle  nearest  the  altar  of  the  Bless- 
ed Viriiin;  those  of  Fr,  Mariner  in  the  largest  near 
the  statue  of  St.  James;  whilst  those  of  Vr.  Hguer 
were  buried  farthest  south.  Three  stones  were  erect- 
(n1  ov(n-  the  grave.    (12) 

In  the  mission  registers  on  various  dates  appear  the 
names  of  Fathers  C'ayetano  rallns,  Mariano  Apolina- 
rio,  Jose  Conanse,  and  Ramon  Lopez,  Dominicans 
from  the  peninsula,  who  otHciated  at  different  times. 
Th:>  names  of  the  secular  priests  Loesa  and  Jimenez, 
chaplains  of  S;in  Bias  vessels,  and  those  of  a  dozen 
Franciscans  from  diiferent  missions,  also  appear  on 
records.   (13) 

FroM  Uecemlxn-  1800  to  1810  the  Fathers  adminis- 
tered baptism  to  Loi.")  Indians,  gave  Inirial  to  822, 
and  married  374  cou])les:  while  Ihc  neophyte  populr- 
tion  increased  to  1,011;  San  Diego,  therefore,  Avas 
still  the  largest  mission  at  that  period.  In  other  res- 
pects, too,  it  was  tolerably  prosperous,  except  that  it 
lost  nearly  one  half  of  its  cattle.  Father  Barona  re- 
mained as  missionary  throughout  the  decade;  but  Fr. 
Panella    left  tho    countrv  in  1803,  and  was    succeeded 


ir2l     linnc.   II.  101-10 


—  20!)  — 

l.y  Fr.  Mnriano  Payerns  for  about  a  year,  when  Fr. 
Jose  Bernardo  Sancliez  took  his  place  in  1804.  Fr. 
Tedro  de  la  Ciieva  from  Mission  San  Jose  was  here  a 
short  time  in  1S()(>,  and  Fr.  .lo^-e  Pedro  Panto  came 
in  Septenilx-r  l(Sl(),  died  in  1.S12,  and  was  rei)laced 
by  Vr.  Fernando  Miirtin.  Fr.  Barona  had  Ixmmi  tra^^- 
ferred  to  San  .Inan  ('a])istran()  in  iSll,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Fr.  Sanchez.  In  Ihe  s])rini:  of  ]S2(>  Ihe 
hitter's  idac(^  wa.s  1ak(  n  l)y  Fr.  VinctMite  Pascual 
Oliva.    (M) 

Olives  of  tiie  mission  orciiards  were  utilized  in  the 
manufacture  of  oil  at  San  Dieiio  and  at  some  other 
missions  between  1801  and  1808.  Hemp  was  likewise 
cultivated,    and  41,781  ftjs  shipped  in  1810.    (15) 

The  new  church,  vaguely  alluded  to  l)efore,  was 
completed  and  dedicated  on  the  day  of  the  titular 
saint,  November  121h,  1813.  The  ceremonies  were 
conducted  by  Fr.  Barona  of  San  Juan.  The  first  ser- 
mon was  preached  by  Fr.  Boscana  of  San  Luis,  and 
the  second  by  the  Dominican  Ahumada,  whilst  Lieu- 
tenant Ruiz  acted  as  sponsor.  The  erection  of  a  chap- 
el at  Santa  Isabel,  about  forty  miles  from  the  mis- 
sion, Avherc  two  hundred  baptized  Indians  lived, 
was  urged  by  th-  Fathers  in  181()  to  1819;  but  the 
governor  took  no  interest  in  the  work,  and  there  is 
nothing  on  record  to  show  that  it  was  carried  out 
until  after  1820. 

There  were  1,334  baptisms  administered  from  1810 
to  1820,  whilst  1,031)  persons  died  and  372  couples 
were  joined  in  matrimony.  Th.e  death-rate  at  San 
Diego  was  exceedingly  large  for  a     tinie.   ( )n    Dccem- 

(14)  Bancroft  II.  :M!-:Uf1.  'Iiifonnef,"  1820.  Fr.  .Jo.<('  Pp.lro  Panto  wa.-^ 
a  native  of  Valvcnic  del  Fresno,  E.^trpmadura.  Spain,  Ho  rcccivod  tlio 
liabit  of  St.  Francis  in  tli»  province  of  Sin  Mign?I,  and  cimo  to  Califor- 
nia apparently  soon  after  joining  tlie  colleire  of  Sau  Fernando,  arrivin.^  at 
San  Diego  .July  2St!i,  ISIO.  From  SM>ttMiiber  1810  until  his  death  on  June 
:;0tli.  1812,  lie  was  ••stationed  at  tliis  mission;  he  wa.s  especially  known  as  a 
hti-ict  disciplinarian.  His  b xiy  w.is  interred  in  tlr>  mission  churcli  by  Fa- 
thers Boscana  and  .Vliunrida  on  July  2d.  Of  Fr.  PanrJla  we  know  only 
that  he  arrived  iu  17 '7.  il5i    B:nc-.-oft,    II.  I'T-l'v*. 


—  240  — 

ber  23d,  1814,  the  Fathers  reported  that  for  four 
yearsdeaths  exceeded  births  and  baptisms.  The  aver- 
i\£e  yield  of  crops  was  7,500  bushels  of  jrrain  annual- 
ly; in  1810  llie  neopliytes  were  reported  as  dressiiij;- 
ill  coarse  woolen  cloths  made  by  themselves.  (lO) 

Tv..  Fernando  .Martin  was  oiio  of  tb.e  few  mission- 
;nics  of  California  wlio  finally  took  the  oath  of  alle- 
iriance  to  the  republic  of  Mexico,  while  his  compan- 
ion, Fr.  Fai-cual  Oliva,  persisted  in  his  refusal.  In 
1828  the  Fathers  protested  ag;ainst  the  iirantinji  of 
the  Penasquitos  rancho  to  (^aptain  Ruiz;  and  in  1827 
they  refused  to  furnish  more  supplies  for  the  soldiers 
of  the  ])residio  without  compensaticm,  which  drew 
out  from  the  *i()vernor  an  order  that  the  provisions 
should  be  taken  I'y  force.  Materially  San  Diego  was 
one  of  the  most  ])rosperous  missions  between  1820 
and  1880,  but  it  had  reached  its  highest  limit  of  1, 
820  souls  in  1824.  Baptisms  still  exceeded  deaths,  1, 
ilH2  persons  having  l)een  bapti/.ed  from  December 
31  st,  1820  to  December  81st,  1881,  whilst  1,002  died, 
and  885  marriages  were  Idesscd  during  that  period. 
The  crop  of  1821,  about  21,000  bushels,  was  not  only 
t!;e  largest  ever  raised  here,  but  with  a  single  ex- 
ception the  largest  ever  raised  at  any  mission.  The 
yield  consisted  of  whe.it,  barley,  and  corn.  In  1880 
tl;(^  mission  owned  8,822  1  e.id  of  cattle,  1,102  horses 
and     mules,     and    l(i,66]    1  ead  of  sheep. 

By  1822  a  chaitel  had  at  last  been  erected  a  Santa 
Nabcl,  and  there  wore  ;ilso  ;;t  thi.;  branch  establish- 
ment several  houses,  a  granary,  and  a  graveyard. 
The  number  of  baptized  Indians  living  there  was 
four  hundred  and  fifty. 

The  l)oundaries.  of  the  mission  lands  in  1828  are 
described  with  some  minuteness  on  the  authority  of 
Fr.  Martin  as  follows:  Lands  occupied  westward, 
down  the  valley,    1..5  leagues    to  the  Canada  de    Osu- 

(ir.i    B:i!:r..  TI.  :U!-:'40>;       -'luform^,-."  l'-:*!. 


—  241  — 

na  :  southwaid  2.5  1.  to  the  iiinclieiiu  of  8an  Jorg^, 
\vhich  land  is  used  lor  sheep  in  winter;  eastward  2  1. 
to  San  Jaime  de  la  Marea  and  San  Juan  Oapistrano 
de  Matanio,  which  is  used  for  pasturage,  5  1.  to  Sta 
Monica,  or  tl  Cajon.  where  grain  is  raised,  and  9  1. 
to  Santa  Isabel;  lioni  Sta  Isabel  northward  to  the 
Valle  de  San  Jose  1  1.,  which  land  is  used  for  cul- 
tivation and  grazing;  to  the  Laguna  de  Agua  Oalien- 
te,  2  1.  on  the  boundary  of  San  Luis  Key;  thence  71. 
past  Bosque  de  Panio  to  the  Kancho  de  San  Bernar- 
do; thence  northward  2  1.  to  San  Luis  Key;  and  l)y 
way  of  San  Uieguito  the  mission  lands  extend  'S  1. 
to  La  Joya  where  cattle  are  kept. 

In  addition  to  P'athers  Martin  and  Oliva,  the  resi- 
dent missionaries,  there  may  be  mentioned  Fr.  Me- 
nendez,  who  served  as  chaplain  of  the  troops  after 
1825,  and  Fr.  Tomas  Manilla,  who  was  at  San  Diego 
in  1829-1830.  Both  were  Dominicans  from  Lower  Cal- 
ifornia.  (17) 

Fr.  Martin  remained  at  his  post  until  the  day  of 
his  death  in  1838,  after  twenty-six  years  of  uninter- 
rupted service.   (18) 

Down  to  1834,  when  statistics  come  to  an  end  here 
as  elsewhere,  the  Fathers  had  baptized  160  Indians 
since  1830,  buried  312,  married  127  couples,  and  had 
on  the  register  1,382  neophytes.  At  the  close  of  1839 
there  were  800  Indians  nominally  under  the  control 
of  the  missionaries,  though  only  about  fifty  resided  at 

(17 1  Banc,  II.  5Jl-:)5:j;  '•luformes"  for  IMl.  (18)  Fr.  Fernando  Martin 
was  born  May  26tli,  1770,  at  Eobledillo,  Spain.  He  became  a  Franciscan 
at  the  convent  of  Cindad  EodriKo,  wlion-  he  acted  as  preaclier  until  1800, 
when  lie  volunteered  for  tlie  American  missionary  field.  Leaving  Cadiz  in 
Marcli  he  arrived  at  the  college  of  San  Fernando,  Mexico,  in  June  1810. 
Tlie  next  year  he  was  sent  to  California,  and  after  vexatious  delays  at 
Acapulco  and  elsewhere,  on  account  of  a  pestilence  and  troubles  with 
the  rebels,  he  rerclied  Lower  California  in  April  1811,  and  came  to  San  Di- 
ego by  land  on  July  6th.  His  missionary  service  began  at  once,  and  he 
never  served  at  any  other  mission.  Fr.  Martin  was  an  exemplary  religious 
of  whom  little  was  heard  beyond  the  limits  of  Lis  mission.  He  was  ono 
of  the  Franciscans  who  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Mexican  repub- 
lic. His  death  ticcurrcd  on  October  irth,  1,'<^8.  Eancroft,  III,  019. 


—  2^'J  — 

the  mission  proper.  Despite  these  dishearleiiiu^  e-ir- 
cumstances  Fr.  Vincente  Pasoual  Oliva  still  held  out 
until  1845.  From  1848  he  again  managed  the  meagre 
remnant  of  temporalities,  and  boasted  tliat,  in  spite 
of  all  difficulties,  he  had  increased  (he  value  of  Ihe 
propcrt}'.  Mofras  gives  the  number  of  Indians  in  tlie 
community  as  SCO  in  ]842,  whilst  an  official  report  of 
1844  claims  only  100.  The  mission  retained  the  ran- 
chos  of  Santa  Isabel  and  El  Cajon  until  1844  or  1.845, 
and  apparently  later.  Fr.  Oliva  left  the  mission  of 
San  Diego  in  August  ]84(),  and  thereafter  the  place 
had  no  resident  priest.   (19) 

The  ruin  of  the  temporalities  of  the  mission  from 
1834-1840  was  very  rapid.  In  IKil  the  mission  owned 
8,822  head  of  cattle,  1,192  horses  and  niules,  and 
16,061  sheep,  and  there  vere  1,506  Indians  on  the 
roll  of  the  mission.  On  January  6th,  1846,  an  inven- 
tory was  taken  of  the  mission  i)roperty.  Tliere  were 
left  of  the  vast  herds  110  cattle,  65  horses,  and  4 
mules.  Only  a  few  Indians  were  still  seen  here  and 
there.  (Jn  June  8tli.  1846,  the  mission  lands  and  oth- 
er property  was  sold  l)y  the  governor  to  Santiago 
Arguello  for  past  services  to  the  government.  The 
causes  which  brought  on  this  change  from  spiritual 
and  temporal  prosperity  to  utter  ruin  will  be  found 
in  preceding  pages.   (20) 

From  the  time  of  its  establishment  in  1769  to  1884, 
{),i)'SS  persons  were  l)aptized,  of  wh.om  li.hiil  wt  re  In- 
dian adults,  2,685  Indian  children,  and  602  children 
de  gente  de  razon,  or  ciiildreu  of  Spanish  parents; 
1,879  couples  were  joiuetl  in  the  bonds  of  C'hristian 
marriage,  169  of  that  nuni])er  being  white:  4,428 
persons  ^\  ere  Ijuried,  2,578  of  whom  \a  ere  adult  In- 
dians, 1,575  Indian  children,  116  white  adults,  and 
184  children  of  white  or  mixed   blood.    (21) 

(191     Bancroft,  IV,  622;  V    619.      .    (20i     Ibid.    Ill,    619;    V,    619.        (21)    Ibhi. 
Ill   619--0.  Accordfi^K  to  tlie  last  i-eport  of   tho    Fraijciscans,    now   in   the 


~  24:3 


^^^^WmWE^^§ 


-  m. 


^j^.^'n^'i'.  'T'liii'i'itiffl 


—  244  — 

^HE  hirgest  number  of  cattle  po.^sessoJ  by  the  mis- 
sion  at  one  time  was  9,245  head  in  1822;  horses  1,198 
in  ]831;  mnles  880  in  1824;  asses  87  in  1801;  sheep 
19,450  in  1822;  floats  805  in  1789;  s^vine  120  in  1815; 
all  kinds  of  animals  80,825  in  1822.  The  total  pro- 
duct of  wheat  was  182,077  bushels;  corn  24,112  bush- 
els; barley  81,187  bushels;  beans  4,299  bushels.   (22) 

8uch  is  the  brief  narrative  of  the  first  mission  in 
California  and  the  landmark  of  her  history.  "Not  on- 
ly had  the  natives  been  taught  the  rudiments  of  re- 
liij;ion,"  says  the  author  of  "Old  Missions,'-  "but  civ- 
ilization and  even  culture,  a.^  well.  Considerini;-  the 
low  mental  and  moral  status  of  the  natives,  the  re- 
sult of  the  mission  work  was  remarkable,  as  far  as 
it  went.  Of  the  once  proud  church  but  a  few  crumb- 
ling' walls  remain,  and  the  day  is  almost  at  hand 
when  even  these  will  have  passed  away.  The  spot 
will  then  be  marked  only  by  the  gravc&tones  of  its 
founders.''   (28) 


S^PPJPBR   III. 

SAN    CARLOS. 

San  Carlos  Founded— C'onvehsions— Removal— C'ahmelo— Fathers  Cees- 
ri  And  Serka  Die— Other  Missionaries— New  Chuech- Fe.  Lasuex 
Dies— Missionaries- Fathers  Pujol,  ViAals,  And  Caenicee— Mission 
Lands— Seculaeization—Statistics—(jeaves  Of  Ti:e  Missionaeies 
Discovered— Chcrch  Restored. 

On  the  very  day  on  which  the  Spaniards    took  pos- 
session of  the  country,   and  l)egan  the  building  of  the 

archives  of  the  mouastery  at  Sauta  Barbara,  the  whole  number  of  bap 
tisins  down  to  Decamber  31.st,  18:^1,  wa-<  0,461,  deaths  4,210,  marriages  1,767, 
and  still  living  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Fathers,  1,506  Indians.  "In- 
formes  Generales,"  18:11.  According  to  the  author  of  "Old  Missions  in  Cali- 
fornia," page  24,  there  took  place  at  San  Diego  Mi.-sion  from  1769-18^0 
seven  thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty-.- ix  baptisms,  one  thousand  teven 
hundred  confirmations,  and  two  thousand  and  fifty-one  marriages. 
(22)    Bancroft,  III,    019-620.        (23;     "Old  Missions  of  California,"  page  24. 


—  -il.")  — 

pregidio,  Juno  8d,  1770,  Mission  San  Carlos  was  also 
founded.  Close  to  the  soldiers'  quarters  a  temporary 
chapel  was  erected  toj>;ether  with  a  dwellinji  for  the 
priests,  and  the  whole  surrounded  with  a  palisade. 
For  several  days  tlie  jientiles  were  not  soen,  liavin<i' 
doubtless  been  frightened  by  tlie  noise  of  the  cannon 
and  musketry;  l)ut  later  they  ai)peared  one  by  oi  e  to 
the  great  joy  of  Fr.  .Junipero,  who  at  once  began  to 
humor  tlieni,  and  in  various  ways  endeavored  to  gain 
their  good  will. 

Fathers  Serra  and  Crespi  then  visited  the  country 
around,  and  endeavored  to  attract  the  Eslenes  Indians 
by  means  of  gifts  and  other  acts  of  kindness.  A 
Lower  California  Indian  neophyte,  Avho  had  learnt 
the  native  dialect,  rendered  great  assistance  to  the 
Fathers  while  they  instructed  the  pagans.  Finally,  on 
December  26th,  1770,  the  first  baptism  was  adminis- 
tered to  a  native.  Unfortunately  the  early  records  of 
this  mission  are  lost,  and  the  exact  number  of  con- 
verts in  the  first  year  is  not  known;  but  once  a  be- 
ginning was  made,  the  Christians  increased  rapidly. 
Converts  were  received  by  tens  and  twenties,  till  at 
the  end  of  the  third  year  from  the  date  of  founding 
of  the  mission,  as  many  as  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
five  of  the  pagans  had  been  received  among  the 
faithful;  and  when  the  illustrious  founder,  Fr.  Serra, 
died,  1,01-1  Indians  had  been  admitted  into  the 
Church  of  God.  The  first  burial  took  place  on  the  :-M 
of  June,  the  day  of  the  establishment  of  San  Carlos, 
when  Alejo  Nino,  one  of  tlie  San  Antonio's  crew, 
was  interred  at  the  foot  of  the  cross.  Tlie  first  mar- 
riage occurred  on  November  lOth,  1772.   (1) 

On  June  Sth,  177J,  Fr.  S-rra  set  to  work  to  find  a 
m(n-e  suitable  site  for  Mission  San  Carlos^'.  Proceeding 
to  the  plain  of  Carmelo,  he  left  there,  besides  forty 
Indians  from  Lower  California,  three  sailors    and  five 

iV    Vida.  10:viM;  IOC;    Vide  Cliaptcr  VI.  Part  I ;       Banc,  I,  1">. 


-  210  — 

soldiers.  Having  jiiven  tlie  necessary  directions  to 
get  out  timber  and  erect  the  l)arracks,  he  continued 
on  liis  wr.y  to  cstal)lish  the  mission  of  San  An- 
tonio. 

It  was  several  montln  ))L'l'or('  the  palisade  scjuare 
enclosinii  Ihe  wooden  chapel,  dwollinii,  storehouse, 
guardhouse,  and  corrals  could  bv  coiupleted.  The 
formal  transfer  took  place  at  the  cud  of  December 
1771,  but  the  exact  date  is  unknown. 

The  establishment  thereafter  was  often  spoken  of  as 
San  C'arlos  del  (/armelo.  The  full  name  of  (he  Bay 
and  Rivpr  Carmelo  was  Nucstra  Senora  del  Monte 
Carmelo,  or  Nucstra  Senora  del  Carmen,  so  named 
long  before.  Nevertheless  the  mission  was  always  San 
Carlos,  and  other  words  were  used  solely  to  indicate 
the  locality.  Fr.  Junipero's  avowed  reason  for  the  re- 
moval of  the  mission  was  lack  o1'  water  and  fertile 
soil  at  Monterey;  hut  it  is  likely  that  he  also  desired 
to  remove  his  little  hand  of  neophytes,  and  the  larg- 
er flock  he  hoped  to  gather,  from  the  immediate  c(ui- 
tact  with  i)residio  soldiers,  always  regarded  1)y  mis- 
si(uiaries  with  more  or  less  dread  as  necessary  evils 
tending  to  corrujjt  n.ative  innocejice.  A  sufficient 
guard  of  soldiers,  howevtr,  was  to  l)e  stationed  at 
the  mission.  While  the  garrison  r<  niained  at  Monte- 
rey Fr.  Serra  and  Crespi  too];  u])  their  permanent 
resideuce  in  their  new  hom(\  and  laliored  at  this 
mission  for  th.>  rv>iu:un  1  >r  of  t'.iMr  liv;^;.  Fathers 
Junco^a  and  Cavallvn-  assisted  them  temporarily,  both 
at    tho  missio:!  and  at  the  pre;idio.    (2) 

The  Indians  now  visited  the  mission  daily.  Fr.  Ju- 
nipero  delighted  them  ])y  offerings  of  l)cads  and  little 
trinkets;  after  a  while  he  made  th"  sign  of  the  cross 
on  their  foreheads,  and  accustomed  his  hearers  to 
kiss  that  holy  tml>l(  m.  He  also  v^ent  to  v,-ork  to 
learn    the    langua.ge,    a.nd    thus    made    use    of    every 

(2)     Vidi.  120 -r.'l:  r27;        Banc.  I.  170-7*. 


means  to  attract  the  natives.  The  same  must  be  said 
of  his  companion  Fr.  Crespi.  The  hitter  especially 
urged  the  Indians  to  salute  one  another  with  the 
words:  ^^AuKid  a  D'toa,''  'i.ove  (Jod."  This  pious  cus- 
tom became  so  jicneral  that  the  natives  would  not 
onJN'  salute  the  Fath(>rs  in  this  manner,  l)iit  ev(^ry 
person  Ihey  n.et.  Tlie  ^(  (  d  missionary,  who  had 
toiled  at  San  C'arh.s  toiielher  v,  ith  Fr.  .lunipero  Ser- 
rn  from  its  foundation,  died  here  on  January  1st, 
1782.   (.^) 

After  his  death  Fr.  Matias  de  Catarina  y  Norieiia 
was  the  assistant  of  Fr.  Serra.  When  Fr.  8erra,  the 
founder  of  tlie  mission,  had  died  in  Auiiust  17h4, 
(4)  Fr.  jS(rici:a,  ah  i:e  it  ;((n.s,  ;.tt(i:dcd  [o  'he  af- 
fairs of  San  Carlos  until  October  1787,  when  he  re- 
tired to  his  college  in  Mexico.  Fr.  Palou.  the  tempo- 
rary successor  of  Fr.  Junipero  as  president  of  the 
missions,  resided  here  only  part  of  the  time.  Fr.  No- 
riega'a  successor  was  Fr.  Jose  Francisco  de  Paula 
Seiian,  whose  assistant  from  1780  was  Fv.  Pascual 
Martinez  de  Arenaza.  Fr.  Lasuen,  the  superior  of  the 
California  missions  also  resided  here  after  1790.  Oth- 
er Fathers  arriving  l)y  sea,  or  coming  in  from  oth- 
er missions,  often  spent  some  time  at  San  Carlos,  so 
that  there  were  nearly  always  two  and  often  more. 
Fr.  Arenaza  served  as  missionary  until  1797,  when 
he  left  the  country.  Fr.  Senan  was  permitted  to  re- 
tire in  1795,  but  he  sul)sec|uently  returned.  Fr.  Are- 
naza was  followed  in  the  ministry  by  Fr.  Francisco 
Pujol,  and  Fr.  Sefian's  place  was  filled  by  Fr.  An- 
tonio Jaime  from  1795  to  1796.  Fr.  Mariano  succeed- 
ed him  from  1796  to  1798,  and  Fr.  Jose  Yinals  from 
1798.   (5) 

C!)     Sec  page  87,  Part  I ;  Vida,  128--r20.  (1)     See  Chap.  X,  Part  I. 

(5)     Banc,  I,  469;  686.    Fr.  Matias   Antonio   de  Santa  Catarina  y  Noricfra 
cani^    up    as  chaplain   on  the    transport   of  1779.  and  flr.st  took  Fr.  Cam- 
1  on's  placp  at  San  Francisco.  He  remained  tlirrc  until  1781,  and   th^n  was 
stationed  at  S  in  Carlos. 
Fr.    Pascual     de    .\remza     came    to    Mexico     from     hi^    n  •,tive     Ba  que 


•ks 


From  1770-1790  there  were  ],Zb')  baptisms,  778 
deaths,  and  408  Marriaiie?.  Although  the  baptisms, 
796  in  number,  exceeded  the  deaths  by  228,  the  neo- 
phyte popuhition  suffered  a  loss  of  fifl-een  from  1790- 
ISOO,  as  there  were  747  Indians  on  the  roll  in  the 
Litter  year.  Sin  Carlos  had  reached  its  hiiiliest  figure, 
927,  in  1794,  since  which  year  its  populafion  steadily 
decreased.  Horses  and  cattle  m'ninwhilo  increased  to 
2,180,  and  smaller  stock  to  4,160  head.  The  average 
crop  of  grain  Avas  3,700  bushels. 

On  July  7th,  1798,  the  first  stone  for  the  new 
church  was  laid.  The  building  was  of  soft  straw-col- 
ored stone,  which  was  said  to  harden  on  exposure  to 
the  air.  The  lime  used  was  made  of  sea-shells.  This 
church,  which  is  still  to  he  >een  on  the  banks  of  the 
Carmelo,  was  completed  and  dedicated  in  1797.  It 
had  a  tile  roof.   (6) 

Fr.  Fermin  Francisco  de  Lasuen,  the  superior  of 
the  California  missions,  died  at  .^an  Carlos  on  June 
26th,  1808.  Fr.  Tapis  succeeded  him  in  that  office, 
and  lived  here  most  of  the  time  after  1806.  Vr.  Pu- 
jol, who  was  stationed  at  San  Carlos,  died  in  1801, 
while  serving  temporarily  at  8an  Antonio  and  San 
Miguel.  Fr.  Jose  Vinals  labored  here  from  August 
1798  to  August  1804,  when  he  obtained  permission  to 
retire  to  Mexico  on  account  of  ill  health.  Fr.  Pujol 
was  succ-e4ed  by  Fr.  Carni<e;\  who  had  (o:ne  t) 
California  in  1797.  He  was  stationed  here  in  1798- 
1799,  and  again  from  1801  to  1808  when  he  retired.  Fr. 


province  of  Ahiva  in  17S5.'  Having  volunteorxl  for  the  Indian  mission.- 
he  was  assigned  to  California  in  178C.  After  a  torni  a,-^  supernumerary  lie 
was  tlie  regular  missionary  at  San  Carlos  from  17S-1797.  On  tlie  expiration 
of  his  term  he  was  granted  permission  to  retire  on  July  Stli,  1797.  Ho 
officiated  at  Soledad  on  October  3d,  which  is  tli-  last  trace  of  his  pre?- 
ouce  in  California.  Aft<>r  liis  arrival  in  Mexico  he  died  with  consunn>tion 
before  May  14th,  1799.  Banc.  I,  G:s5-6!;7.  '-Informes  Gonerales",  1790-18(0. 
According  to  the  mission  records  of  San  Carlos,  as  per  tlie  author  of  Pad- 
re JusiPERO  Serra,  page  22,  a  Fr.  Julian  Lop?z  died  at  San  Carlos  on 
July  loth,  1797,  aged  :i5  years.  Tlie  name  does  not  appear  clsewliere. 
i.C)  Banc,  I,  687-688.  Th-  church  wa=  repaired  a  few  years  ago  by  the 
Very  Rev.  A.  Cassanova,    pastor  of  Monterey. 


—  2H)  — 

Vinals  was  followed  in  the  niiiiistry  at  8aii  Carlos  by 
Fr  Juan  Amoros  in  1804,  Fr.  C'arnicer  by  Fr.  Fran- 
cisco Suner  in  1808,  and  tiio  latter  by  Fr.  A'incente 
do  Sarria  in  1809.   (7) 

During  tlio  decade  of  1800-1810  llie  Indian  popula- 
tion of  San  Carlos  declined  from  747  to  51],  the  nuni- 
l)er  of  deaths  exceeding  that  of  the  baptism  by  145. 
During  the  ten  years  440  persons  were  baptized,  594 
died,  whilst  176  cou]des  were  united  in  matrimony. 
(8) 

The  period  of  1810- 1S20  was  a  quiet  one  for  San 
Carlos.  Beyond  the  bv.ilding  jind  dedication  of  a  new 
chapel  adjoining  the  churcli,  in  honor  of  the  Passion 
of  Our  Lord,  there  is  nothing  to  record  except  the  sta- 
tistics. Fr.  Sarria  toiled  among  the  Indians  throughout 
the  decade,  but  Fr.  Amoros  was  succeeded  in  1819 
by  Fr.  Ramon  Abella.  Fr.  Estevan  Tapis  was  here  as 

(7)  Banc.  II,  146-147;  16(1  Fr.  Francisco  Pujol  y  Pujol,  was  baptized  Marcli 
7tli,  1762,  at  Alos,  Catalonia,  Spain.  Ho  received  tlie  Franciscan  habit  on 
February  13tli,  1787,  and  came  to  San  Fernando  college,  Mexico,  August 
lOtli,  1793,  after  a  terrible  imprisonment  among  the  French.  In  179-5  he  ar- 
rived in  California,  and  was  at  San  Carlos  from  1797-1801.  When  at  tlie  eml 
of  ISO)  the  Fathers  at  San  Antonio  and  San  Miguel  were  taken  suddenly 
ill,  Fi".  Pujol  volunteered  to  aid  them,  tliough  the  danger  of  being  him- 
self poisoned  was  believed  to  be  great.  At  San  Antonio  he  labored  until 
Janaury  17tli,  ISOl.  and  then  went  to  San  Miguel.  There  he  was  attacked 
with  the  samo  malady  that  had  prostrated  the  other  Fathers,  and  was 
brought  back  to  San  Antonio  on  February  27th,  suffering  terribly.  He 
f!ied  on  Sunday  morning  Marcli  1,5th.  His  death  was  witnessed  by  Fa- 
thers Ciprcs,  Sitjar,  and  Merelo.  There  seems  to  have  been  no  doubt  in 
tlie  minds  of  the  people  tliat  his  death  was  the  re.=ult  of  poisoning  by  the 
Indian^.  His  body  was  buried  March  16th  in  the  mission  church  with 
military  honors,  rarely  accorded  in  tlie  case  of  a  simple  missionary.  He 
was  generally  regarded  as  a  martyr  by  the  people. — Fr.  Jose  Vifials  came 
to  California  early  in  1797.  He  wa;  stationed  at  San  ('arlos  from  August 
1798  till  1804,  in  .\ugust  of  which  yeir  lie  obtained  permission  to  retire 
to  Mexico  on  th^  ground  of  threatened  impairment  of  bodily  and  mental 
health.  He  left  the  college  some  time  after  1809  to  join  another.  Vide 
Chapter  XV.    Part  I.  for  particular,  about  Fr.  Lasueu. 

Fr.  Baltasar  Cirnicer  arrived  in  California  early  in  1797.  He  served  as 
missionary  at  Soledad  from  June  of  that  year  to  1798;  at  San  Carlos  in 
1798-1799;  at  San  Miguel  in  1799-1801;  and  th?n  again  at  San  Carlos  until 
1808,  in  .Vugust  or  September  of  wliich  year  he  was  allowed  to  retire.  He 
acted  as  chaplain  of  tlie  soldiers  from  1805  until  his  departure,  coming 
to  the  presidio  every  Friday  or  Saturday,  and  remaining  until  Monday 
nionunp.  Fr.  Carnicer  was  one  of  the  missionaries  supposed  to  have  been 
poisoned  at   San  Mbucl.  hut   he  recoverid  his  health.     (8)      "loformos." 


—  ^50  — 

supernumerary  in  1812,  and  Fr.  Vincente  Pascual 
Oliva  in  1813-1814. 

The  neophyte  popuhition  continued  to  decline  from 
511  to  881  in  1820.  The  wliole  numl:)er  of  baptisms 
for  the  ten  years  was  400;  marriages,  109;  deaths, 
;U)T.  Larue  stock  piined  from  2,100  to  3,000;  small 
rtcck  or  slicep  decreased  from  (5, 000  to  4,000;  v.m\ 
l:()rscs  aho  declined  from  1")0  to  f(\  The  r.vcraj;e 
cro])  was  only  2,550  bushels.  In  1820  Commandant 
Estudillo  made  a  full  re])ort,  wliich  ;4io\ved  that 
since  178(3  the  Fathers  h.ad  faithfrlly  attended  to  the 
spiritual  interests  of  th"  nresidio  Fohliers  at  Monte- 
rey.   (9) 

Fr.  Ranion  Abella  served  as  mispif;nary  tlirouiihout 
the  third  decr.de  nlso,  with  the  Fr.  Prefect  as  associ- 
II te  until  1820,  the  latter  l)einfi'  under  ari'est  as  a  re- 
calcitrant S])auiard.  The  ];opiih!tion  of  the  mission 
decreased  from  .']81  to  200.  Th',>  number  of  1)aptisms 
for  the  i)eriod  was  r>70 ;  deaths,  ^M];  nsarriaites,  18.3. 
Larji'e  stock  decreased  to  2,000;  sheep  increased  to 
4,400;  and  h.orses  also  increased  to  120.  The  averaii'e 
crop  of  grain   was  '[,^.>0o  l)us]iels. 

Iisr  1823  the  Fathers  receded  from  th.e  Santa  Bar- 
bara presidio  $1,802  which  had  bc-cn  (]uc  since  1804. 
Tn  1822  the  mission  lauds  were  '2-h  leiigues  vride  at 
the  uioutli  of  th.e  Rio  ("iniiKdo,  gradually  narrowing 
as  th.ey  extended  six  hMgue;-  u\)  the  river.  As  the 
only  good  land  was  in  the  valley  and  in  the  little 
tract  of  Franciscpiifo  and  Tularcitos,  the  governor  in 
1801  had  given  the  mission  a  cattle  rancho  two  by 
two  and  one  fourth  leagues  ;ii  San  Bernardino,  or 
Sanjones,  or  Ensen.  between  the  rancho  del  rey  and 
Soledad.  At  Salinas,  soutli  of  the  river,  a  sheep  ran- 
cho of  one  and  on(^  half  by  tliro?  fourths  of  a  league 
liad  been  established  in  1798.   (10) 

(Oi     B.mc,  ir.  :'s;--!Sil  ,  Tnfor-n-'^  1^10-1820.       (10)     13-.r.c.  IL  C>:G-G^  ;  "luforir.- 


L>r>i  — 


There  is  no  record  oxtant  ol'  tlio  local  events  of 
San  Carlos  after  IHol.  Fr,  Kiinion  Ahella  remained  in 
charge  of  the  mission  nntil  1888,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded l)y  the  Zacateca.n  Fr.  Jese  Ivcal.  Fut  little 
mission  i>roperty  was  h  ft  in  |S':M,  ind  r.oi;"  ;;t_all  in 
1840.    t"Nce)>1    the    liiii  rd    !  ,iil.;;.  -  -. 


m^ 


SEruTAHiZATiox  was  <  ll'cctcd  in  l^iM.  In  July  lS8r) 
Governor  Fi?:neroa  ida.i'jied  a  mission  ran«dio  of  (iOO 
cattle,  IjM^O  ;dieep,  aiul  a  few  hore(>s  for  tlie  snpi:ort 
of    the  Fathers  and  thf^  cluavh  ;  but  the  Fr.    Superior 


—  2o-2  — 

declined  to  permit  the  religious  to  take  charge  of 
such  an  establishment.  In  1886  a  traveller  visited  San 
Carlos,  and  described  the  mission  a=}  in  ruins  and 
nearly  abandoned,  though  he  found  S  or  10  Indians 
at  work  repairin.;;  the  roof.  Another  found  ¥y.  Heal 
and  {\\o  or  three  families  of  Indians,  who  dwelt  in 
the  buildings,  living  on  shell-fisli  and  acorns.  The  lu- 
opjiytes  numbered  about  loO  at  the  time  of  seculariza- 
tion ;  at  tlie  clo>e  of  IS-tO  there  were  about  eighty 
h'ft"  in  the  mission   and   neighborhood. 

The  statistics  of  S:r.i  Carlos  for  1831-1834  are  en- 
tirely lost.  The  total  numl)er  of  baptisms  during  the 
time  the  mission  existed,  1770-1831,  the  last  four 
years  only  estimated,  was  3,957.  Of  tliis  number 
1,790  were  adults,  1,306  Indian  children,  17  settlers, 
and  838  (diildren  of  settlers.  The  total  number  of 
marriages  was  1,065;  of  these  100  couples  were  not 
Indian,  During  the  same  period  2,885  persons  died, 
.';S3  of  whom  were  white  settlers.  The  total  produc- 
tion of  wheat  was  43,120  busheh;  barley,  55,300 
bushels;  corn,  23,700  Inisliels;  and  l)eans,  24,000 
bushels.   (11) 

Perhap.s  forty  neophytes  still  lived  in  the  vicinity 
of  San  (^u'los  during  1840-1845,  l)ut  the  mission  build- 
ing- were  aliaiuloned.  Fr.  Jose  Real  was  nominally  in 
(diarge,  l)ut  he  lesided  at  Monterey,  possibly  holding 
service  in  the  mission  church  occasionally  until  1845, 
when  his  brother  Fr.  Antonio  Real,  and  for  a  time 
F'r.  Juan  Antonio  Anzar,  seem  to  have  lived  here.  In 
(lovernor  Pico's  decree  of  1845  San  Carlos  Avas  re- 
garded as  a  puel)lo,  or  abandoned  mission,  and  the 
remaining  property  was  to  b?  sold  at  auction  for  the 
]iayment  of  debt' and  the  maintenance  of  divide  serv- 
ice.    We    have  no    i)articulars.  The  glory  of   San  Var- 

(11)  Bancroft,  III,  t57r-M).  The  "Infonr.cs  Gcnoiales."  or  official  reports  of 
the  superiors  of  the  California  missions,  give  the  following  figures  dovm 
to  December  31st.  18:!1 :  tot  il  number  of  baptisms,  :!,769;  deaths,  2,',03;  nuir- 
riages,  l.Dls;  still  living  at  tlic  mission  in  ]s.j1.  two  hundred  and  nine. 


-  253  — 

U>A  BoiToiiieo  del  Caiim-lo  de  Moiiteit^y  had  iorevei' 
departed.   (18) 

The  old  mission  c-huivh,  which  contained  the  nior- 
lal  remains  of  the  founder  of  tlie  California  mis- 
sions, after  that  was  left  to  the  mercy  of  the  relic- 
hunter  and  otiier  vandal^;.  In  [Sb'2,  tiie  tiled  nof  of 
the  building  fell  in,  and  the  sun  and  the  rains  of 
many  winters  brou-ht  fouith  a  rank  iirowth  of  ^rass 
and  weeds,  elfectually  concealinii  the  I'esting-place  of 
Fr.  Junipero  Serra.  When  the  Kev.  Aniielo  1).  Cassa- 
nova  in  ]868  l)ecame  the  pastor  of  Monterey,  he 
found  at  C'armelo,  a))out  live  miles  from  the  town, 
only  a  heap  of  ruins. 

From  the  lirst  Fr.  (Jassanova  was  enthusiastic  on  the 
subject  of  restoring-  the  mission  church,  but  he  met 
with  very  little  practical  sympathy.  However,  he  con- 
tinued silently  preparing  for  the  work.  The  first  ^^tep 
he  took  was  to  clear  away  the  debris  that  luul  accu- 
mulated within  the  building,  and  then  to  locate  the 
graves  of  Fr.  8erra  and  other  missionaries.  Finally, 
on  July  Jkl,  J882,  "aftei"  giving  notice  in  the  papers 
of  San  Francisco,"  Fr.  Cassanova  writes,  "over  -100 
people  from  the  city,  and  from  the  Hotel  del  Monte, 
at  the  hour  appointed,  went  to  Carmelo.  1,  with  the 
Records  Defunctorum,  kept  in  the  arciiives  of  the 
parish,  in  my  hands,  read  aloud  in  Spanish  and  in 
EnglisJi  the  following  four  entries:"' 

"Rev.  F.  Juan  Crespi,  born  in  Spain  ;  died  January 
1st,  A.  D.  1782,  61  years  old:  buried  near  the  main 
altar,  Gospel  side.'" 

"•Rev  F.  Junipero  Serra,  D.  I).,  President  of  all 
the  Missions;  l)orn  in  Mallorca,  Spain;  died  on  the 
28th  of  August,  A.  D.  1784,  at  the  age  of  71  years; 
])uried  in  the  sanctuary,  fronting  the  altar  of  Our 
Lady  of  Seven  Dolors,  on  the  Gospel  side."' 

''Rev  F.  Julian  Lopez,  born    in    Spain;    died    here. 


111)    Banc.  IV,  c,:u 


_  264  — 

on  the  loth  of  July,  A.  D.  1797,  aiied  35  yours;  lair- 
ied  in  the  sanctuary,  on  tiie  (iospol  side,  in  the  tomb 
ULp.r  the  wall  on  the  left."' 

'•Kev.  F.  Francisco  Lasr.on,  vie.  for  second  Presi- 
dent of  the  missions;  horn  in  S])ain  :  died  here,  and 
is  buried  in  the  sanctuary,  on  the  Gospel  dde,  in  a 
stone  toml)  near  th.e  nniin  altar,  June  28tli,   1803." 

The  heavy  stone  stal)  h:iviri,!i-  ])een  removed  before 
the  ceremony,  the  coliin  of  each  stone  tend)  or  grave 
was  left  visible.  A  man  Ih.tn  v.ent  down  and  raised 
t lie  lid  of  each  cotiin.  The  < ofiip.s  were  simple  red- 
wood, unplained,  and  in  a  i:()od  state  of  preservation. 
The  people  all  looked  at  the  rema.ins,  lirst  of  Father 
John  Crospi,  the  lirs;^  that  died,  tlien  on  the  remains 
of  Father  Junipero  Sc-rra.  The  skeletons  were  in  a 
p,()od  state,  the  ribs  standin-;-  oat  in  proper  ar^li, 
part  of  the  vestment  in  irood  or(\>r,  also  the  heavy 
silk  stole  which  is  put  only  on  a  priest,  in  iiood  order 
and  in  one  piece,  two  yards  and  a  iialf  louii',  v/itli 
tlic  i  ilk  fringes  to  it  as  good  as  nev.-.  We  did  not 
raise  the  coffins,  l)ut  only  viewed  them  and  their 
contents  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  present.  We  did 
the  same  to  the  four  corpses;  anything;  more  would 
have  been  improper,  especially  as  the  coffin  of  the 
last  buried,  the  Rev.  Father  Lasuen,  was  going  to 
pieces.  Th.cn  the  tond)s  were  covered  as  before  with 
stone  slabs.  The  tond)  of  Fath.er  Junipero  Serra,  for 
l)etter  secr.rity,  wiu'  tilled  with  earth,  so  as  to  make 
it  more  dilii<'u.lt  for  any  vandal  to  disturb  his  rest- 
place  and  over  that  was  placed  the  stone  slab  broken 
in  four  pieces.'' 

In  b*<84  Fr.  Cassanova  started  in  on  his  work  of  re- 
storation. To  his  untiring  zeal  and  the  sympathy  of 
many  benefactors  the  old  mission  church  of  Carmelo 
owe3  its  present  condition.     • 


San  Carlos  Restored. 


)iOi) 


GI^pPT^Ef^     lU. 


SAN  ANTONIO. 

FovNDiKo  Of  San-  Axtdxio— Biii.dixgs  Ekected— Leaekixu  TaE  Las- 
GuAGE— A  Steakge  Stoey— Frosts  Kill  The  Ceops— Indian  Shot— New 
CntECH— Fr.  PiEBAs— Other  Missionaries— Fr.  Sit.jae  Dies— Interest- 
ing Items— Fe.  Sancho  Dies— Mission  Lands— Statistics— Secclariza- 
TioN— Indians  III  Treated— Fr.  Doroteo   Ambeis. 

About  a  year  after  Mission  San  Carlos  had  been 
founded,  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  proceeded  to  plant  the 
cross  for  the  establishment  of  Mission  San  Antonio 
de  Padua.  Taking  with  him  Fathers  Miguel  Fieras 
and  Buenaventura  Sitjar,  together  with  the  necessary 
soldiers  and  supplies,  Fr.  Junipero  led  the  way  south- 
ward along  the  Salinas  River  till  they  reached  a 
beautiful  oak-studded  glen,  which  they  named  Los 
Kobles.  Here,  about  twenty-five  leagues  from  Mon- 
terey, in  the  centre  of  tiie  Sierra  Santa  Lucia,  he 
gave  orders  to  unload  the  mules,  and  to  hang  the 
bells  to  the  branch  of  a  tree.  This  was  no  sooner 
done  than  the  servant  of  God  began  to  ring,  and  to 
shout  as  though  in  a  rapture  of  joy :  "(,)  gentiles, 
come,  come  to  the  holy  Olunch  ;  come,  ccjine  to  re- 
ceive the  faith  of  Jesus  Clirist.''  Fr.  Miguel  Fieras, 
amazed  at  liie  tiction  of  his  superif»r,  exclaimed: 
••'Why  do  you  tire  yourself?  This  is  not  the  place 
where  the  church  is  to  be  erected,  nor  are  there 
any  Indians  here.  It  is  useless  to  ring  the  bells.-' 
''Let  me  satisfy  tho  longings  of  my  heart,''  Fr.  Juni- 
pero replied,  ''which  desires  that  this  bell  might  be 
heard  all  over  the  world,  as  Mother  Agreda  wished  ; 
or  that  at  least  the  gentiles   who    dwell    about    these 


—  257  — 

mountains  may  hear  it."  A  large  cross  was  now  con- 
structed, blessed,  and  planted  in  the  soil;  then  a  cab- 
in of  boug;hs  was  erected  in  which  a  table  wa^ 
placed    and  ornamented  to  serve  as  an  altar. 

On  the  14th  of  July,  1771,  the  feast  of  St.  Bona- 
venture,  Fr.  Serra  said  the  lirst  Mat-s  in  honor  of  San 
Antonio  de  PmUui,  -the  i>atron  faint  of  the  new 
mission.  The  unusual  sound  of  the  ringing  of  bells 
attracted  a  native  who  was  straying  near  by.  He 
Avatched  the  prccccdinjjs  wilh  much  curiosity.  When 
after  the  Gospel  the  celel)rant  turned  about  to 
preach,  he  noticed  the  Indian;  this  pleased  the  good 
Father  so  much  that  at  tlie  close  of  his  discourse  he 
said:  "I  hope  to  (rod,  through  the  intercession  of 
St.  Anthony,  tliat  this  mission  may  become  a  great 
settlement  of  numerous  Christians,  since  we  here 
see,  what  was  not  observed  at  the  other  missions 
established  thus  far,  that  at  the  first  Mass  the  first 
fruit  of  paganism  assisted.  He  will  not  fail  to  com- 
municate to  the  other  gentiles  what  he  has  noticed.'' 
No  sooner  were  the  ceremonies  ended,  than  Fr.  Juni- 
pero  hastened  to  the  Indian,  and  by  means  of  pre- 
sents and  signs  l:e  gave  him  to  understand  that 
the  Spaniards  were  friends. 

The  surprised  native  soon  ]>rought  his  companions 
in  large  numbers  who  offered  an  abundance  of  seeds, 
nuts,  etc.  to  the  missionaries.  The  Fathers  in  turn 
presented  strings  of  colored  glass  beads  to  tlie  In- 
dinns.  Frame  huts  for  the  missionaries,  soldiers,  and 
servants  were  iinme(|iately  constructed  with  the  iudp 
of  the  natives:  a  htrger  building  for  the  church  was 
erected,  and  the  whole  surrounded  by  ]>alisades.  Th- 
buildings  were  but  temporary  structures,  as  Fr.  Serra 
thought  it  wise  to  proceed  as  soon  as  possil)le  to  till 
the  soil;  for  farm  they  must,  or  starve,  because  sup- 
plies were  growing  very  scarce.  Stone  buildings  about 
half  a  league  from  the  first  site    eventually  took   the 


—  25S  — 

place  of  these  rude  structure.^.  San  Autuiiio  was  early 
noted  for  one  thing — lier  siiperl)  horses,  the  pride  of 
t!ie  natives.  Frequently  er.vy  assisted  some  of  the 
beautiful  horses  away  fro:n  the  mission.   (1) 

A  corporal  and  six  soldiers  were  stationed  as 
ii'uards  at  San  Antonio.  Fr.  Jiinipero  remainel  tif- 
teen  days  and  then  returned  to  Monterey.  The  na- 
tives from  the  heginninii-  were  more  tractable  than 
tliose  at  either  San  Dieiio  or  Monterey,  and  tiie  Fa- 
thers had  ho]jes  of  a,reat  sidritual  ('on(|nest.  They  at 
once  heiian  to  learn  the  hinuua.iie  ol'  the  Indi;tus,  and 
devoted  nuudi  time  to  teaching'  catechism  after  they 
had  made  sulticient  progress  to  he  understood.  The 
seed  fell  up.):i  good  soil;  for  tlu^  first  bai^tism  took 
place  on  the  14th  of  August,  171'2,  just  one  month 
after  the  opening  of  the  mi-;sion.    (2) 

Fk.  Pah)u  here  tells  the  story  ol'  .Mi  old  Indian 
wonnin.  Agueda  by  n;ime.  a  h'.;ndred  years  old  in 
appearance,  wlio  ai)i)lied  to  tlie  Fathers  for  baptism. 
On  being  asked  why  she  wanted  to  l>e  baptized,  she 
replied  that  when  she  was  a  yor.ng  girl  she  heard 
her  father  speak  of  ;;  nuin  dressed  like  tiie  religious, 
who  came  to  their  country  not  on  foot,  but  through 
th.e  air,  and  who  preached  the  same  doctrines  which 
the  missi(maries  taught,  ;;ial  that  this  jiad  moved 
her  to  ])ecome  a  Christian.  The  Fa.thers  gave  n(»  cred- 
it to  wluit  the  old  woman  related,  ])ut  on  (piestion- 
ing  tlie  other  Indians  they  heard  the  same  story 
from  them.  The  Indians  unanimously  declared  that 
so  they  had  heard  from  their  forefathers,  and  tliat  it 
was  a  general   trjidiiion   ;imong  their  people. 

(]i     Villa.  lL'l-r23;      Xoticias  IIT,  2;9;      Old  Missioa.^^  of  CalLf-rnia  ;50-;57. 
i-i     Vid.i.  li:!-r2S;  T.ie  "Our  Fatli'i"  iu  th-  lau-^uige  spukiMi  at  San  Anto- 
iiid.  Mcconlitiu   t)  Fr.  Sitjar's  "Vocabalario  ([■•  la  Minion  de  Sa'i  .Vtitonio." 
is   as  follows: 

"Za  tili,  mo  (luisco  uoajjoa  lir.ia  .tn'l.  A'l  ziica^to,' ein  iia  otsmatz  autskj- 
i.sitla  ua  cjtmiUaa.  A-i  ci^all a  iiat.saialog  zui  lac  (luiclia  niapea  lima.  Ma- 
fdtac  taha  z^zalamagot  zLzucaaatel  ziczla.  Za  manimtiltac  na  zana.vl,  qui- 
cha  na  kic  apmiaitUco  na  zanaaaol.  Zi  quotza  commanatatclnoc  za  all- 
mcta  zo  iKi  ziuxnia.  Za  no  .viiissili  jom  Znmtaylitcc.  Amen.' 


259 


'•When  the  Fathers  of  San  Antonio,"'  Fr.  Fah)U 
continues,  ^'rehited  this  story  to  me,  I  remenil)ere(l  a 
letter  whicli  the  ^'en.  Motlier  Airieda  wrote  in   IGol   to 

the  missionaries  enuaiiod  in  the  missions  of  New- 
Mexico,  in  which  slie  says  that  onr  holy  Fatiier  St. 
Francis  hron^ht  two  religions  of  his  ()r(kM-,  wiio  were 
not  S]);iniar(ls,  to  preacli  the  faith  of  Christ  to  these 
nations  of  the  nortli,  and  tl;at,  after  having-  nnnU' 
many  converts,  they  sutfi>re  I  m  n'tyr(h)m.  Havinii 
comi)ared  tiie  time,  I  judiied  that  it  nii-iht  h-  to  one 
of  them  the  new  convert  Auiieda  had  rcd'erence.*"  (D) 
The  climate  of  San  Ant(»nio  was  \  c  ry  warm  in 
summer  and  cold  in  winter;  tr<»st  was  very  common. 
A  small  creek  near  the  mission  was  covered  with 
ic/'  every  moiaiinii'  until  sunrise,  says  Fr,  Talon; 
thus  the  cro;^.;  of  corn  an;l  wheat  were  fr.'(iuentl_\- 
exposed  to  destruction.  I'he  frost  on  Faster  niorninji, 
1780  was  so  severe  that  liie  wlieat  croi),  which  liad 
commenced  to  s[)rout.  turned  as  dry  as  stuhhle  in  Au- 
ii'ust.  This  misfortune  led  the  Fathers  lo  IVar  the  lo:-s 
of  all  Iheir  i^rain.  They  at  once  had  recourse  to 
the  paUH)n  of  the  mission;  nor  did  he  fail  to  assist 
them.  A  novena  was  l):\!iun  in  his  honor;  the  crops 
wliich  the  frost  seemed  to  have  killed  were  irrijiated, 
and  after  a  few  days  it  was  noticed  that  the  wheat 
l)e^an  to  iirow  aiiain,  and  at  the  en.d  of  the  nove- 
ni  the  field  was  once  niore  iireen.  Irriiiation  was  con- 
tinued, and  after  lifty  days  the  new  croj)  was  as  far 
advanced  as  the  dead  one  had  he.  n,  and  a  far  more 
abundant  harvest  was  reape;!  than  in  the  year  before. 
This  fact  and  various  others  lar.iiely  contrilnited  to 
contirm  the  new  Christians  in  their  faith,  and  attract- 
ed the  pajians  in  such  numbers  (hat  the  Christian-;  at 
Sail  Antoni^)  were  more  numerous  than  those  of  all 
other  missions  combined.  Kven  before  the  death  of  Fr. 
Junipero  Serra,  San    Antonio    counted    one    thousand 


Vidn  m-VlJ:      Notlchx^  III.  112. 


—  ^60  — 

and  eighty-four    Christians    on    her    registers,    though 
not  all  had  been  baptized  tliere.   (4) 

Toward  the  end  of  1770,  or  in  tlie  beginning  of 
1777,  Fr.  Serra  paid  a  visit  to  the  mission  on  his  way 
back  from  San  Juan  Capistrano  which  had  just  been 
established.   (5) 

After  the  transfer  of  the  T.ower  California  missions 
to  the  Dominicans  in  1778,  while  Fr.  .Iiiniixro  v^-as 
absent  in  Mexico,  Fr.  Ramon  Usson  was  placed  at 
San   Antonio  as  a  supernum?rary  by  Fr.   Palou.    (G) 

In  August  1775  there  was  great  excitement  at  the 
mission;  savages  had  attacked  Snn  Antonio  and  shot 
a  catechumen  al)out  to  he  bai)tized.  A  s(iuad  of  sol- 
diers was  sent  out,  captured  the  culprits,  and  hidd 
them  after  giving  them  a  flogging.  Later  the  com- 
mandant ordered  them  flogged  again,  when  after  a 
feA\  days  in  the  stocks  they  were  released.  The  in- 
jured man  however  recovered  from  his  wounds.   (7) 

At  the  end  of  178B,  or  the  l^eginning  of  178J,  Fr. 
Junipero  for  the  last  time  administered  confirmrtion 
liere  to  a  number  of  neopliytes.   (8) 

In  1793  a  blo<dv  eiglity  varas  or  yards  long  was 
built  to  serve  as  chundi,  dwelling  for  tli:-  priest,  and 
storehouse.  In  1797  the  church  is  mentioned  as  of  a- 
d()l)es  witJi  tile  roof.  The  huts  of  the  noophyt(>-;  were 
of  a  more  substantial  charactcM-  than  at  San  Carlos. 
In  1791  an  adobe  ro  )m  14  by  •)  varas  an<l  a  tile- 
roofed    ],orridge  room   wevv  coinph^ted. 

In  August  1795  i'^r.  Siljar  n:i;d<"  an  (xamination  of 
Ihe  country  Uotwc'n  this  mission  and  San  Luis  Obis- 
])o,  ior  Ihe  puriioso  of  linding  a  suitable  location  for 
a  new  mission.  Tii(>  result  \\as  re])orted  to  his  super- 
ior, Fr.  Lasuen,  in  a  document  dated  August  27th, 
and  entitl(>d  :  ''Keconocimiento  d(>  sitio  para  la  Nueva 
Mision  de  San  Miguel,  1795.'' 

(O    Vida.  r2r)-r26.        (5)  Ibid.  2(1(1.        (r,)  l?ancro(t,   I,  ]9(>;        Noticia-=.  I,  26i\ 
i7i  Banc.  T.  2:>i\       18)  Vida,  2G4. 


201 


3an    Antonio    De    Padua. 


—  2<;2  — 

I'he  two  veneral)lo  founders  of  the  mission,  Fathers 
Pi?ras  and  Sitjar,  served  to2;etlier  until  179^,  when 
the  former,  worn  out  with  his  hv.ig  hibors,  retired  to 
his  college  in  Mexico.   (9) 

Fr.  Jofe  do  la  Cn\z  E^pi  was  stationed  at  San  An- 
tonio in  ITOa  ;tnd  1791;  he  was  succeeded  l)y  Fr. 
.lose  Manuel  Martiarena  in  17:)  1-1 795,  and  Fr.  Marc-- 
liu)  Cipre^  from  17'.>r)  to  ISOl.  Fr.  Sitjar  was  absent 
;it  San  Miiiuel  from  July  1797  to  Ai-.-ust  179H,  when 
his  place  was   filled   hy   Fr.   Benito  Catalan.    (10) 

San  Antonio  reached  its  hiiihest  limit  of  neophyte 
population  with  1.2IM;  -ouls  in  Jsno.  The  lands  wer(> 
reported  to  he  barren,  nccesdtatinji'  freciuent  chanji'es 
in  stock-ranaes  and  cnlrivat(vl  fiehh^.  A  new  and  lar- 
ger church  of  adol)es  was  h;--un  in  1^09,  or  the  f ol  • 
lowiiiix  year. 

The  venerable  Fr.  Buenaventura  Sitjar,  one  of  the 
earliest  Franciscan  pioneers,  and  founder  of  this  mis- 
sion with  Fr.  Pieras,  died  at  his  post  in  September 
bSDS.    (11  ) 

The  only  occurrence  to  be  noted    is    a    ({uarrel    be- 

(91  Banc,  I,  -V/i ;  6.-!S— isg.  Fa  Miguel  Pi-^ra-  was  a  natlvo  of  tli?  Island 
of  Mallorca.  Ho  wa'^  wat  \j  t'i3  C.ilifo:-ni.i  mls.-iois  in  Augast  1770,  and 
an-ived  at  Moutn-ey  by  \vay  of  San  Di:>Ko  on  May  'il.^t,  1771.  His  only  regu- 
lar stit'oa  wa-  Sin  A'ltoiii,  whrr^  lio  lah)vi'd  among  t!i(^  Indians  f. om 
th-  day  of  ir^  fo  I'ldalini  to  Ami-U  or  May  (TiM.  UN  last  signatir.v  in  t!h" 
mission  h-jo:i<  i'  d'C^d  Xy/A  I'Ttb. 
(10)    Banc,  I,  GSll.  Nothing  i-  kn)wn  of  Fr.  Honito  Catalan  beyond  the  fact 

.  that  he  wa'3  stationed  at  S\n  A'lt  )iiio  from  1706  to  1799,  when  ho  returned 
to  Mexico  on  account  of  ill  lu'alt'.i. 

(11)  His  nan  e  in  th.e  yyorld  was  Antonio.  He  was  born  or  baptized  on 
December  9th,  17;!9,  at  Porreri,  Mallorca  I-land,  and  received  the  habit  at 
Talma  on  April  20th,  175^.  After  rocoiving  Holy  Orders  he  came  to  Mex- 
ico, and  was  assigned  to  th  ■  Califoniia  missions  i'l  August  1770.  Ho  ar- 
rived at  Monterey  by  way  of  S:i;i  i]Lis  and  San  Diego  on  May  21st,  1771. 
With  Fr.  .Junipero  and  Fr  Picj-a-  lie  founded  San  Antonio  mission,  and 
labored  liere  almost  contiin>  i -ly  C...-  t'l'it  ,  -  ^-^ven  years.  Fr.  Sitjar  was 
a  most  faithful  and  effici'-'it  niissiouary,  and  perfectly  mastered  the  In- 
dian language,  of  wliicli  he  h'ft  a  manuscript  vocabula'-y,  since  printed. 
He  also  left  a  diary  of  an  exploration  for  mission  sites  in  1795.  On  Aug- 
ust 26th,  WIS,  while  at  the  field,  lie  was  seized  with  excruciating  pains  in 
the  stomach  and  bladder.  Oa  Sapteinbsr  first  lis  confessed  and  received 
th"  la-t  sacram.Mits  whil?  suf?.>ring  terrible  agoay,  and  died  on  the  :!d. 
Next  day  the  body  was  buried  in  the  presbytery  of  the  old  church  by  Fr. 
Cabot,    i'l    th-^    prc:?Kcc  of  ^evcral  oth.er  ?'athers    On  .June  19.  IS];!,  the  je 


__  '2iu\  -— 

tweeii  Fr.  Cipix';  and  llio  cmi-jx)!-;!!  of  the  .uuard  in 
1801.  The  corporal  ;ii(U<l  hy  Jo.-e  Castro  was  vt-ry 
di-5orderly  and  violent:  l:otli  were  removed  at  llie 
missionar> 's  rc(ir.est.  Tlu^y  tried  1o  revcniie  theni- 
relves  1)y  niakini'  duirjio^^  au'ain-t  Fr.  Clpre-;,  wliicli 
All);'rni  decidtMl   were  inil'onndcMl. 

In  September  and  October,  respect! v(dy,  of  1Ik> 
ycNir  ISO!,  Fathers  Pedro  (':!!)ot  and  .Juan  I'anlisla 
S.inclio  l>e;u.an  their  hihors  herc^  as  missionaries.  },lean- 
whih'  Fr.  Foren/.o  Merelo  in  1S(»0-1S()1.  and  Fr.  Flo- 
i\'n"io  Iliin  ■;/  in  1S)1-1>)>,  liv;>l  jiei'e  as  -np.'rnum:_'r- 
aries.    (12) 

Fathees  ('al)ot  ai:d  Sancho  toiled  toiiether  at  San 
Antonio,  as  they  ha.d  done  since  LS()4,  nntil  the  death 
of  the  latter  in   February  JSJJO.   (j:]) 

DuRiXG    the    years    1SJ0-1S2()  the     Fathers    v\-erc    o- 

mains  vrere  transfcmd  wilh  these  of  Fr.  Pujol  to  the  new  church.  A  Ionic 
account  of  this  Father's  life.  <!eatli.  ai-.d  burial,  translated  from  tl-.c 
mission  register,  appi>ared  in  t'l'^  Sm  Fritieiscf)  Rn!lofin  of  S"i)t'^nib'r 
lOth,  ]JG!.    Banc.  II,  151-152., 

(12)  Banc.  II.  152.  F;\  Lorenzo  Merelo  arrived  at  Monh-rey  July  2,^,  IT'.!', 
and  served  at  San  Frar.ciico  from  .A.uru;  t  of  tliat  year  until  October  1S()(). 
Th?  cold  winds  and  fog.^  of  tJia  peninsula,  while  they  could  not  cool 
his  ardor,  soon  took  away  what  little  streiistli  Ir-  had.  and  lie  was  tran- 
ferred  to  Su-i  Aitcmi'i.  A;  hi^  h-^  lit!)  (''d  ii  it  i--i;.:-:)v-.  li  ■  v.:i  ^  all')w;-d 
to  sail  for  Mexico  in  Seplr-mbcr  JMll. 

(i:i)  Fr.  .Tuau  Bautista  Sancho  y  Lliteras  was  a  native  of  Aj tit,  Itland  of 
Mallorca,  where  he  was  born  on  the  first  of  January,  1778.  He  received 
tlic  habit  of  S*.  Francis  on  February  'Jth  1791,  at  Palma,  and  was  made 
ma.-t?r  of  the  choir  after  receivinp  Holy  Orders.  Embarkiuf;  at  Ciidiz 
Juno  2()th,  180:i  he  reached  San  Fernando  college  in  September,  and  then 
came  to  Monterey  on  August  4th,  1S(  4.  He  was  at  once  api)ointcd  to  San 
Anionio.  wlnre  belabored  continuously  until  his  death.  T  l:e  i!i.mediat(> 
cause  if  liis  death  was  blood  poifoning  from  a  tumor. 
"Outside  his  own  kical  field  cf  work  Fr.  Sancho  was  not  much  heard 
of,  though  he  was  a  royaJi  t  and  not  backward  in  expre  sirg  his  opinion, 
but  for  his  management  of  San  Antonio  he  received  and  deterved  much 
jM-ai  c.  Fr.  Cabt  t  \n^  v?tv?:ai  associate,  wlio  buri?d  h'.m  i:i  tie  presby- 
tery of  the  mission  church  near  the  remains  of  Fathers  Pujol  and  Sitjar, 
pays  ail  eloquent  tribute  to  his  moiio.y  in  the  mission  rcg  slcr.  He  say; , 
of  him  that  he  had  a  constitution  of  iron,  and  was  constantly  busy 
either  at  work  in  th  ^  field,  or  in  attending  to  the  bodily  and  spiiitual  ne- 
cessities of  the  sick  and  dying.  In  bad  weather  he  prepared  books  of  music 
and  catechisms  for  tlic  neophytos,  witli  wiiose  language  he  was  perfectly 
familiar.  Engrossed  in  such  occupations  he  often  forgot  to  eat.  His  bur- 
inl  occurred  on  tJie  anniversary  cf  hi?  receptio:i  into  the  Order  cf  St, 
Frauci^."  Banc.   H.  fi21. 


Ijliged  to  bury  many  more  Indicius  than  they  bap- 
tized. Tlie  native  popuhition  declined  to  878  souls.  As 
there  were  no  more  iientiles  to  be  converted  within 
seven  ty-live  miles,  the  neophyte  population  owing 
to  the  high  death  rate  continued  to  decrease.   (14) 

On  Noveml)er  2(),  1S2»),  the  neophyte  Eugenio  Nac- 
tre  was  elected  as  elector  de  partido.  ¥r.  Cabot  acted 
as  secretary  at  the  election  and  signed  Nactre's  cre- 
dentials. The  alcalde  and  regidores  signed  with  a 
cross.  Thus  were  the  Indians  l)eings  trained  for  the 
duties  of  citizenship.  In  1822  the  mission  lands  were 
said  to  extend  thirteen  leagues  from  north  to  .^trnth, 
and  eight  or  nine  leagues  from  east  to  west.  The  soil 
was  rocky,  but  very  good  crops  were  obtained  by  irri- 
gation. Frosts,  sqnirrels,  and  insects  were  very  troub- 
lesome. In  1827  the  missionary  reported  that  it  was 
very  difficult  to  find  pasturage  for  the  stock.  Alvara- 
do  in  his  history  says  that  the  flour  from  San  Ant- 
onio was   famous    througliout    California. 

R0BIK8ON  states  that  this  mission  in  1880  had  an  air 
of  thrift  not  ol)servable  at  many  of  the  others.  Ever 
ything  was  kept  in  perfect  order;  the  buildings  were 
in  good  condition ;  and  the  Indians  were  clean  and 
well  dressed.   (15) 

In  1884  Fr.  Pedro  Cabot  retired  to  San  Fernando 
mission,  and  Fr.  Jesus  Maria  Vasquez  del  Mercado, 
one  of  the  newly  arrived  Zacatecanos  took  his  place. 
Fr.  A^isqnez  remained  until  the  arrival  of  Fr.  Jose  de 
Jesus  Maria  Gutierrez.   (16) 

Fkom  the  time  when  San  Antonio  was  founded 
to  December  31st,  1881,  when  the  last  general    report 

114)    Banc,    II,    '.Pffi.  (15)    West  three   leagues   was   the    rancho  of   San 

Mij,'ueIito ;  another  at  Los  Ojitos  in  the  sontb:  another  at  San  Benito,  six 
leagues  east  on  the  river;  and  one  for  sheep  at  El  Pleito,  or  San  Bartc.-. 
lome,  seven  leagues.  Northward  to  the  sierra  de  Sta  Lucia,  three  or  four 
leagues,  the  horses  were  i)asturod ;  southward  th?  mares,  lU;j  1  ;  west- 
ward, across  the  rive;-,  live  leagu3s,  the  tam  m1  horses.  There  wore  throe 
ditches  carrying  wator  from  the  -Vrroyo  do  San  Antonio  to  a  distance  of 
two  loaguoH  south  of  the  mission ;  but  the  wator  lasted  oul,v  xi,ni\l  -Twup  or 
4v,lh      Bauc,  II,  Qil-di'i,         {l<i)    IIjdcm  III,  m, 


-  '26t  - 

of  Ihe  uiisf;ii)ii  \va.^  made  hy  the  Fathei>\  1,-102  hai^- 
tisiiis  to(>k  place;  8,579  dead  were  buried;  and  l,18t) 
couples  united  in  niarriajie.  061  Indians  were  still  liv- 
ini;  at  or  lu^ar  the  mission.  The  estal)lis]nnent  owned 
0,000  cattle,  10,000  sheep,  and  8(50  luu'ses.    (IT) 

Mission  San  Antonio  was  secularized  in  June  1885. 
On  June  2'2d  ¥v.  Mercado  complained  :hat  all  his  ef- 
forts for  the  liood  of  the  Indians  were  rendered  fu- 
tile hy  the  persons  in  authority,  who  committed  adul- 
tery openly,  and  were  guilty  of  other  excesses.  In 
Deccmlier  Fr.  Mercado  wrote  to  the  iiovernor  aliout 
the  unjust  and  even  iidiuman  treatment  of  the  In- 
dians, who  were  I  eaten  and  starved  in  detiance  of 
the  laws  under  the  nuina^ement  of  Kamirez.  The  Fa- 
ther declared  th.it  heathenism  was  raining  on  Christi- 
anity; that  the  Indians  were  naked  and  starving,  and 
that  two  1hii('s  of  Hum  were  ahpent  in  quest  of  food 
which  could  not  he  had  at  the  mission.  Jose  Andra- 
de  was  then  appointed  in  place  of  Ramirez  in  1886. 
He  managed  the  teuiporalities  of  the  mission;  but  in 
August  1840  Fr.  Gutierrez  wrote  that  the  mission  Avas 
daily  advancing  towards  complete  destruction.   (18) 

Fk.  Gutierrez  feems  to  have  remained  at  San  An- 
tonio until  1844,  and  that  in  the  following  year  the 
mission  had  no  resident  priest.  On  May  26th,  1845, 
however,  Fr.  Gutierrez  certified  that  in  the  mission 
church  allegiance  was  vowed  to  Nuestra  Senora  del 
Refugio,  the  ])atroness  of  the  diocese.  The  inventory 
of  1845  showed  a  valuation  of  .t8,000,  against  $90,000 
ten  years  before,  chielly  in  buildings  ami  'ineyards. 
Live-stock  had  disappeared  entirely.   At  this  time  the 


(17)     "Inlormes  Gonerales"     for    the   year  IS!!.  According  to  Banc,  III, 

GS7,  the  total  uumbor  of  baptisms  admiuistereil  at  Sati  Antonio  froin 
1771  to  18;i4,  wlien  all  mission  reports  cease,  was  iAM.  Of  this  number  of 
l)ersons  baptized  1,761  were  Indian  adults,  2,587  \voi-(^  Indian  children,  107 
were  children  of  settlers,  and  one  was  a  Hcttler.  During  the  sa:..-.e  period 
:i,772  persons  i!ie<l,  of  whom  only  nine  were  whit ',  T!ie  total  product  of 
wheat  for  the  s=a',nci  time  was  C9,713  bushels;  barley,  12,097  bus^hels:  corn, 
19,511  bushels;  bp-ins,  2,314  bushels ;au<^  other  Krnius  i;W  ijushels 
US)    JJ.i»c.,  Ill,    C^7'-3?.\ 


—  2C>()  — 

p;)pulati()n  i-  ii'iveii  as  tea  men  (iiid  tire  ironiejt.  (19) 
Fr.  Doroteo  Ambris,  who  volunteered  to  bury  him- 
self amoiii:;  the  ruins  of  San  Antonio,  for  thirty  years 
after  1850  ministered  to  the  remnants  of  a  once  pop- 
ulo:r,  trib^  uilil  hn  d.\i'h  ii  1880.  His  1>  )dy  was 
buried  in  th(^  mission  rhurcli,  Fr.  Ambris,  apparently 
a  secular  i  ricst,  ( ;  ir.e  lo  California  with  Bisiiop  Car- 
ciLi  Diyf>:>  whil?  y.\  a  ck^ric  in  I'^tl.  Tlur.'  \^  U)  rec- 
ord of  other  events,  nor  of  the  mission  estate,  wliich 
ai)parently   was  n'ver  sold.    (2<t) 


GI^HP'TSR   1?. 


SAN    GABRIEL. 

Sax  Gabriel  Established— T.ik  Picture  Of  Our  Lady— Scaxdalous  Cox- 
duct  O?  \  Sjldier— IxDiAX  Attacx— Missi'jXARY  ChaxciEs— Slow  Prog- 

EESS— 1^'k.   SeRRA     CoXFIKM-i     At     SaX    GaBRIEL—CoXSPIRACY— MISSIONARY 

Chaxges— Fathers  Cruzado  And  Sanchez  Die— Fathers  Oeakas 
EsTEVAx,  A-;d  Barcexilla  Retire— New  Church- Sax  Berxardtno— 
Fathers    Dumetz  Axd  Migued  Die. 

San  Gabriel,  once  the  pride  of  tlie  missions,  was  es- 
tablished St'i)tember  8th,  1771.  Th-  missionaries  for 
this  mission  had  already  l)een  appointed  in  May:  ))nt 
local  troul)les  caused  by  the  desertion  of  somc^  sol- 
diers and  muleteers  delayed  tlie  foundation.  On  Au- 
ji'ust  ()<h,  however.  Fathers  Aniiel  Somera  and  Pedro 
Benito  C'aml)oii,  with  a  jiuard  of  ten  soldiers,  left 
San  Dieiio  to  estaV)lish  tlie  new  mission.  The  party 
chose  a  fertile,  well-Avooded,  and  well- watered  spot 
near  the  Rio  San  Mii>uel,  so  named  by  an  expedition 
the  year  before,  and  since  known  as  the  San  Gal)riel 
River.  At  first  a  large  force  of  Indians  attempted    to 


ll9i    Y,\nc..    IV,  C.'T;    mi        cjoi     Uii.    V.  ^Ol :  ():',n :    II.    «i(5. 


—   L^C.T    — 

prevent  the  i'oundation  ol'  the  mission.  One  of  the 
Fathers  then  unfurled  a  banner  showinfi'  an  oil  paint- 
ing of  Our  Lady.  The  Indians  had  scarcely  seen  the 
picture  when  they  at  onco  throw  down  their  arms, 
and  their  two  cliiefs  ran  up  to  lay  their  necklaces  at 
the  feet  of  the  heaiitifi'.l  (^)ue;M\  Soon  others,  men, 
^\■onlen  and  thildren,  came  in  crowd-^,  carrying  se^d'^ 
which  they  hd't  as  an  oll'ering  at  the  fe^t  of  Our  La- 
dy. ll:e  unveiling  of  the  ])icture  produced  such  won- 
derful elfects  that  thereafter  tlie  iiatives  ap])roa(died 
without  fear.    ( 1  ) 

Ox  the  feast  of  Our  Lady's  Nativity  the  great 
cross  was  erected  and  Idessed,  and  the  lirst  Mass  cel- 
ebrated under  a  canopy  of  some  green  boughs.  On 
the  following  day  the  cliajjcl  and  other  necessary 
buildings  were  begun.  The  natives  cheerfully  assisted 
in  the  work  of  bringing  timber  and  constructing  tlie 
stockade  enclosure.   (2) 

Thot'gh  friendly  as  yet,  the  Indians  crowded  into 
the  camp  in  sucli  numbers  that  the  ten  soldiers  were 
not  deemed  a  sufficient  guard.  Fr.  iSomera,  therefore, 
went  down  to  8an  Diego  on  the  first  of  October,  and 
returned  on  the  ninth  with  a  reenforcement  of  two 
men.  Next  day  a  crowd  of  Indians  attacked  two  sol- 
diers, one  of  whom  had  insulted  the  wife  of  a  chief. 
The  enraged  lius])and  discharged  an  arrow  at  the  guil- 
ty soldier,  who  stopped  it  with  his  shield  and  killed 
the  chieftain  with  a  musket  ball.  Terrified  by  the 
destructive  effect  of  the  gun,  tlie  savages  fled,  when 
the  soldiers  cut  off  the  fallen  warrior's  head  and  set 
it  on  a  pole  before  the  gate.  Fearing  another  assiult 
from  the  Indians,  the    commandant    sent    the    guilty 

lit  Vi'la,  130-i:«:  Noticlas,  III,  2:i;;:  Banc,  I,  ITS). 
i2)  The  Mi.'Sion  was  oiten  called  San  Gabriel  Co  los  TembloiC'^,  the  laltoi- 
word  like  Ca  -melo  with  San  Carlos,  indicating  the  locality  simply.  It  liud 
been  intended  to  moan  San  Gabriel  rn  the  River  Tcmblores;  but  when 
another  site  was  : elected  the  name  was  retained  n.einins  '  oan  Gabriel 
in  th^  regLon  of  E:irthqinkes,"'  as  San  Gabriel  de  San  Miguel  \ionld 
liavo  be^vi   awkward.  Vidn  i:!]  ;  Banc,  I,  l^d. 


—  ^68  — 

soldier  lo  Monterey,  and  for  iireater  security  stat- 
ioned sixteen  soldiers  at  8an  (iia])riel.  The  kindness 
of  the  missionaries  soon  made  the  natives  forget 
their  grievances.  Strange  to  say,  one  of  tlie  iirst  chil- 
dren brought  to  the  mission  for  baptism  was  the  son 
of  the  murdered  chief,  and  the  sacrament  was  ad 
ministered  at  the  request  of  the  widow.   (8) 

Captain  P^ige?  meanwhile  arrived  from  San  Diego 
with  Fathers  Paterna  and  Cruzado,  sixteen  soldiers, 
and  four  muleteers  in  charge  of  a  mule  train,  the 
force  intended  for  cstal)lishing  San  Buenaventura. 
In  consequence  of  the  recent  hostilities,  however, 
Fages  decided  to  add  six  men  to  the  guard  of  San 
Gabriel,  and  to  postpone  the  founding  of  San 
Buenaventura  for  the  present.  Fathers  Paterna  and 
Cruzado  remained  at  San  (Jal)riel,  where  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  1772,  on  the  retirement  of  P'athers  So- 
mera  and  Cambon,  they  became  the  ordinary  mis- 
sionaries of  the  mission. 

Mission  progress  was  extremely  slow  at  San  (lahri- 
el.  The  first  bayjtism  was  that  of  a  chihl.  It  did  not 
take  i)lace  until  Noveml)er  27t]i,  more  than  two 
months  after  tlie  arrival  of  the  missionaries.  Two 
years  later  the  wliole  numl)er  of  baptisms  adminis- 
tered did  not  exceed  seventy-three.  Fr.  Junipero 
Serra  attributed  tliis  want  of  prosperity  in  spiritual 
matters  largely  to  the  conduct  of  the  soldiers,  who 
paid  no  attention  to  liie  orders  of  their  worthless 
corporal,  drove  away  the  natives  by  their  insolence, 
and  even  pursued  women  to  their  rancherias,  killing 
such  men  as  dared  to  interfere.  A  change  of  corpo- 
rals brought  on  the  mucli  needed  reform.    (4) 

Fk.  Junipero  paid  his  Iirst  visit  to  San  (Jahriel  on 
September  11th,  1772,  while  on  liis  way  to  San  Diego 
and  San  Luis  ()])isi)o,  which  latter  liad  just  been 
founded.  Fr.    Paterna    accompanied  his  superior  from 


(3)    yiaa  1:J'M:«;   Noticia.- lU.  m       Hi    ^■ot^cia.s   III,  <2:H!  ;     IJunc,  I,  ISl. 


—  2g6  ~ 

here  to  San  Diejio  on  the  13th  to  return  with  a  sup- 
ply train.  On  the  arrival  of  the  Fathers  from  Califor- 
nia in  1770,  Fathers  Juan  Fijjjuer  and  Fennin  Francis- 
co Lasuen  were  ai^sijiuod  to  San  (iahriel  to  assist 
Fathers  Paterna  and  Cruzado.   (5) 

On  January  4th,  177(),  Captain  Anza's  second  ex- 
pedition Irom  Sonora  overland  readied  San  (labriel. 
Fr.  Pedro  Font  of  the  Queretaro  colleue  of  Francis- 
cans accompanied  the  party  as  chaplain.   (C) 

Fk.  JuniiK'ro  came  licre  on  March  19th,  178'2,  and 
remained  until  the  26th.  l)urin;ti'  his  stay  at  the  mis- 
sion he  administered  the  sacrament  of  confirmation 
to  a  number  of  neophytes.  In  1784  he  visited  San 
(labriel  for  the  last  time  and  gave  confirmation  to 
those  who  were  prepared  to  receive  it.   (7) 

The  neophyte  population  in  1790  was  1,078.  AVithin 
the  nineteen  years  of  its  existence  1,953  persons  liad 
l)een  baptized;  869  had  died;  and  396  couples  had 
been  joined  in  raarriaue.  The  governor  in  his  rei)ort 
alluded  to  this  mission  as  having  often  relieved  the 
necessities  of  other  mission  in  l>oth  Californias,  and 
as  having  enabled  the  government  to  carry  out  im- 
l)ortant  undertakings  which  without  su<-h  aid  would 
have  been  impracticable. 

In  October  1785  the  neophytes  and  gentiles  were 
tempted  by  a  woman,  so  at  least  said  the  men,  into 
a  plan  to  attack  the  mission  and  kill  the  missiona- 
ries. Twenty  of  the  conspirators  were  ca])tured  by 
th(>  cor[)oral.  One  of  the  ringleaders  was  condemned 
to  six  years  of  work  in  the  presidio.  Two  others  were 
put  in  ])rison  for  two  years,  whilst  the  woman  was 
sent  into  perpetual  exile;  the  rest  were  released  after 
receiving  fifteen  lashes  by  order  of  Gov.  Fages.   (8) 

Fr.  Miguel  Sanchez  came  to  San  Gabriel  in  1775, 
so  that  there  were    three  missionaries  at  work  among 

(51     Vida,    141;      Nof.cias,  I,  223;     Bmc.   I,  IS  J;  IDG;        (»)i     Vila,   lo'.l;    2i)l. 
(Ti    Viflii.  2|r,;  2(>j.       ts)    '•Infoi-nies  Gejcrale--"  nw;      Cane.  I.  lyj-lG). 


.0 


the  Iiidiniis  until  1777,  when  Fr.  Paterna  was  trans- 
ferred to  San  Luis  01)isi)o.  In  the  followinjii  year  Fr. 
Antonio  (/'alzada  arrived  and  remained  as  siipernn- 
nierary  until  1792;  and  Fr.  ('rist6])al  Oramas  served 
I'.ere  as  assistant  from  17l>2  to  179o,  when  broken 
down  in  health  he  retired  to  the  mother  colleiie.  (9) 

Other  Fathers  besides  the  regular  missionaries  sta- 
tioned at  San  Gabriel  were  Fr.  Juan  Martin  in  1794- 
1796;  Fr.  Juan  Lope  Cortes  in  1790-1798;  and  Fr.  Pe- 
dro de  San  Jose  Estevan  in  1787-1802,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Mexico;  and  Fr.  Isidoro  Earcenilla  in  1802- 
180-1,  who  also  retired  to  Mexico.    (10) 

Fathers  C^ruzado  and  Sanchez,  l:!oth  missionary  pi- 
oneers, who  for  thirty  years  had  served  together  at 
San  Gabriel,  died  at  their  post,  the  former  in  180-1, 
the  latter  in  1803.   (llj 

(9)  Bmc,  I,  6jt.  O;  Fa  Crist  )bil  we  only  know  that  lio  Jiad  beoa  for 
five  years  a.<.si!!:tant  curate  and  became  a  Franciscan  a  year  before  comiiifr 
to  California,  where  he  arrived  in  178G.  He  served  at  Santa  Barbara  from 
its  foundation  in  December  178(5  to  December  1789;  at  Purisima  until  No- 
vember 1792;  and  at  San  Gabriel  until  September  179:!. 

(10)  Banc,  II,  113-121;  620.  Fr.  Pedrc  de  E--;t<?/an  wa.-;  a  native  of 
Castile.  He  became  a  Franciscan  at  Habana  in  178:3,  joined  the  college  of 
San  Fernando,  Mexico,  ia  1793.  and  was  sent  to  Californii  i-i  1794.  He  was 
at  San  Antonio  for  some  months  in  1795;  served  at  San  Diego  from  A;)ril 
1796  to  July  1797 ;  at  San  Gabriel  till  1802. 

Fr.  Isidoro  Barcenilla  came  to  California  in  1797 ;  was  on3  of  th?  found- 
ers of  Mission  San  Joh^,  and  remained  there  until  April  1S02.  After  leav- 
ing San  Jo£6  in  1802,  lie  lived  at  San  Franci-co  a  few  months,  and  then 
went  to  San  Gabriel  where  he  staid  until  his  departure  for  Mexico.  He 
■was  regarded  as  an  intelligent  and   zaalous  missionary. 

(11)  Banc  II,  113.  Fr.  Antonio  Ciuzado  was  a  native  of  Alcarazegos, 
diocese  of  C6-do.a,  Andalucla,  and  was  born  in  1725.  Coming  to  Mex- 
ico before  1748,  he  labored  in  the  Sierra  Gorda  missions  for  22  years; 
was  assigned  to  Californii,  and  arrived  at  San  Diego  March  12th,  1771. 
He  was  appointed  ibr  San  Buenaventura,  but  that  foundation  being 
postponed,  he  remained  at  San  Gabriel  until  October  12th,  1804,  the 
(lat-  of  his  death.    His  remains   were  interred  in  th.^   mission  church. 

Fr.  Frauci&co  Miguel  Sanchez  was  a  native  of  Aragoa,  and  a  msmbcr  of 
(lie  Franciscan  province  of  San  Miguel.  He  came  to  California  in  1771, 
and  was  fir.t  assigned  to  the  mission  of  Todos  Santos  in  Lower  Califor- 
nia. He  became  the  regular  missionary  of  San  Gabriel  in  Sept<>mber  1775. 
though  from  1790  to  1800  he  spent  most  of  liis  time  at  San  Diego.  Santa 
Clara,  and  Soledad.  He  died  at  San  Gabriel  ou  .Jidy  27tli,  1803.  The  re- 
mains were  buried  in  the  mission  church  utidcr  the  rteps  of  the  main 
altar  on  the  epistle  side. 


—    L>71    — 

Fe.  Duiiietz  lived  liere  most  of  the  tiir.e  I'l-oin  1800 
to  1811,  and  Fr.  Jo.^o  Antonio  Urresti  wns  stationed 
at  San  Gabriel  Ironi  18()4-180();  Init  Fr.  Jo-e  de  Miii'- 
uel,  who  canu^  in  1803,  and  Fr.  Jose  Maria  Zalvidea, 
wlio  arrived  in  November  180{),  may  be  regarded  as 
the  reiiiilar  successors  of  Fathers  Cru/.ado  and  San- 
(hez.    (12) 

.\  stone  church  vras  tjeiiun  early  in  the  hist  dcM-ade 
of  the  eiiihteenth  century,  but  it  was  not  comi)lete(l 
until  after  the  year  1800.  The  church  had  an.  arc!ied 
roof,  but  an  c-arthciuakc^  daniaiied  the  buildinii'  to 
such  an  extent  that  in  1804  the  arches  had  to  I)e  torn 
down  ard  a  new  r^iof  of  timbers  and  tiles  substitut- 
ed. Fr.  Tai)is  in  1808  attempted  to  raise  cotton  at 
Sm  (bihriel,  but  without  success  on  account  of  the 
old  (dimatc.    (13) 

In  18-20  San  (Jabriel  stood  at  the  head  of  the  list 
in  the  number  e  f  cattle,  and  in  aiiricultural  ])roducts 
was  surpassed  by  San  Luis  Rev  only,  thou<;h  in  181() 
Yy.  Zalvidea  had  reported  the  land  so  exhausted  that 
the  neophytes  had  to  i;o  to  La  Puente  to  plant  tiieir 
i;rain.  This  was  nine  or  ten  miles  away.  Six  hunderd 
Indians  were  at  work  there,  and  a  chapel,  the  Fath- 
er thouiiht,  was  a  necessity  at  that  place.  A  chapel 
was  built  in  connection  witli  the  mission  hospital,  as 
at  other  southern  establishments,  before  1818.  In  1819 
the  gentiles  of  the  Guachama  rancheria,  called  San 
Bernardino,  about  fifteen  leagues  from  San  Gabriel, 
asked  for  the  introduction  of  agriculture  and  of 
sock-raising  in  their  fertile  lands,  and  a  beginning 
was  nnule.  Tlie  Fathers  regarded  this  as  an  imjxjrtant 
ftep  toward  the  conversion  of  the  tribes  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Colorado;  l)ut  it  is  not  certain  that  any 
mission  station  was  estaljlished  at  the  i-ajichena  at 
t!u>  time.  An  articde  in  tlie  San  Bernardino  Times, 
July  8th,   1870,  (daims  a   l)r;in(di   of    San   (lahriel   with 

(i:)     V,i\r.c.  II.  Ill,  ii:!)    Hid.  IL  Hl-n."). 


—  272  — 

buildings  was  established  nt  San  Bernardino  about 
the  year  1820,  but  tliat  the  buildings  were  destroyed 
by  the  Indians  about  twelve  years  later.   (14) 

On  January  ]4th,  ISll,  Fr,  Dumetz  died  at  {?^an  Ga- 
briel where  he  had  lived  as  a  supernumerary  part  of 
the  time  sinco  1803.  He  was  th3  okL\st  missionary  in 
C-alifornia,  having  served  for  forty  years.  He  was  tlie 
only  surviving  companion  of  Fr.  Junipero  Serra.   (15) 

Fe.  Miguel,  the  associate  of  Fr.  Zalvidea  at  San 
Gabriel  died  in  1818.  Fr.  Miguel  was  replaced  l)y  Fr. 
Luis  Gil  y  Taboada,  who  in  1814  was  followed  by 
¥r.  Joaquin  Pascual  Nuez.  Fr,  Urresti  also  lived 
here  in  180l-]80(5.   ( 10 ) 


SBPPTBR     m. 


SAN    GABRIEL    (CONriNUSD). 

Eakthquake— Death  Of  Fr.  Nixz— Missioxaeies—Fatiieiis  Boscana 
And  Sanchez  Die— Mission  Lands— SEruEARizATiox— Poverty  Of  The 
Mission— Statistics— Death  Of  Fathees  Estenega  And  Ordaz— John 
EussEE  Bakteett— Los  Angeles  Star -Mission  S\n  Gabrtee  Sold- 
'•Oi'K  Fathek"    In  Indian. 

There  was    constant    alarm    at    San    (Tal)riel    on    ac- 

(14)     Banc,  II,  :'r>5-:w0.  (IT))     Ibid.  II.  :;55.  Fr.   Franci.co  Dunictz  \vn.-  a 

native  of  Mallorca.  He  wa.s  appointod  to  the  California  missions  in  Au.i,-- 
ust  1770;  sailed  with  ten  companions  from  San  San  Bla-<  and  reached  Sau 
Diego  March  12th,  1771.  He  labored  among  tlie  Indians  at  San  Diego  until 
May  1772;  at  Sju  Carlo.5  until  Ma,v  ]7n2  :  at  San  Buenaventura  until 
August  1797;  at  San  Fernando  until  ls()2.  and  again  in  l'*)t-5;  and  at  San 
Gabriel  in  ia):!-4,  and  from  MMJ  to  ]f<ll.  He  was  buried  ny  Fr.  Zalvidoa 
on  January    15th,    1811,    tlie  day  alt«>r    his   death. 

(l(j)  Banc,  II,  :35rj-:jr)7.  Fr.  Jose  de  Miguel  came  to  Calilornii  in  179(1. 
He  served  at  Santa  Barbara  from  June  of  tliat  year  until  October  1798, 
when  he  was  allowed  to  reti.e  to  Mexico  on  account  of  ill  health.  He  re- 
turned in  18(X)  and  was  stationed  at  San  Lui-  Obispo  until  Septembo' 
180;;,  and  at  San  Gabriel  from  180:M81H.  He  died  on  June  2d.  1811,  at  Sau 
Fernando,   and  was  buried  by  Fr.  Olbi;'-. 


—  278  — 

count  ol"  tlie  ladiaiis  iu  1811,  aiul  I'or  st)me  years 
tliereafler;  Ijiit  the  savages  attempted  nothinii'  aiiainst 
the  mission.  It  sufiered  some  damage  from  another 
cause,  however.  An  earthquake  occurred  on  December 
8th,  1812,  at  sunrise,  and  overtlirew  the  main  altar, 
breakinii  the  statues  of  Our  Lord,  St.  Josepli,  St. 
I)omini(%  and  St.  Francis.  Moreover  the  top  of  tlie 
steeple  was  brought  down,  and  the  sacristy,  t)ie  con- 
vent of  the  missionaries,  and  other  l)uih]ings  were 
damaged.  In  1819  the  mission  was  credited  with  175 
inhabitants  de  razon^  or  white  and  mixed  settlers,  of 
Avhom  prol)ably  lifty-one  were  sohliers  temporarily 
stationed  there.  A  private  scliool  existed  in  1818.  (1) 

Fr.  Zalvidea  was  transferred  to  San  Juan  Capistra- 
no  in  March  1826,  and  succeeded  ))y  Fr.  (jcronimo 
Boscana.  Fr.  Joaquin  Pascual  Nuez,  who  liad  come  to 
San  Gabriel  in  March  1814,  died  on  December  8()th, 
1821.  Fr.  Jos^  Sanchez  took  his  place  and  continued 
to  reside  here,  though  he  became  superior  of  the 
California  missions  in  1827.   (2) 

The  names  of  Fathers  Jesus  Martinez,  Francisco 
Gonzalez  de  Ibarra,  and  Vincente  Pascual  Oliva,  and 
the  Dominscans  Francisco  Cuculla  and  Mariano  Sosa, 
appear  occasionally  on  the  mission'  registers  in  1881 
and  1832 ;  but  the  regular  missionaries  were  Fathers 
Boscana  and  Sanchez  until  their  deaths,  which  oc- 
curred in  1831  and  1833  respectively.   (21) 

(1)  Banc.  II,  356-357.  (2)  Ibid.  II,  5G7.  Fr.  Nuez  was  born  February  20tli, 
17X5,  at  Luco,  Valle  of  Daroca,  Spain.  He  received  the  habit  on  Septem- 
ber 24th,  IJ^OO;  sailed  from  CAdiz  March  20th,  liSlO;  and  was  ordered  lo 
California  in  July  ISU.  He  arrived  in  California,  after  being  detained  by 
a  pestilence,  in  July  1812.  He  was  stationed  at  San  Fernando  until  March 
181 1,  and  at  San  Gabriel  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  his  last  years  his 
acts  of  mortification  were  exti-eme.  After  suffering  a  severe  illness  for  24 
days,  he  expired  on  December  ;*)th,  1821,  and  was  buried  in  the  mission 
church  on  tlie  next  day.  Fr.  Sefian  in  one  record  gives  the  dato  of  his 
death  as  December  2Gtli. 

(;!)  Bane.  Ill,  641-643.  Fr.  Geronimo  Boscana,  the  first  to  die,  was 
born  on  May  2;!d,  1776,  at  Llumayor,  Island  of  Mallorca,  and  took 
the  habit  at  Palma  on  August  4th,  1792.  Alter  acting  as  professor  for 
nearly  four  years,  he  started  for  America  on  June  5th,  1803,  and  arrived  at 


271 


Father  Boscana. 


Fk.  Sanchez  was  si:ecec<i(Ml  hy  Fr.  Toimp.s  Fleiitciio 
Esteiieiia,  who  cr.ino  down  i'vrin  Ih.c  iiorlli  en  ihv  ar- 
rival of  the  Z;!('a1oc;;n  Francircai-.h^,  and  renniined  i:t 
San  (ial)iiel  many  years.  Th(>  Rev.  Alexis  Fjtclielot 
from  the  Sandwich  Islands  aho  lived  here  most  of 
the  time  in  1S02-I8::^().  The  i;eei)hy((>  ioiuhilion  de- 
creased only  al)ont  thirty  down  1o  is;i!.  when  I  he 
missions  were  alioiit  (o  he  ^ ccnlari/cd  ;  Imt  .hy  \\\o 
end  of  IS4<)  nearly  1.000  ha<l  hd't  t!ie  community,  ar.d 
only  ahont  lOO  rcnniincd.  S:(ii  (iahricd  rea(d:(>d  \]\r 
hi^ihest  number  in  ils  jiojuihit  io:i  v.itli  i,7ol  sonls  in 
181 7.  Tlu>  largest  cro])  vvvv  raised  liy  any  mission  vnhs 
at  San  Cahriel  in  lSi>K  wIumi  2i),4(M)  husluds  of  -rain 
were  harvested.  In  18:U  there  were  H';i,:)7()  viner  in 
four  vineyards,  and  2,;]']-5  fruit  trees  on  land  helonu- 
ing'  to  the  mission.    (4) 

Ix  18.';4  Sail  (iahriel  was  secularized,  thouii-h  the 
Indians  would  not  hear  of  the  chanii-e.  The  result  was 

Sail  Fernando  ccllcso  in  Octcbor.  Ho  loncl.cd  Montr roy  on  Juno  fitli, 
l.M'G,  and  was  assiffned  to  Soled^d.  In  th?  ^am-^  ycai-  lie  was  tian.'^fpncd 
to  Puiisima  whero  ho  staid  until  isn.  At  San  Luis  Boy  Fr.  Boscana  was 
in  1812-1S1:J;  at  S:m  Juan  Capistrano  in  1814-1826;  and  at  San  Gabriel  in 
182G-18:il.  At  San  Juan  he  dovotod  uiuch  study  lo  tlie  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  the  natives,  especially  th?ir  religious  t--aditions.  His  writings  on 
this  E-ubjcct  wei-o  publislnd  by  Robinson  iu  18!6  under  the  title  of  Chinki- 
cnn;:cr.  His  death  occured  on  July  .^tli,  I8;i;  and  his  body  was  hurird 
next  day  in   the  sanctuary  of   the  mission  church. 

Fr.  Joi^<:'  Edna  do  Ssrclc7,  \\l;o  dird  on  July  ir.lh,  18::i,  was  hern  at  Er- 
bknlillo,  Spain,  on  September  7th,  1778,  and  bocams  a  Franciscan  oa  Oc- 
tober fth,  1791.  Leaving  Spain  in  February  l,S(::i,  he  came  to  California  by 
way  of  Mexico  in  18C4.  He  was  stationed  at  San  Diego  in  18CJ-1M0;  at 
Furisima  in  I82C-1821 ;  and  at  San  Gabriel  thereafter  until  his  death.  In 
1808  Fr.  Sanchez  accompanied  an  expedition  against  the  Indians;  in  1821 
he  went  v.ith  Fr.  Payera?  on  an  exploring  tour  among  the  gentile  ranclie- 
iias.  From  1827-l.lCl  he  hold  the  office  of  president  of  the  California  mis- 
sions. Mofras  sa.ys  tint  Fr.  Sanchez  died  of  grief  at  the  ruin  of  the  mis- 
sions througli  secularization.  His  remains  were  interrrd  at  the  foot  of  the 
altir  iu  tlic  mission  churcli. 

(1)  Banc.  111,612-61;;;  II,  .j67— r^CS.  TIic  mission  lands  in  lS22~extondrd 
south  .'J  leagues  to  Santa  Gertrudis;  southwest,  6  leagues  to  San  Pedro; 
we;t  1^2  leagues;  noith,  2  leagues;  eastward,  7—9  leagues  into  the  mouu- 
tiins  and  toward  tho  Colorado,  including  the  pagan  settlement  of  San  Ber- 
nard nio;  an-l  15  leaguo.:-  northeast.  In  a  report  of  1828  there  are  named  as 
mi-ion  raiuhos.  La  Pucnt'',  Santa  Ana,  Jurupa,  San  Bernardino,  Sar.t ) 
Tiniothoo,  San  Gorgonio,  four  sites  ou  the  San  Gabriel,  and  also  lands 
b'.twec-J  tho  nu?b!o  and  San  Eafael. 


—  276  — 

the  name  as  at  other  missic)ns.  In  1830  the  mission 
owned  25,725  cattle,  2,225  horses  and  mules,  and 
14,650  sheep.  In  1840,  when  the  management  of  tlie 
temporalities  was  again  turned  over  to  Fr.  Estenega, 
livestock  included  seventy-two  cattle  and  TOO  sheep. 
In  a  letter  of  Fe1)ruary  1840  Fr.  Duran  quotes  Fr. 
Estenega  to  the  effect  that  the  mission  has  to  sup- 
port thirty-eight  white  people ;  that  there  is  not  a 
candle,  no  tallow  to  make  a  candle,  and  no  cattle  fat 
enough  to  supply  the  tallow.  ''What  a  scandal!  and 
what  a  comment  on  secularization!"  Fr.  Duran  justly 
exclaims.   (5) 

From  the  time  that  the  mission  was  founded  in 
1771  down  to  December  31st,  1831,  when  the  last  re- 
port of  the  Fr.  Superior  of  the  missions  was  made, 
there  were  baptized  at  San  Gabriel  7,709  persons,  5, 
494  were  buried,  and  1,877  couples  were  married. 
The  mission  owned  20,500  cattle,  13,554  sheep,  and 
485  horses  and  mules  at  the  close  of  1831.(6) 

In  1843  the  real  estate  and  other  property  of  the 
mission  was  restored  to  the  Fathers;  but  in  1845  the 
government  resolved  to  rent  the  estates.  The  property 
was  then  turned  over  to  the  comisionados  on  July 
Tth.  There  was  no  semblance  of  prosperity  after  that, 
but  a  constant  decrease  of  mission  property.  At  the 
end  of  1845  there  were  but  250  Indians  remaining  at 
the  mission,  and  probably  even  fewer.  Finally,  in 
June  1846  the  mission  estate  Avas  sold  by  the  govern- 


(5)  Banc.  Ill,  643--645.  As  early  as  1S41  the  cook  and  cowherd  were 
discharged  on  account  of  the  poverty  of  the  mission.  Ibid.  IV.  6il. 
(6)  "Informes  Gonerales,"  1831.  Bancroft  gives  the  following  figures: 
General  statistics  for  the  whole  period  of  the  mission's  existence,  1771- 
1834;  Total  number  of  baptisms,  7,854,  of  which  4  355  Indian  adults  2,4.59 
Indian  children;  one  adult  and  1,039  children  of  genta  de  razon;  average 
per  year,  123.  Total  of  marriages,  1,955,  of  which  241  de  razon.  Deaths,  5, 
()5i5,  of  which  2,916  Indian  adults;  2,3(>;!  Indian  children;  211  adults  and  18(5 
children  de  razon.  Largest  number  of  cattle,  2G,:300.  in  1828;  horses,  2,400, 
in  1827;  muler,  205,  in  1814;  sheep,  15,0(X),  in  in  1829:  goats,  1,380,  in  1785; 
swiue,  300,  in  1802;  all  kinds  of  animals,  40,360,  in  1830.  Total  product  of 
wheat,  225,942  bushels;  barley,  during  eleven  years  only,  1,250  bushels; 
corn,  154,820  bushels;  and  beans,  14,467  bushels.    Banc,  III,  643. 


ment  to  Keid  and  Workman  in  payment  for  past  aid 
to  the  government;  the  title  was  h\ter  on  dechired 
invalid  by  the  United  States  on  the  ground  that  the 
governor  had  no  right  to  sell  the  property. 

Fr.  Estenega  died  early  in  1847,  and  Fr.  Ordaz  a 
few  months  later  took  charge  of  San  Gabriel.  (7)  Fr. 
Ordaz  after  1848  was  the  only  survivor  of  the  Fer- 
nandinos  in  California,  and  the  last  missionary  for 
the  Indians  of  San  Gabriel.  He  too  passed  away  in 
1850.  (8) 

John  Russel  Bartlett,  who  visited  San  Gabriel  in 
1852,  only  two  years  after  the  last  Franciscan  had 
died  at  his  post,  writes  of  tlie  Indians  he  observed  in 
this  once  prosperous  district  as  follows:  "I  saw  more 
Indians  about  this  place  (Los  Angeles)  than  in  any 
part  of  California  I  had  yet  visited.  They  were  chief- 
ly "Mission'  Indians,"  i.  e.  those  who  had  been  con- 
nected Avith  the  mission,  and  derived  their  support 
from  them  until  the  suppression  of  those  estaljlish- 
ments.  They  are  a  miserable,  squalid-looking  set, 
squatting  or  lying  about  the  corners  ::f  the  streets, 
with  no  occupation.  They  have  no  means  of  obtaining 
a  living,  as  their  lands  are  taken  from  them;  and  the 
mission,  for  which  they  labored,  and  which  provided 
after  a  sort  for  many  thousands  of  them,  are  abol- 
ished. No  care  seems  to  be  taken  of    them  by  the  A- 

(7)  Banc,  V,  629.  Fr.  Tom^s  Eleut^rio  Est6aesa  was  horn  in  tlio  province 
of  Vizcaya  about  1790;  lie  Iccamc  a  Franci.-can  at  Cantabria ;  came  to 
the  college  in  18*,  and  and  arrived  California  in  isa).  Fr.  Tomfts  served  at 
San  Miguel  in  1820-1812  at  San  Franci-co  in  1832-lS3:i:  and  at  San  Gabriel, 
from  18;$!  to  1847.  Bancroft  says  "1  find  no  trace  of  liini  in  tlie  missio.i 
register  after  1S45,  and,  rather  strangely,  no  record  of  his  death ;  but  it 
appears  that  he  died  at  San  Gabriel  early  in  1847,  si-c:^  the  juez  on  May 
8th  writes  of  what  the  "latL-'"  Padre  Est(5nega  did  'over  two  months  ago." 
(8)  Banc,  V,  629;  IV,  759.  Fr.  Bias  Ordaz  was  born  in  Castilla  la  Xuova, 
Spain,  about  1792,  and  came  to  California  in  1820.  He  was  stationed  at 
San  Francisco  in  1820-1823;  From  there  he  accompanied  Arguello  on  his 
famous  expedition  to  tlie  north,  of  which  trip  he  wrote  a  diary.  In  1820- 
1822  Fr.  Ordaz  wag  at  San  Miguel;  1823-18;53  at  Santa  In^s  and  Purisima ; 
in  1833-1838  at  San  Buenaventura;  at  San  Fernando  in  18:^8- 1847;  and  at 
San  Gabriel  in  1817-18.50. 


2T8 


Mission  San  Gabriel. 


—  270  — 

mericans;  on  the  «.'()iitrary,  the  eH'ori  seen-;  to  be  to 
exterminate  tlieni  as  soon  as  p(  ssil)le/'   ('•') 

The  "Los  Aniieles  Star"'  in  1S52  had  this  to  say  (»ii 
the  same  subject:  "Situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile 
valley,  surrounded  with  a))un(hint  tind)er,  and  sup- 
l)lie(i  by  a  thousand  si?rin,iis  with  an  inexhaustil)le 
How  of  wator,  th<-  Mission  of  San  (iabriel  tlourished 
and  became  excetdiniily  rich.  Authentic  (?)  records 
are  said  to  exist  which  show  that  at  one  lime  the 
mission  l)randcd  lifty  thousand  calves,  nuuuifacturcd 
three  thousand  b-arrels  of  wine,  and  harvested  one 
hundred  thousand  faneuiis  of  i;rain  a  year.  (1<>)  The 
timber  for  a  briiianline  was  cut,  >a\M(l,  and  littid 
at  the  mission,  and  then  transported  to  aiul  launchtd 
at  San  Tedro.  Five  thousand  (?)  Indians  were  atone 
time  collected  and  attached  t(»  the  mi^siou.  They  are 
represented  to  have  l;een  sober  and  industrious,  well 
(dothed  and  fed;  and  they  seem  to  have  experienced 
as  hi«!;h  a  slat(>  of  happiness  as  they  ;ire  a.dapted  by 
nature  to  rec^'ive.  The-e  live  tiiousand  Indians  consti- 
tuted a  lariie  family,  of  which  tiie  Padre.;  were  Ihe 
social,  reliiiious,  and  we  mi.uht  almost  say  political 
heads.'' 

"LiviNu  thus  this  vile  and  dejiraded  race  Ijeiian  to 
learii  some  o!  the  fundamental  principles  of  civilized 
life.  The  institution  of  marriaite  l)eiian  to  be  respect- 
ed, and,  blessed  by  religion,  i:rew  to  be  so  much  con- 
sidered that  deviation  from  its  duties  were  somewhat 
unfrequent  occurrences.  The  i;irls,  on  thc^r  arrival  at 
the  stai-e  of  puberty,  wer."  separated  from  the  rest 
of  the  i)opulalion,  and  tauiiht  the  useful  arts  of  sew- 
ing,  weaving,  cording,  e^c,   and  were  only    permitted 

(9)  "Pei>onal  Xun-ative,"  Vol  II,  S2.  (10)  These  Ukuivs  are  very  much 
o  CHKgoratod,  but  they  are  iii  keei  iiiK  \vith  tlK>  notions  of  many  scribblers 
and  so-called  historian;  .  -'Bandini  Hi^t."  Cal.,  for  instance,  "talks  of  80,U(X) 
cittle;  Robinson  even  finds  120,(0)  cattle.  It  has  been  the  custom  ia  cur- 
lont  uewspai)er  articles  to  grossly  exaggerate  the  wealth  of  this  mission, 
though  doubtless  under  the  ca^e  of  Zalvidea  it  was  most  prosperous  and 
most  sys^tcmatically  manage:,"  says  Banc,  II,  TiCS.  We  have  given  the 
official   numbers    in   the  preceding  ;  ages. 


—  2K)  — 

to  mingle  wit'n  tlie  population  when  they  liad  as- 
sumed the  character  of  wives. 

"When  at  present  we  look  around  and  behold  the 
state  of  the  Indians  of  this  country,  when  Ave  see 
their  women  degraded  into  a  scale  of  life  too  menial 
to  be  domestics,  when  avc  behold  their  men  brutalized 
l)y  drink,  incapable  of  Avork,  and  following  a  system 
of  petty  thievery  for  a  living,  humanity  cann(jt  re- 
frain from  wishing  that  the  dilapidated  Mission  of 
8an  Gabriel  should  be  renovated,  and  its  broken  walls 
l)e  rebuilt,  its  roofless  houses  be  covered,  and  its  de- 
sorted  halls  be  again  filled  with  its  ancient  industri- 
ous, happy,  and   contented  original  population." 

"Several  industries  had  been  developed  in  the  mis- 
sion workshops;  a  soap  factory  was  established,  be- 
sides a  shoe-shop  and  a  carpenter-shop.  These  were 
operated  by  converted  Indins,  many  of  whom  at- 
tained considerable  skill  in  their  respective  branches. 
Manufacturies,  too,  had  progressed  satisfactorily,  in- 
cluding lariie  ouantitie'*  of  cloth,  blankets,  saddles, 
^-.A.  Among  the  Padres  were  some  of  artistic  tastes, 
whose  leisure  moments  were  devoted  to  carving  in 
wood,  horn,  or  leather,  some  specimens  of  wiiich  were 
very  beautiful.  Eventually,  the  more  delicate  and 
sensitive  of  the  natives  were  instructed  in  the  art, 
and  some  marvelous  tracings  were  done  l)y  their 
hands.-    (11) 

"Sax  Cial)riel,"  says  the  author  of  'The  Old  Mis- 
sions of  C'alifornia,'  p.  1:1-15,  "suH'ered  sadly  from 
the  cruel  l)low  of  secularization,  administered,  as  it 
was,  at  a  time  wholly  ])remature  and  ill-advised. 
Secularization  was  ])ut  a  synonym  for  destruction 

(11;  "Personal  Narrativo"  Vol.  II  8;;-:SJ.  Tlin  Lord's  Prayer  in  tho 
language  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mission  Indians,  tlie  Kizh  idiom,  is  as 
follows:  "Yyonak  y  yogin  tucupuguaisa  siijucoy  motuanian  masanni  magin 
tucupra  maimano  muisme  milleo>ar  y  ya  tucupar  jimau  bxi  y  yoni 
inasaxmi  mitgma  coy  aboxmi  y  yo  nnamainatar  moojaich  milli  y  yaqnia 
abonac  y  yo  no  y  yo  ocaihuc  coy  jaxniea  main  itau  mouosaicli  coy  jama 
juesm?  hu'>in?:r.cs3ich."— Banc,   Hist.  Native    Races  III.  675. 


-  L>81  - 

Such  was  tlie  fate  of  San  Gabriel  Arcaiiiiel,  tlie  fair- 
est of  all  the  Franciscan  possessions;  the  generous 
monastery  whose  portals  were  open  wide  to  all  the 
wanderers  of  its  time." 


G^pp'PER  mi 


SAN    LUIS    OBISPO. 

Founding  Of  San  Luis  Obispo— Missionaries— Captain  Anza's  Expedi- 
tion—Fire At  The  Mission- Fr.  Serea  Confirms— Death  Of  Fr.  Ca- 
VALLER— Departure  Of  Fr.  Giribet— Revolt— Other  Items— Death  Of 
Fr.  Cipres— Fr.  Martinez  Banished— Mission  Lands— Statistics— Fr. 
Gin  Dies— Sale  Of  The  Mission. 

As  early  as  June  1771  Fathers  Cavalier  and  Junco- 
sa  had  been  appointed  as  missionaries  for  the  new 
mission  of  San  Luis  Obispo.  (1)  The  foundations, 
however,  could  not  be  laid  until  the  following;  year. 
Fr.  Serra,  then  on  his  way  south,  took  with  him 
Fr.  Cavalier,  five  soldiers,  and  a  few  San  Carlos  In- 
dians. When  within  half  a  league  of  the  Caiiada  de 
los  Osos,  25  leagues  from  San  Antonio,  he  halted  up- 
on a  site  known  among  the  natives  as  'Tixlini.'  Here 
on  the  lirst  of  September  1772  Fr.  Junipero  founded 
the  fifth  mission  in  California,  San  Luis  Obispo,  in 
honor  of  St.  Louis,  Bishop  of  Tolouse.  A  cross  was  e- 
rected,  as  usual  on  such  occasions,  and  Holy  Mass 
offered  up.  On  the  next  day  Fr.  Serra  departed  for 
San  Diego.  He  expressed  great  hopes  for  the  success 
of  the  mission,  for  in  his  'Kepresentacion'  he  wrote : 
''Let  us  leave  time  to  tell  the  story  of  the  progress 
which  I  hope  Christianity  will  make  among   them    in 

(II     Vida.  119-rJO. 


*-  282  — 

spite  of  the  Eneiuy,  who  has  already  Ije^an  to  lash 
his  tail  by  means  of  a  bad  soldiers,  whom  soon  after 
arrival  they  eauiiht  in  actual  sin  with  an  Itidian  wo- 
man, a  thing  which  ji'veatly  j^Tieved  the  poor  padre." 
Fr.  Cavalier  with  two  Indians  from  Lower  California 
and  five  .^oldier,-;  remained  at  the  new  mission.  The 
only  provisions  on  hand  were  lifty  pounds  of  flour 
and  about  three  pecks  of  wheat,  besides  a  barrel  of 
brown  sugar.  With  the  sugar  they  expected  to  pro- 
cure seeds  from  the  pagans.  Tiiese  were  scanty  means, 
but  the  Father  was  contented  and  for  the  rest  trust- 
ed in  (jod. 

Fr.  Cavalier  at  once  had  a  little  chapel  and  a 
dwelling  erected.  In  a  few  days  the  natives  began  to 
come  down  from  th.e  mountains,  and  were  soon  on 
friendly  terms  with  the  missionary.  They  frequently 
l)rought  seeds  and  venison,  and  in  this  way  helped 
the  Father  along  until  provisions  arrived  from  8an 
Diego.  The  lirst  few  months  were  more  fruitful  of 
baptisms  at  San  Luis  than  was  the  lirst  year  at  the 
earlier  missions.  Fr.  Palou  in  the  following  year 
found  twelve  Christians.  He  left  four  families  of 
Lower  California  Christians  at  the  new  mission,  be- 
sides a  few  unmarried  Christians,  At  the  time  of  Fr. 
Serra's  death  the  number  had  increased  to  016  neo- 
phytes. In  other  respects  San  Luis  Obispo  also  fared 
well  after  the  first  year;  but  those  twelve  months 
were  trying  times  for  the  struggling,  lonely  Fr.  Ca- 
valier. Then  the  clouds  lifted  as  Fr.  Juncosa  joined 
him.  Later,  in  1778,  P^athers  Jofe  Murguia,  Juan 
Prestamero,  and  Tonu\s  de  la  Pena  were  added  to 
the  missionary  force  as  supernumeraries.  The  mission 
was  distant  from  the  ocean  about  three  leagues,  near 
thi  little  Bay  of  Buchon,  fifty  leagues  from  Monte- 
rey.  (2) 

On    March    '2d,    1770,    Captain    Anza's    immigrants, 

[■1}    Villa,  1U)-1«:    Bancroft.  I,  IH8-1.H9.  lf»6. 


—  28^  - 

nccompiuded  \i\  Fr.  Feciro  Font  of  tlic  (^ueretarrt 
FraiU'i!-cai:>J,  weif  wckonied  at  San  Lnis.  Tlie  mission 
records  show  that  the  next  day  Anza  stood  .uodfather 
for  several  native  rhihlren  whom  Fr.  Font  baptized. 
From  this  phice  the  travellers  continued  onward  to 
Monterey.   (8) 

On  November  21)th,  lire  destroyed  the  Ijuildinj^s, 
except  the  church  and  i^ranary,  together  with  the  in:- 
plements  and  some  other  property.  The  fire  was  the 
Avork  of  gentiles  who  discharged  burning  arrows  at 
the  tule  roofs,  not  so  mucii  to  injure  the  Span- 
iards as  to  reveng3  themselves  on  a  hostile  tribe  who 
were  friendly  to  the  Spaniards.  Rivera  hastened  to 
the  mission,  captured  two  of  the  ringlea<lers,  and 
sent  them  to  the  presidio.  On  this  occasion  the  mar- 
riage register  was  destroyed. 

Twice  again  the  mission  was  on  lire  within  ten 
years,  and  this  caused  the  use  of  tiles  for  rooting  to 
be  generally  adopted  at  all  the  missions.  Fr.  Figuer 
was  made  assistant  of  Fr.  Oavaller  in  1774,  and  re- 
mained here  until  1777.  P'r.  Murguia,  1778-1777,  f.nd 
Fr.  Mugartcgi.i,  177o-177G,  were  also  engaged  in  mis- 
sionary work  among  the  Indians.      (4) 

In  1778  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  administered  contirma- 
tion  here  for  the  tirst  time.  His  second  and  last  visit 
to  San  Luis  Obispo  for  the  same  purpose  was  at  the 
close  of  1788,  or  the  l)eginning  of  1784.  (iV) 

Fr.  Cavalier,  wh.o  had  been  stationed  here  since 
the  for.ndation  of  the  mission  died  On  December  9tii, 
1789.  (6)  His  as^o^iate  from  1777  to  178G  was  the 
aged  Fr.  Paterna.  Fr.  Miguel  Giribet  arrived  in  De- 
cemljer  1787.   Between  the  two  Fr.  Faustino  Sola  had 

{,:',)  Banc.  I,  2G».  See  also  "FrancLscan.s  in  Arizona"  for  particulars  about 
this  expedition.  (4)  Vida,  14-:-]j:J;  Tancrt  it  I,  29M'i.S;  4.V);  -l.^O;  470.  (.")) 
Vida.  22^;  2(5.5.  (C)  l>anr.,  I.  4i9.  Fr  Jot^  Cavalier  wa.«  a  native  of  the  town 
<f  Falcet  in  Catalonia.  He  left  the  colleffo,  Mexico  in,  Cct-ober  1770,  and 
reached  Monteryy  in  May  1771.  Ho  rem  lined  tlu  rj  as  supernumerary  un- 
til he  went  to  found  San  Luis  Obispo.  His  remains  were  buried  in  the  mi--- 
:i  n  church.  He  Icit  the  ropntation  of  a  z;nilf  us  and  succ^s  ful  missionary. 


284 


charge  of  the  mission  for  a  few  months.  What  other 
Father  was  at  San  Lnis  durinii'  the  interval  it  is  im- 
possible to  say.  Fr.  Miguel  Giribet    continued  as  sen- 


ior missionary  at  San  Luis    Obispo    until    1799,  wiien 
he  left  California  for  his  college  in  Mexico.   (7) 


^7)  Banc,  1,469;  472 ;  6»9.  Fr.  Giribet  came  to  California  in  1785,  where  he 
served  two  years  at  San  Francisco  and  twelve  at  San  Luis  Obispo.  He 
was  zealous  and  successful,  but,  as  was  so  frequently  the  case  with  mis- 
sionaries, his  health  was  unequal  to  the  task.  His  last  signature  on  tlie 
mission  books  was  on  October  2d,  1799.  but  he  did  not  sail  from  San  Die- 
go until  January  16tb,  IHX).  He  died  at   the  college  in  1804. 


—  i>85  — 

Fr.  Lasuen,  superior  of  the  missions,  reems  to  have 
acted  as  senior  missionary  after  Fr.  Giribet's  depart- 
ure until  Aug;ust  1800,  when  Fr.  Jose  Mijiuel  arrived. 
The  position  of  associate  was  hehi  successively  by 
Fr.  Estevan  Tapis  in  3790-1 793;  Fr.  Grei;orio  Fernan- 
dez in  1794-1796;  Fr.  Antonio  Peyri  in  1790-1798; 
and  Fr.  Luis  Antonio  Martinez,  who  began  his  loni>; 
service  at   this  mission  in  1798.  (8) 

In  Septeml)er  1794  tifteen  or  twenty  neophytes  of 
San  Luis  Obispo  and  La  Purisima  were  arrested, 
with  some  gentiles,  for  making  threats  and  inciting 
revolt  at  San  Luis.  Five  of  the  culprits  were  con- 
demned to  presidio  work.  In  the  same  year  this  mis- 
sion reached  the  highest  ligure  of  population  with  946 
souls.  The  church,  of  adobes  Avith  tile  roof,  was  built- 
before  3793,  in  whicli  year  a  portico  was  added  to  the 
front.  In  1794  the  missionary's  house,  the  work-room, 
barracks,  and  guard-house  were  completed.  The  na- 
tive huts  were  well  Iniilt,  and  afforded  sufficient  pro- 
tection against  everything  but  lire.  In  1794  a  miller, 
a  smith,  and  a  carpenter  were  sent  here  to  instruct 
the  Indians;  in  1798  a  water-power  mill  was  linished. 

In  1805  tlie  Fathers  were  commended  for  their  cool 
reception  of  a  foreign  vessel,  which  came  in  pretend- 
ed need  of  fresh  provisions,  but  really  in  quest  of  op- 
portunities for  illicit  trade.  In  1809  the  governor  ap- 
proved of  the  l)uilding  of  a  .chapel  at  San  Miguelito, 
one  of  the  rancherias  of  this  mission. 

Fr.  Jose  de  Miguel  left  San  Luis  in  1803.  Fr.  M. 
Cipres  replaced  him  in  tlie  following  year,  but  died 
in  1810,  and  was  succeeded  by  Fr.    Marquinez.   (9) 

(S)  Banc,  I,  089.  Fr.  Bartolom^  GilL  spent  some  time  here  before  his  de- 
parture in  1794.  lie  had  come  to  California  in  1791,  and  served  irre^nilar- 
ly,  as  i^upernumerary  for  the  most  part,  at  San  Antonio,  Soledrtd,  and  at 
San  Lui-.i  Obispo  until  179-1.  "He  was  one  of  the  few  black  >-hri'i>  in  the 
missionary  fold,"  says  Bancroft. 

(9)  Banc.  I,  517;  6^9  II,  148.  Fr.  Marceliuo  Cipres  was  a  native  of  Hues- 
ca,  Spain.  He  received  the  habit  at  Saragossa,  and  came  to  Mexico  in  17i':!, 
In  1795  he  was  assigned  to  the  California  mission.  He  was  stationed  at  San 
Antonio    from  October  1795  until  t'.;e  end  of  1S(14;  and  at  San    Luis    Obispo 


—  ^:>Ui\  — 

Fr.  Jose  Marquiiiez  in  1811  was  replaced  by  Fr. 
Antonio  Rodrijiuez,  who  remained  here  until  1821. 
From  1798-1880  Fr.  Luis  Afartinez  labored  at  San  Luis, 
irenerally  alone,  till  ho  \va^^  l)anish  vl  l)y  th?  ^iovern- 
ment.  lii^  \A^"i^  w.is  lillel  by  Fr.  Liis  iiW  y  Tabo:i- 
da.    (10) 

Events  at  San  Luis  Obispo  were  neither  numerous 
nor  exciting.  In  1821  eighty  horses,  eighty  saddles, 
and  Mfty  blankets  were  sent  to  the  troops  as  a  gift 
from  P'ather  Martinez;  Init  in  1830  Fr.  Gil  said  the 
mission  had  l)ecome  very  poor.    (11) 

Ix  1822  the  mission  lands  were  descri))ed  as  lying 
in  a  canadii  one  league  wide  and  1-1  leagues  long, 
bounded  by  ranges  of  mountains  on  the  east  and  the 
west.  Locusts  and  squirrels  were  very  troublesome  at 
the  mission,  and  in  ]82()  the  crop  was  destroyed  by 
mice. 

From  the  time  that  this  mission  Mas  founded  until 
December  81st,  1881,  as  numy  as  2,G40  persons  were 
baptized,  2,280  died,  and  758  marriages  took  place. 
265    Indians   still  lived    at    the  mission    in    1881.  The 


ni;<il  his  (\ath  in  IhW.  Fr.  Cipr^.s  was  a  very  zcakus  mifsionary,  wl.o 
learned  the  native  lanRuape  at  San  Antonio,  and  devoted  himself  assidu- 
ously to  the  work  of  caring  for  the  sick  and  attending  to  the  spiritual 
welfare  of  his  neophytes.  In  1801  lie  had  some  trouble  with  the  mission 
guard,  and  was  in  consequence  the  subject  of  certain  charges  which 
proved  to  be  unfounded.  With  his  companioiiin  la/0  he  suffered  from  an 
illness  which  was  attributed  to  poison,  but  he  recovered.  At  the  beginning 
of  1810  he  made  a  visit  to  Monterey,  and  returning  arrived  at  San  Miguel 
on  January  26th.  There  he  was  attacked  with  an  acute  inflammatory  dis- 
ease and  died.  His  body  was  buried  on  February  1st  in  tlie  mission 
cliurch  of  San  Miguel.    Banc,  II  148-149. 

(10)  Banc.  II  384;  618.  Fr.  Luis  Antonio  Martinez  was  born  on  January 
17th,  1771,  at  Briebes  in  Asturias,  Spain,  and  became  a  Franciscan  at 
Madrid,  in  1785.  He  left  Cildiz  In  179.5,  and  joined  the  college  of  San  Fer- 
nando. On  May  9th,  1798,  he  arrived  at  Sinta  Barbara,  and  was  sta- 
tioned at  San  Luis  Obispo  from  June  of  that  year  until  his  arrest  in 
February  18*).  For  the  cause?  that  led  to  his  banishment  see  Part 
I,  Chapt««r  XVIL  In  July  18*)  ho  was  at  Lima ;  and  in  October  he 
arrived  at  Madrid,  where  he  still  lived  in  isa  Fr.  Martinez  was  highly 
spoken  of  by  his  superiors.  He  was  familiar  with  tlie  language  of 
the  Indians  at  San  Luis  Obispo.  "Ho  never  scandali'ied  his  Order  by 
irregular  or  immoral  conduct,"  Bancroft  declares.  (11)  Banc.  II,  618- 
620. 


—  L>8T  — 

T1k>  mission  huildi n^s  were  litially  sold  in  1845.  The 
niunbor  of  cattle  was  2,()()(),  sheej),  1,2«»(),  and  horses, 
and  mules,  M)i\   (12) 

Fk.  Oil  eontiiuied  as  missionary  at  San  Luis  until 
his  death  towards  the  close  of  l^iM],  in  which  year 
also  Fr.  Ramon  Al)ella  came  down  from  the  north 
<o  take  his  place.  Fr.  Felipe  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta 
was  Fr.  Al  ella's  companion  in  I880-I880. 

The  mission  was  secularized  in  1835,  and  after  that 
the  numl)?r  of  the  neophytes  decreased  rapidly,  so 
that  at  the  end  of  1830  there  were  only  170  Indians 
in  the  neighborhood.  Stock  decreased  tifty  per  cent 
in  the  five  last  years.  Tiie  inventory  taken  in  ]83(} 
sh()v>ed  a  valuation  of  .$13,458  on  l>uildinj>,s,  icoods, 
produce,  implements,  etc.;  on  live-stock,  $19,100;  fah- 
rica,  $5,000;  j^arden,  .$6,858;  Santa  Margarita  rancho, 
$4,039;  nine  sites  of  land,  $9,000;  church  and  orna- 
ments, $7,257;  library  aiid  musical  instruments,  $519; 
credits.  $5,257;  due  from  one  Sanchez,  $9,390;  total 
valuation  $70,779.  On  September  10th,  1842,  Gov.  Al- 
Vcirado  issued  an  order  to  distribute  the  lands  and 
other  property  among  the  neophytes;  and  in  1844 
the  ex-mission  was  formed  into  a  pueblo.   (13) 

{I'D  Informes  Gonerales  1831;  Banc,  III,  (581,  has  the  following  figures 
lor  the  years  1772-183^:  Total  number  of  baptisms,  2,657;  deaths,  2,:n8; 
marriages,  775.  Largest  number  of  cattle  in  any  one  year,  8,900  in  1818; 
sheep,  11,001)  in  18i:i:  horses,  1,594  in  1799;  mules,  310  in  18:$0;  goats,  515 
in  1786;  swine,  210  in  1788;  all  kinds  of  animals,  20,820  in  18i;i.  Total  pro- 
duct of  wheat  116,161  bushels;  barley,  1,:«5  bushels;  corn,  26,923  bushels; 
beans,  3,595  bushels;  and  other  grains,    3,156  bushels. 

(13)  Banc.  Ill,  680-683.  IV,  42:^.  Fr.  Luis  Gil  y  Taboada  was  born  in 
Mexico  at  tlie  town  of  Guanajuato,  May  1,  1773,  but  became  a  Francis- 
can at  Pueblito  de  Quer(r'taro  in  1792.  He  joined  the  college  San  Fernando 
in  ISOJ,  and  was  s_>nt  to  C;ilifornia  in  1801.  Ho  served  as  miissionary  at 
San  Francisco  inl8;)l-1802,  1S)4-1S05,  1819-1S20;  at  Jos6  in  1S02-1801;  at  San- 
ta In^sin  IS'lj-lsiii;  at  Saut;i  BArbira  in  1810-1S12;  at  S  n  G:ibri_^l  in  1813- 
1814;  at  Puri-;hiia  in  isir,  isiT;  at  Sin  Rafael  in  1M7-1819;  at  Santa  Cruz 
in  1820-1S:H);  and  at  San  Luis  Obispa  in  1820  and  1830-183!.  Fr.  Gil  mas  a 
zealous  missionary,  but  he  was  oftou  in  bad  health.  He  spolco  several  In- 
dian dialects.  In  December  1833,  while  at  tlio  rancho  of  Santa  Margarita, 
whither  he  had  gone  to  say  Mass  for  the  Indians  occupied  ir,  planting,  ho 
was  attacked  with  dys'Mitry  and  vomiting  of  blood.  Ho  died  on  the  1.5tli. 
and  was  buried  the  next  day  in  the  mission  church  ou  the  Gospel  side 
near  tJie  sanctuary  by  Fr.  .Tuaa  Cabot. 


—  288  — 

Scott,  Wilson,  and  Me  Kierey  for  ^oiO\  Init  on  Aug- 
ust 24th,  1847,  after  the  United  States  had  taken  pos- 
session of  tlie  territory,  Governor  Mason  ordered  that 
all  property  held  by  the  Fathers  at  the  raising  of 
the  United  States  flag  be  turned  over  to  the  Catho- 
lic Church. 

Fr.  Kanion  Abella  was  the  missionary  of  San  Luis 
until  the  end  of  1841,  or  the  beginning  of  1842.  Rev. 
Miguel  Gomez,  a  secular  priest,  took  charge  appar- 
ently late  in  1843.  He  attended  to  the  spiritual  wel- 
fare of  the  ex-mission  till  1856.  There  are  no  statis- 
tics of  this  period,  but  Mofras  gives  the  population 
as  eighty  in  1841-1842.  Such  was  the  end  of  San  Luis 
Obispo  as  an  Indian  missionary  estaldishment.    (14) 


G^flPJPER   \?III. 


SAN  FRANOISOO. 

Don  Galvkz  And  St.  Francis— Disco\*ery  Of  San  Francisco  Bay— Expe- 
dition To  The  Bay  By  Sea— Anza's  Land  Expedition— The  Presidio 
Established— Expedition  North  Of  The  Bay— Founding  Of  The  Mis- 
sion—Dolores—The Indians— Indian  Attack. 

When  consulting  with  tlie  visit ador  general,  Don 
Galvez,  about  the  establishment  of  the  three  first 
missions  in  Upper  California,  whose  names  were  as- 
signed by  the  government,  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  was 
disappointed  in  not  finding  the  name  of  his  beloved 
Father  St.  Francis  among  the  patrons  selected.  He 
therefore  asked  Don  Galvez — "and  for  our  Father  St. 
Francis,  is  there  to  be  no  mission?"  "y  para  N.  P.  S. 
Francisco  no  hay  una  mission?"  To  this  the  visitador 

(14)     Banc.  Ill,  682;  IV,  423;  55:};  559;  657-659;  V,  6^.m. 


—   2X0  — 

replied:  ""If  St.  Frriiicis  wants  a  mission,  let  liini 
cause  his  port  to  he  found  and  it  will  he  pnt  there."" 
"Si  San  P'raneisco  quiere  mision  que  haiia  so  halle  sn 
puerto,  y  se  le  pondra."  St.  Francis  did  show  the 
port  that  hears  his  n:inie,  and  let  St.  Charles  do  as 
much  for  Monterey.   (1) 

The  expedition  in  search  of  ^Monterey  started  out 
from  San  Dieiro  on  July  J4th,  17(il);  hut  instead  of 
findin<i'  Monterey,  or  rather  reco<;niziiiii-  it  when  they 
found  it,  the  explorers  discovered  San  Francisco  Bay, 
and  readily  recojiuized  the  port.  The  party  slighted 
Point  Reyes  and  Ih.e  Farallones  on  0(  toher  80th, 
1769.  Fr.  Juan  Crespi,  who  fully  descrihed  the  expedi- 
tion in  his  diary,  ar.(l  Fr.  Francisco  Gomez  accompan- 
ied the  party  Avhich  was  under  the  command  of  Gov. 
Portola.  These  Fathers,  then,  were  the  first  priests 
that  appeared  at  what  is  now  San  Francisco.  Want 
of  food  compelled  the  expedition  to  return  to  San 
Diego.  Bancroft  himself  declares:  "It  must  ever 
remain  more  or  less  inexplicahle  that  the  Spaniards 
should  have  failed  at  this  time  to  identify  Monterey 
harhor.  With  the  harhor  lying  at  their  feet,  and  with 
several  landmarks  so  clearly  defined  that  YWix  and 
Fr.  Serra  at  San  Diego  recognized  them  at  once  from 
the  reports,  and  penetrated  the  truth  of  the  matter 
in  spite  of  their  companions'  mystification,  the  Span- 
ish officers  could  find  nothing  resemhling  the  ohject 
of  their  search!  Fr.  Palou,  and  with  him  Gleeson,  at- 
trihutes  the  failure  of  recognizing  the  port  of  Mon- 
terey to  a  miracle."'   (2) 

At  the  end  of  ITT-l  the  viceroy  notified  hoth  Rivera 
and  Fr.  Serra  that  he  intended  to  esta))lish  a  new 
presidio  at  San  Francisco.  This  estahlishment  would 
serve  as  a  base  of  operations  for  a  future  extension 
of  Spanish  and  Christian  power,    and    under    its    pro- 

(1)    Vida,  88;      Banc,  I,  154-55;      Gleeson  II,  ;W-35;     sec  also  Chapter.  V, 
Parti.    (2)    Banc,  I,  152;     "Our    Centennial,"  7-11. 


—  i>06  — 

tection  two    new    missions,  San    Francisco    and    Santa 
Clara,  were  to  be    founded    at    once.    Fr.    Serra    Avas 
requested     to     name     the    missionaries,    and    he    ap- 
pointed Fathers  Cambon  and    Palou  for  the  proposed 
mission    of  San  Francisco.  Lieutenant    Ayahi    at    Ihe 
same  time  received  orders  to    exph)re  the    San    Fran- 
cisco region  by    Avater,    and    Fr.  Santa    Maria    accom- 
panied the  expedition  as  chaphiin  on    board    the    San 
Carlos.  The  expedition  sailed    from   Monterey,    proba- 
bly  on  July  24th,  and  at  the  same  time  the  crew  be- 
gan   a    novena  in  honor  of  St.  Francis,  at  the    termi- 
nation   of    which,  just  at  night,  the  ship  Avas  off   the 
entrance    to  San  Francisco  Bay.  She  entered  the    bay 
and   anchored    in  the  A'icinity  of  Avhat    is    noAv    North 
Beach.   Next  morning  the  San  Carlos  crossed    over   to 
the  Isla  de  Nuestra  Seiiora  de  los  Angeles,  so  named 
from    the    feast    of    the    day,    August    2d,    and    still 
knoAvn  as  Angel  Island.  Fr.  Santa  Maria  and  the  offi- 
cers landed  .several  times  on    the    northern    shore    to- 
ward   Point    Reyes    to    visit    the    Indian    rancherias. 
After  Avaiting  more  than  forty  days  for  the  land    ex- 
pedition, the  San    Carlos   returned    to    Monterey.    On 
the  14th  of  September  Fathers  Pakni  and  Campa    set 
<mt  from  Monterey  Avith  the  land  expedition.     Follow 
ing    Eivera's    route    of  the   preceding  year,  the  party 
arrived    at  the  seashore  on  the  22d.  On    the    hill-top, 
at   the  foot  of  the  old  cross,  Avere  found   letters  from 
Fr.  Santa  Maria.  After  looking  in    vain    for   the    San 
Carlos    the  expedition  returned.   (8) 

Ox  March  10th,  1776,  Captain  Anza  Avith  Fr.  Pedro 
Font  of  Queretaro,  heading  an  exj^edition  for  San 
Francisco,  reached  Monterey.  Ai  za  made  every  pos- 
sible effort  to  forAvard  the  establishment  of  the  mis- 
sion and  presidio  of  San  Francirco  by  repeatedly  ur- 
ging its  importance  upon  the  dilatoiy  and  'ol  stinate 
Commandant  Rivera.    It  Avas    not  liis    fault    that    he 

(3)    Vida,  201-203:    Banc,  I,  244-248. 


—  -201  — 

had  1()  linve  tlie  (<,ini1iy  1  efoi(>  iiis  colonists  luid 
been  i)ro[)erly  settled  in  their  new  home.  From  .Mon- 
terey the  expedition  followed  the  route  of  Kivera  in 
his  journey  of  December  1774  to  the  Arroyo  de  San 
Francisco,  now  known  as  San  Francis(iuito  Creek,  at 
a  spot  where  the  S])aniards  had  lirst  encamp-ed  in 
December  1760,  and  which  Fr.  Palon  iiad  selected 
two  years  previously  as  a  desiralile  site  for  the  mis- 
sion. The  cross  set  up  in  token  of  this  selection  was 
still  standing.  On  March  27th  the  party  encamped  on 
a  lake  near  the  'mouth  of  the  port,'  now  known  as 
T.obos  Creek.  Next  morninii.-  Anza  went  with  ¥v. 
Font  to  what  is  now  P'ort  Point,  ''where  nobody  had 
been,"'  and  there  erected  a  cross,  at  the  foot  of 
wl,i;di  he  buried  an  account  of  his  explorations. 
Here  upon  the  table  land  Anza  resolved  to  establish 
the  i)residio.  About  half  a  league  east  of  the  cam]) 
they  found  a  large  lagoon  from  which  was  flowing 
considerable  water;  this  was  the  present  Washer- 
woman's Bay,  corner  of  Greenwich  and  Ontario 
streets.  Next  morning,  the  29th,  they  broke  camp, 
half  the  men  returning  by  the  way  they  had  come 
to  San  Mateo  Creek,  and  the  commander-  with  Fr. 
Font  and  five  men  taking  the  route  by  the  bayshore. 
Arriving  at  the  s^Dring  discovered  the  day  before, 
they  named  it  from  the  day,  the  last  Friday  in  Lent, 
Arroyo  de  los  Dolores.  On  the  Sth  of  A])ril  the  ])arty 
again  reached  Monterey.   (4) 

On  the' departure  of  Anza,  Rivera  at  once  changed 
his  policy  of  delay,  and  on  the  8th  of  May  des- 
l)at(died  an  order  to  Commandant  Moraga  to  proceed, 
and  to  estal)lish  the  fort  on  the  site  chosen  by 
Anza.  However,  he  could  not  refrain  from  annoying 
the  Fathers  by  saying  that  the  founding  of  the  mis- 
sion was  for  the  present  to  be  suspended.  Neverthe- 
less, Fr.  Serra  had  Fathers  Palou  and  Cambon,    who 

(4)    Vida,  204-205;    Banc,  I,  268-269;  280-287. 


—  '2^'2  — 

were  destined  for  San  Francisco,  accompany  the  sol- 
diers to  attend  to  their  spiritual  interests,  and  be 
ready  on  the  spot  for  further  orders,  On  June  27th, 
1T7G,  soldiers,  settlers,  and  two  Fathers  encamped  on 
the  Laguna  de  los  Dolores.  Here  Moraga  awaited  the 
coming  of  the  ship  San  Carlos  which  was  to  bring 
supplies  from  Monterey.  A  month  passed  in  explora- 
tions, in  cutting  timber,  and  in  other  preparations, 
and  still  no  vessel  came.  Moraga  then  resolved  to  go 
over  to  the  site  selected  by  Anza,  and  to  make  a  be- 
ginning by  erecting  barracks  of  tules  and  other  light 
nuiterial.  The  camp  was  transferred  on  the  26th  of 
July.  The  first  building  completed  was  intended  for  a 
temporary  chapel,  and  in  it  the  first  Mass  was  cele- 
brated by  Fr.  Palou  on  July  28th.  The  first  Mass 
after  their  arrival,  however,  had  l)een  said  on  the 
feast  of  Saints  Peter  and  Paul  by  Fr.  Palou  in  a 
little  hut  constructed  of  branches.  Thereafter  the 
two  missionaries  had  said  Mass  every  day  at  the 
camp.  Meanwhile  they  had  also  visited  the  pagan 
rancherias,  the  inhabitants  of  which  expressed  their 
satisfaction  at  seeing  the  religious  among  them. 

When  the  camp  was  transferred  to  the  presidio, 
tlie  Fathers  did  not  change  their  quarters.  They 
thought  the  first  camp  better  fitted  for  a  mission 
than  any  other  locality  on  th?  peninsula ;  and, 
though  l)y  Rivera's  orders  the  mission  was  not  yet 
to  be  founded,  it  was  deemed  safe  and  best  for  the 
two  missionaries  to  make  preparations  for'  their  fu- 
ture dwellings.  This  was  the  situation  at  San  Fran- 
cisco for  nearly  two  months. 

To  the  relief  of  all,  the  San  Carlos  arrived  on  the 
18th  of  August.  Work  was  immediately  begun  on 
permanent  buildings  for  the  presidio,  and  they  were 
completed,  the  chapel  included,  by  the  middle  of 
September.  The  17th  was  chosen  for  the  day  of  reli- 
gious   dedication,  it  being    the    feast    of  Stigmata    of 


—  29^  — 

St.  Franciis,  the  patron  of  the  port  and  mission.  More 
than  loO  persons  witnessed  the  ceremonies.  Fr.  Pak)u 
sang  Hijih  Mass.  He  was  assisted  by  Fathers  Cambon 
Peiia,  who  had  come  up  from  Monterey,  and  Noce- 
dal,  the  eliaplain  of  the  sliip.  Fr.  Palou  also  blessed 
tlie  great  cross.  The  "Te  Deum"  concluded  the  reli- 
gious ceremonies.  The  officers  then  took  possession 
of  the  fort  in  the  name  of  the  king,  amid  tlie  firing 
of  cannon  and  musketry  and  the  ringing  of  bells.  (5) 

While  the  supplies  were  transferred  to  the  ware- 
house, a  new  exploration  of  the  head  of  the  l)ay  and 
of  the  great  rivers  was  made  by  Captain  Quiros,  Ca- 
nizares,  and  Fr.  Cambon  in  the  ship's  boat,  and  by 
Lieutenant  Moraga  on  land.  The  boat  went  up  as 
far  as  Petaluma  Creek  and  some  distance  into  it,  be- 
ing probably  the  first  European  vessel  to  pass  along 
the  windings  of  that  stream;  at  any  rate,  Fr.  Cam- 
l)on  was  the  first  priest  that  came  to  this  region.   ((5) 

In  the  camp  at  the  Laguna  de  los  Dolores,  where 
since  July  Fathers  Palou  and  Cambon,  reenforced 
after  a  time  by  Fr.  Pena,  had  been  making  prepara- 
tions for  a  mission,  six  soldiers  and  a  settler  had  e- 
rected  houses  for  their  families.  Two  children  of  pre- 
sidio soldiers,  the  first  on  llie  peninsula,  were  ))ap- 
tized  in  August. 

As  soon  as  Quiros  arrived  he  immediately  put  six 
sailors  to  work  to  aid  the  missionaries  in  erecting  a 
church  and  dwelling.  No  orders  came  from  Rivera 
authorizing  the  establishment  of  a  mission,  l)ut  Mo- 
raga saW'  no  reason  for  delay,  and  took  the  responsi- 
l)ility  upon  himself.  A  church  fifty-four  feet  long,  and 
a  house  thirty  by  fifteen  feet,  all  of  wood,  plastered 
with  clay,  and  roofed  with  tules,  were  constructed, 
and  the  feast  of  kSt.  Francis,  October  4th,  was  the 
day   set  apart  for  tl:e  ceremony  of  dedication.  On  the 


(5)    Vida,  205-210;       Ba  x.,    1,267-269;     "Our  Centennial"    24-26;      Glee^ou 
II,  -its;    (6;    Vida,  210-214:  Banc,  I,  289-290. 


—  294  — 

third  the  church,  decorated  with  bunting  from  the 
vessel,  was  Idessed ;  but  the  next  day  Low  Mass  only 
was  said,  for  the  solemn  ceremonies  were  postponed 
on  account  of  Moraiia's  absence.  He  arrived  on  the 
seventh,  and  on  October  9th  the  mission  site  was 
blessed,  and  the  great  cross  erected,  after  which  the 
image  of  St.  Francis  was  carried  about  in  procession 
and  then  placed  upon  an  altar.  On  this  occasion 
Fr.  Falou  again  sang  High  Mass,  assisted  by  Fathers 
Oaml)on,  Nocedal,  and  Pena.  The  sermon  was 
preached  by  Fr.  Palou.  All  the  Spaniards  on  the  pen- 
insula, except  the  few  soldiers  left  in  charge  of  the 
presidio,  assisted  at  the  solemn  ceremonies.  Volleys 
of  musketry  rent  the  air,  aided  by  swivel-guns  and 
rockets  brought  from  the  San  Carlos,  and  linally  two 
l)eeves  were  killed  to  feast  the  guests  before  they  de- 
parted. Thus  was  San  Francisco  de  Asis  on  the  Lagu- 
na  de  los  Dolores,  the  sixth  of  the  California  mis- 
sions, formally  established. 

Kespecting  the  name  of  this  mission,  it  should  be 
clearly  understood  that  it  Avas  simply  San  Francisco 
de  Asis,  and  never  properly  anything  else,  Assisi  was 
dropped  in  common  usage,  as  was  Borromeo  at  San 
Carlos,  and  Alcala  at  San  Diego.  Then  Dolores  was 
added,  not  as  a  part  of  the  name  but  simply  to  des- 
ignate the  locality,  like  Carmelo  at  San  Carlos.  Grad- 
ually, as  San  Francisco  was  also  the  name  of  the 
presidio,  and  as  there  was  another  mission  called  San 
Francisco  Solano,  it  became  customary  to  speak  of 
the  mission  as  Mission  de  los  Dolores,  meaning  sim- 
ply 'the  mission  at  Dolores.'  No  other  name  than 
San  Francisco  was  employed  in  official  reports.  Dolo- 
res was  in  full:  "Nuestra  Seiiora  de  los  Dolores,'- 
the  name  given  to  a  stream  or  spring  by  Anza  on 
Good  Friday.    (7) 

None    of    the   Indians  witnessed    the    festivities    at 

(7i     Vida,  214;    Banc,  I,  291-295.    The  paii-li    church,  howovei-   even  in    our 
time  celobratos  the  ITtli,  of  S^p'-enber  as    its  titular  fea.Tt. 


—  295  — 

Sail  FralR'isoo,  UvS  in  tlie  previous  iiioiitli  of  Auiiust 
tliey  had  fled  to  the  deserted  islands  in  tlie  bay,  or 
liad  crossed  over  to  the  other  side.  Their  departure  ■ 
Avas  owiiiii  to  a  sudden  attack  from  their  mortal  ene- 
mies, the  iSalsona  Indians,  who  lived  about  six  leagues 
to  the  southeast.  The  soldiers  had  been  unable  to 
arrive  in  time  to  prevent  the  outrages  on  their  neigh- 
l)ors.  In  December  the  natives  began  to  come  back  to 
the  peninsula  ;  but  Ihey  came  in  hostile  attitude,  and 
began  to  steal  all  that  came  within  reach.  One  party 
discharged  arrows  at  the  corporal  of  the  guard;  an- 
other insulted  a  soldier's  wife;  and  there  was  an  at- 
tempt made  to  shoot  a  Christian  from  San  Carlos. 
Then  one  of  the  guilty  Indians  was  shut  up  and 
flogged  by  the  soldiers,  whereupon  the  savages  rushed 
up  and  discharged  a  volley  of  arrows  at  the  mission 
buildings,  and  attempted  to  rescue  the  i)risoner.  They 
were  frightened  away,  however,  by  a  discharge  of 
musketry.  On  the  next  day  the  sergeant  went  out  to 
make  arrests,  when  a  new  flght  occurred  in  which  a 
i^ettler  and  a  horse  were  wounded,  while  of  the  na- 
tives one  was  killed  and  another  wounded.  The  In- 
dians now  begged  for  peace ;  it  was  granted  after 
sundry  floggings  had  been  administered.  About  three 
months  elapsed  before  the  savages  again  showed  them- 
selves at  the  mission.  Gradually,  however,  the  na- 
tives lost  their  fear  of  the  Spaniards,  and  on  June 
24th,  1777,  three  adults,  the  flrst  converts,  were  bap- 
tized. At  the  close  of  the  same  year  the  number  of 
neophytes  had  increased  to  thirty-one.  Before  the 
death  of  Fr.  Junipero  the  whole  number  of  converts 
was  394.  The  first  burial  of  a  neophyte  took  place  on 
October  20th,  1777.  The  flrst  marriage  was  between 
two  Spaniards  on  November  28th,  1776. 

Ij«  October  1777  Fr.  Junipero  Serra,  the  superior  of 
<he  missions,  arrived  at  San  P'rancisco.  Passing  over 
to  the  presidio  on  the    10th,    he    gazed    for    the  flnt 


—  296  — 

time  on  the  blue  waters  of  the  bay  and  exclaimed: 
"Thanks  be  to  God  that  now  our  Fatlier  St.  Fran- 
cis, with  the  holy  cross  of  the  procession  of  mis- 
sions, has  reached  the  fartliest  boundary  of  the  Cali- 
fornia-Continent. To  iio  farther  he  nnist  have  boats." 
At  the  end  of  1777  the  missionary  force  here  consist- 
ed of  Fatliers  Francisco  Palon,  Pedro  Benito  Cambon, 
Jose  Antonio  Murjiuia,  and  Tomas  de  la  Peiia.   (8) 


S^pPTEFi    IX. 


SAN    FRANCISCO    (CONTINUED). 

The  Indians  and  Their  Customs— Ff.  Seeea  CoxFiniis— Service  At  Ti;e 
Presidio— Statistical— Fe.  Feakcisco  Palou— His  Writings— Fk.  Cam- 
eo:.—Liel'tenant  MoRAGA— Troubles  With  The  Natives— Complaints. 

The  natives  around  Mission  San  Francisco  were  of 
a  darker  color  than  those  of  tlie  otlier  side  of  the 
bay.  Tlieir  relijiion  was  a  kind  of  nejiative  infidelity. 
From  San  Die<i()  to  San  Francisco,  a  distance  of  more 
than  200  leagues,  Fr.  Palou  did  not  discover  a  sin- 
iile  trace  of  idolatry.  He  found  a  few  superstitious 
practices,  especially  among-  tlie  ohl  people,  some  of 
wliom  pretended  to  liave  tlie  power  to  })rin<i-  on  rain, 
or  to  produce  good  crops  of  corn,  l)ut  he  saw  no 
signs  of  idol  worsliip.  Wlien  any  of  the  Indians  of 
the  nortliern  district  fell  sick,  tliey  imagined  it  was 
owing  to  the  evil  influence  of  an  enemy.  The  bodies 
of  those  tliat  died  were  cremated,  a  custom  still 
practiced  among  tlie  Yumas  on  the  Colorado.  The 
Indians  subsisted  on  seeds  and  herbs  gathered  by  Ihe 

I)S1     Vida,  ■lU-iir>;  224;    Rar.c,  I,   291-297. 


—  297  — 

women,  who  iii-ouiul  them  into  powder  and  prepared 
the  disli  I'rom  them  called  'atole.'  Of  a  certain  kind 
of  black  seed  they  made  a  food  similar  in  appearance 
to  "tamales,"  (1)  wliich  tasted  like  roasted  almonds. 
They  also  caught  lish  in  abundance  along  the  ))ay, 
withered  muscles,  hunted  deer,  rabbits,  ducks,  quails, 
and  other  jiame. 

Occasionally  a  whale  would  appear  on  the  shore, 
which  was  always  a  period  of  rejoicing-,  as  was  also 
the  capture  of  a  sea-lion.  The  Indians  would  slice 
these,  roast  them,  and  hang  them  to  a  tree.  When- 
ever the  natives  felt  hungry  they  would  go  to  the 
tree  and  help  themselves  until  nothing  of  the  meat 
was  left.  Along  the  caiions  they  gathered  hazel 
nuts,  and  on  the  sandhills  they  picked  the  wild 
strawberries.  On  the  plains  and  hills  a  kind  of  wild 
onion  abounded,  which  was  roasted,  and  this  dish 
was  called  'amole.'  Fr.  Palou  pronounced  it  sweet, 
and  of  as  good  a  flavor  as  that  of  the  ordinary  pre- 
serves. 

There  was  another  kind  of  "amole,"  of  a  sapona- 
ceous nature,  similar  to  our  castile  soap.  The  poor 
Indians,  however,  had  very  little  use  for  it,  as  the 
men  wore  no  other  garments  than  those  of  Adam  be- 
fore the  fall.  To'protect  themselves  against  the  cold, 
they  would  cover  their  bodies  \\  ith  mud.  As  the  day 
advanced  and  the  atmosphere  grew  warmer,  this 
coating  was  w^ashed  off.  The  women  wore  a  sort  of 
apron,  made  of  skins,  which  reached  down  to  the 
knees;  another  skin  was  thrown  over  the  shoulders  to 
protect  them  against  the  cold. 

The  marriage  ceremonies  of  these  Indians  was  very 
simple;  it  consisted  in  the  mutual  consent  to  live  to- 
gether till  some  disagreement  occurred,  when  the 
couple  would  separate  to  choose  other  companions. 
The  children  belonged  to  the   mother.    The    only    for- 

(1)      'Tarnales;''   minced  meat  rolled   up  in  corn  -jhocks  and  baked  on  coals. 


—  298  — 

inula  of  divorce  was  the  word  of  the  husband:  "I 
put  her  out."  Many,  liowever,  never  separated,  and 
these  loved  their  children  tenderly.  Some  Indians  had 
several  wives,  because  he  who  obtained  a  wife  con- 
sidered himself  entitled  to  all  her  sisters,  and  even 
her  mother.  Such  were  the  low  ideas  of  the  natives 
regarding  matrimony.  The  influence  of  Christianity 
soon  made  a  change  in  this  matter.  A  short  time 
after  the  establishment  of  the  mission  a  man  present- 
ed himself  for  instruction  who  had  four  wives :  three 
sisters  and  their  mother.  At  the  request  of  Fr.  Palou 
he  dismissed  all  except  his  tirst  wife,  and  his  exam- 
ple was  followed  by  so  many  that  in  a  short  while 
no  Indian  had  more  than  one  wife.  (2) 

The  sacrament  of  contirmation  was  administered  at 
San  Francisco  for  the  first  time  by  Fr.  Junipero 
Serra  on  October  21st,  1779.  He  had  arrived  on  the 
15th  and  remained  until  the  6th  of  November,  mean- 
while instructing  and  confirming  those  who  were 
ready  for  the  sacrament.   (3) 

On  October  26th,  1781,  Fr.  Serra  again  came  to  San 
Francisco  for  the  purpose  of  administering  confirma- 
tion. He  w^as  accompanied  by  Fr.  Juan  Crespi,  who 
had  not  been  at  this  mission  since  1769,  when  none 
but  roving  Indians  were  to  be  seen  al(5ng  the  shores 
of  the  bay.  The  two  Fathers  remained  until  Novem- 
ber 9th.   (4) 

A  new  chapel  was  in  course  of  erection  at  tlie  pre- 
sidio in  the  beginning  of  1780.  Fr.  Junipero  once 
more  visited  San  Francisco  to  give  confirmation  on 
the  fourth  of  May,  1784,  and  remained  with  Fr.  Pa- 
lou two  days.   (6) 

There  was  some  trouble  about  the  performance  of 
chaplain's  duties  at  the  presidio.  For  two  years  the 
soldiers  had  to  attend  Mass  at  the  mission,  which 
Avas  not  a  great  distance  away ;  but    about    the    year 

(2)    Vida,  215-21M.        (3)     Vida,  2a2-2:«.        (4)    Vida,  237. 


—  299  — 

1788  a  fhapol  was  completed,  and  tlie  Fathers  tliere- 
after  oceasionally  held  service  at  tlie  presidio.  The 
natives  gave  no  trouble  save  by  the  rare  theft  of  a 
horse  or  cow,  for  which  ollence  they  Avere  chastised 
once  or  twice  at  the  presidio  in  1783;  and  in  1786 
some  neophytes  were  arrested  and  tio<i-2;ed  for  ravages 
among-  the  cattle  of  the  soldiers.  These  cattle,  how- 
ever, became  so  numerous  as  to  be  annoying,  where- 
fore a  slaughter  was  begun  as  early  as  1784  to  reduce 
the  number  to  eight  or  nine  hundred 

NoTWiTKSTAKDiXG  the  Small  area  and  barren  nature 
of  the  soil,  the  yield  of  grain  at  the  mission  in  I7f0 
amounted  to  3,700  bushels.  It  appears  that  the  sowing 
was  done  mostly  at  a  place  ten  or  twelve  miles  down 
the  peninsula.  By  December  31st,  1790,  the  Fathers 
at  San  Francisco  had  baptized  904  persons,  and  bur- 
ied 338.  There  were  then  residing  around  the  mis- 
sion 525  Indians.  The  herds  consisted  of  1800  cattle, 
1,700  sheep,  42  horses,  and  159  other  animals.   (7) 

Fr.  Palou,  who  with  Fr.  Cambon  founded  the  mis- 
sion of  San  Francisco,  remained  here  until  1785, 
when  he  retired  to  his  college  at  a  ripe  old  age.   (8) 

It  is  chiefly  through  his  historical  writings  on  Cali- 
fornia that  the    name  of    Fr.  Palou    will  be    remem- 


(7)  Banc,  Vol.  I,  472-478,  -'Inlbrmcs  Gencrales"  for  1790.  (8)  Banc,  47C- 
476.  Fr.  Francisco  Palou  was  born  at  Palma  in  the  Island  of  Mallorca , 
probably  in  1722.  He  received  the  holy  habit  in  the  same  city,  and  in  1740 
became  a  di.-ciple  of  Fr.  Junipero  Serra,  with  whom  and  with  Fr.  Juan 
Crespi  he  formed  a  life-long  friendship.  With  his  venerable  friend  he  volun- 
teered for  the  American  missions  in  1749,  left  Palma  in  April,  CAdiz  in 
August,  and  landed  at  Vera  Cruz  in  December.  After  joining  the  college 
of  San  Fernando,  he  was  assigned  to  the  Sierra  Gorda  missions,  where  he 
served  from  1750  to  17.')9,  subsequently  living  at  the  college  for  eight  years, 
Appointed  to  Baja  California  he  arrived  at  Loreto  in  April  1768,  took 
charge  of  San  Francisco  Javier,  and  in  1769,  after  Fr.  Serra's  departure 
for  the  north,  became  acting  superior  or  president  of  the  missiors  in  Low- 
er California.  At  the  end  of  August  J  778  he  arrived  at  San  Diego,  and  in 
1774,  while  Fr.  Serra  was  absent  in  Mexico,  he  again  acted  as  president 
of  the  missions.  For  two  years  and  a  half  he  was  t^tationcd  at  San  Car- 
los, and  in  June  1776  went  to  found  the  San  Francisco  eitablishment,  hav- 
ing previously  visited  tlie  peninsula  twice.  His  first  entry  in  the  mission 
registers  bears  date  of  August  lUth,  1776,  and  his  last  was  on  July  2r)th. 
178.5.    On  the  death  of  Fr.  Junipero    Fr.    Palou  as  senior    missionary    was 


—  300  — 

Lered.  There  was  no  man  so  well  iiiialified  )).V  oppor- 
tunities and  ability  to  write  the  early  history  of 
California  as  Fr.  Paloii,  and  he  made  excellent  use 
of  his  advantages.  As  early  as  1773  he  began  the  ac- 
i-umulation  of  material  by  copying  original  docu- 
ments and  recording  events,  without  any  definite  idea 
of  publication.  He  continued  his  labor  of  preparing 
careful  historical  notes  down  to  1783,  devoting  to  it 
such  time  as  could  be  spared  from  his  missionary  du- 
ties at  San  Francisco.  During  the  years  1784-1785, 
having  apparently  suspended  work  on  his  notes,  he 
gave  his  attention  to  th.e  preparation  of  a  lite  of  Fr. 
vSerra,  his  superior,  former  instructor,  and  life-long 
friend.  This  work  he  completed  in  February  1785, 
and  carried  it  to  Mexico  later  in  the  same  year, 
where  it  was  published  in  1787.  It  was  extensively 
circulated  for  a  book  of  that  epoch,  though  since  con- 
sidered rare,  and  it  has  been  practically  the  source 
of  all  that  has  ever  been  written  on  California  mis- 
sion history  down  to  1784.  Very  few  of  the  modern 
writers  have  consulted  the  original,  however. 

The  manuscript  of  the  Noticias,  after  lying  for 
some  years  in  the  college  vaults,  was  copied  into 
the  Mexican  archives,  and  finally  printed  in  1857, 
though  it  was  utterly  unknown  to  writers  on  Califor- 
nia until  1874,  since  which  date  it  has  been  as  care- 
lessly and  superficially  used  as  was  the  Life  of  Fr. 
Junipero  before.  Fr.  Palou  must  be  regarded  as  the 
best  original  authority  for  the  earliest  period  of  mis- 
sion history.   (9) 

After  the  departure  of  Fr.  Fahm.  Fr.  Miguel  Giri- 
bet  was  stationed  at  San    Francisco    with    Fr.    Benito 

obliged  against  his  own  wishes  to  fcrve  as  president  of  the  missions  un- 
til Fr.  Lasuen  rece'ved  the  appointment  in  September  17i>5.  He  was  now 
free  to  leave  California,  as  he  had  long  desired  to  do,  and  departed'  for 
Mexico  in  October  or  November.  He  reached  his  college  on  February  2ttt, 
1788,  and  on  July  1st  was  elected  guardian.  He  died  about  the  year  179(). 
(9)  Bancroft,  Hist.  Cal.  Vol.  I,  417-420.  The  entire  title  of  the  first  work  is : 
"Kelacion  Historica  de  la  Vida  y  Apostoli?as  Tar^£\^  dgl  Venerable   Padre, 


—  801  — 

Canibon.  Except  during  a  short  time  when  he  was 
chaphiiii  of  the  San  Cados  for  the  sake  of  his  health, 
Fr.  Cambon  attended  the  mission  of  San  Francisco 
from  the  be<;inning  in  1776  until  1791.  Fr.  Giribet 
remained  only  two  years,  1785-1787.  Fr.  Santiaico  was 
at  San  Francisco  in  1780  to  1787,  Fathers  Sola  and 
Garcia  in  1787  to  1790;  and  Fr.  Danti  from  1790- 
1796.   (11) 


Fray  Junipero  Serra  y  de  las  Misiones  que  fundo  en  la  California  Septe-i- 
trional,  y  nucvos  e.stablecimientos  do  Montsrey.  Escrita  por  el  R.  P.  L. 
Fr.  Francisco  Palou,  Guardian  actual  del  Colegio  ApostoliSo  de  S.  Fern- 
ando de  Mexico,  y  Discipulo  del  Venerable  Fundador.  a  expensas  de  vari- 
os  Rienhechores.  Impresa  en  Mexico  aiio  de  1787."  In  his  proloRue  tlie 
author  says:  "I  well  know  that  some  who  read  new  things  expect  a  his- 
torian to  indulge  in  theories  and  to  clear  up  all  difficulties.  This  method 
although  tolerated  and  even  applauded  in  profane  histories,  in  those  of 
saints  and  servants  of  God,  written  for  edification  and  to  excite  imitation 
is  deemed  by  the  best  historians  a  fault,  which  I  have  to  avoid. 
As  the  soul  of  history  is  simple  truh,  thou  canst  have  the  asssurance 
that  almost  all  I  relate  I  have  witnessed,  and  the  rest  has  been  t«ld  me 
by  other  missionary  Fathers  and  companions  who  are  worthy  of  belief. 
Finally,  I  do  not  forget  that  neither  Homer  among  the  poets,  nor  Demo  - 
thenes  among  the  orators,  neither  Aristotle  nor  Solon  among  the  philoso- 
phers ceased  to  be  capable  of  error;  for  although  they  were  eminent  as 
Ijhilosophers,  orators,  and  poets,  they  were  men.  Great  is  the  frailty  of 
our  nature;  and  while  those  who  write  do  not  cease  to  be  men,  there 
will  always  be  men  to  notice  it.  Kind  reader,  remember  your  own  frailty, 
and  you  will  have  compassion  with  mine." 

The  other  work  of  Fr.  Palou  "Noticias  de  la  Antigua  y  Nueva  California, 
Mexico,  1857,  is  by  far  the  more  extensive  work  of  the  two,  tliough  both 
cover  substantially  the  same  ground.  The  latest  date  mentioned  is  in  July 
178;J,  about  which  time  it  was  probably  concluded.  The  work  is  divided  in- 
to four  parts.  Part  I  includes  the  annals  of  Lower  California  under  the 
Franciscans  from  1768-1773,  and  extends  over  245  pages  of  the  first  volume 
in  40  chapters.  Part  II  describes  the  expeditious  to  Monterey  and  the 
foundation  of  the  first  five  missions,  and  extends  from  page  247  to  688  in 
50  chapters,  covering  the  period  from  1769  to  1773.  Part  III  is  a  collection 
of  original  dccuments  on  events  of  1773-1774,  not  arranged  into  chapters, 
and  fill  211  pages  of  the  second  volume.  Part  IV  continues  the  narrative 
in  41  chapters  on  pages  2i:,'-"96,  from  1775  to  1783.  Tlie  author  was  able,  to 
obtain  only  the  two  volumes  I  and  III. 

(Hj  Banc.  Vol.  I,  473-474;  712.  Fr.  Pedro  Benito  Cambon,  who  in  1791  re- 
tired to  his  college  entirely  broken  down  in  health,  was  born  at  Santiago 
in  Galicia,  Spain,  He  was  ordered  to  California  from  the  college  in  Au- 
gust 1770,  and  arrived  at  Monterey  on  May  21st,  1771.  Fr.  Cambon  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  San  Gabriel  and  was  stationed  there  until  April  1772.  He 
then  spent  several  years  at  VelicatA  in  Lower  California  for  the  benefit 
of  his  health,  and  to  look  alter  the  property  of  the  missionaries.  In  Octo- 
ber 1776  he  went  to  San  Francisco,  but  was  absent  from  October  1779  un- 
til May  nsja,  during  which  time  he  was  chaplain  of  the  San  Carlos.  In 
1782  he  founded  San  Buenaventura.  Fr.  Cambou  was  a    zealouj    and    able 


—  302  — 

Lieutenant  Joee  Moniga  was  con.mandant  of  the 
military  from  the  first  founding  of  San  Frincisco  as  a 
presidio  in  1776  until  his  death,  which  occurred  on 
July  ]>;th,  1785.  He  was  buried  in  the  mission  church 
at  whose  cornerstone  laying  he  had  been  present.  The 
presidial  force  consisted  of  thirty-four  men  besides 
the  oificers.  From  15  to  20  men  Avere  on  duty  in  the 
fi'arrison,  while  the  rest  did  guard  duty  at  the  mis- 
sion, at  Santa  Clara,  and  at  San  Jose.    (12) 

The  natives  caused  more  trouble  in  the  region  of 
San  Francisco  during  the  last  decade  of  the  century 
than  in  r.ny  olhcr  i  art  of  California.  In  March  1795 
Fr.  Danii  sent  a  party  of  fourteen  neophytes  to  the 
rancherins  of  the  Chaclanes  or  Sacalanes  to  bring 
back  some  fugitives,  but  these  were  attacked  by  gen- 
tiles and  renegade  Christians,  and  at  least  seven  of 
the  number  were  killed.  In  September  over  two 
hundred  natives  deserted  from  San  Francisco.  It  seems 
Fr.  Danti  was  less  lenient  than  his  brother  mission- 
aries, and  kept  up  a  strict  discipline  to  the  disgust 
of  the  Indians.  The  governor  complained  to  Fr.  Las- 
uen  about  the  missionary.  Fr.  Lasuen  promised  to  in- 
vestigate the  matter.  Unwillingness  to  work  on  the 
part  of  the  neophytes  seems  to  have  been  the  princi- 
pal cause  of  the  dissatisfaction  at  the  mission. 

In  June  a  new  difMculty  arose.  A  large  part  of  the 
fugitive  natives  belonged  to  the  Cuchillones  across 
the  bay.  The  missionaries  sent  about  thirty  mission 
Indians  to  bring  back  the  runaways.  They  crossed  the 
bay  on  balsas  and  soon  had  a  quarrel  with  the  Cuch- 
illones. No  lives  were  lost,  but  no  fugitives  could  be 
recovered.  This  affair  gave  rise  to  new  correspondence 
with  the  governor.    The    gentiles    now    threatened    to 


man,  says  Eancroft,  but  his  health  repsatodly  broke  down.  His  last  signa- 
ture on  the  mii:i-io:i  books  is  dated  September  10th,  1791. 
Of  Fr.  An'.onio  Danti  we  only  know  that  ho  was  stationed    at    San    Fran- 
cisco, that  he  was  a  strict  disciplinarian  disliked  by  the  Indians  for  that 
reason,  and  that  he  was  aUowed  to  retire  on  account  of  ill  health. 
(12)     Bancrcft  Vol.  I,  170-472. 


kill  the  Christians  if  they  i-ontiiuied  to  work,  and 
the  toldiers  if  they  ilarcd  to  interfere.  By  order  of 
the  iiovemor  t^ergennt  Amador  Avith  22  men  then  at- 
tacked the  Indians  in  their  ranoheria.  In  the  tijilit 
two  poldiers  were  wounded  and  seven  natives  killed. 
Amador  then  returned  to  San  Jose  with  88  Christians 
and  nine  pagans.  In  the  examination  held  witJi  a 
view  to  learn  why  the  neophytes  had  run  away,  the 
shrewd  Indians  gave  as  their  reasons  excessive  flog- 
ging, hunger,  and  the  death  of  relatives.  Those  ac- 
quainted with  the  Indian  character  will  smile  at  the 
first  two  reasons.  Any  punishment  in  any  shape  is 
excessive  with  Indians.  Probably  the  good  Father  ap- 
plied St.  Paul's  command,  "that  if  any  one  wr)u]d 
not  work,  neither  should  he  eat."  (18)  Fr.  La- 
suen,  who  also  investigated  the  complaints  of  the  In- 
dians, declared  that  the  charges  of  cruelty  were  un- 
founded, as  was  also  proved  by  the  large  number  of 
conversions.  The  neophytes  fled,  rot  l;c cause  they 
were  flogged  or  overworked,  but  because  of  the  rav- 
ages of  an  epidemic.  No  further  trouble^!  occurred  at 
San  Francisco,  but  the  Sacalanes  and  other  pajian  In- 
dians continued  their  hostile  influence  at  Mission 
San  Jose.   (14) 

{m    II.  Thess..  Ill,  1(1.     (14)    Banc,  I,  708-712. 


—  804 


GI^PPTEI^     X. 


SAN     FRANCISCO    (CONTINUED). 

A  Carmelite  Monastery  Planned— Raxcho  Del  Rey— Missionary 
CHAN3ES— Fathers  Espi,  Garcia,  And  Fernandez  Retire— The  Mission 
Buildings— Vancouver's  Visit— Fr.  Saenz  Retires- The  Church. 
Great  Mortality— Other  Ithvh- Bra\c:i  Mission-  ArRj.ss  The  Bay- 
Statistical— Missionary    CHANtiEs— The    Inventory  -Staiisttcs. 

A  singular  plan  was  formed  in  Mexico  at  this 
time.  A  monastery  of  Carmelites  was  to  be  estab- 
lished at  San  Francisco.  The  biiilding;s  were  to  cost 
from  $25,000  to  $80,000,  and  the  community  was  to 
be  composed  of  twelve  religious.  It  was  to  be  sup- 
ported by  an  agricultural  establishment,  become  the 
nucleus  of  a  settlement,  and  thus  promote  both  the 
civilization  of  the  natives  and  the  colonization  of  the 
country,  to  say  nothing  of  the  usefulness  of  the 
monastery  towers  to  navigation  as'  landmarks.  This 
doubtful  scheme  was  referred  to  two  religious,  Fa- 
thers Mugartegui  and  Fena,  who  had  been  in  (Cali- 
fornia. The  Fathers  reported  adversely,  but  declared 
that,  instead,  any  aid  from  the  Carmelites  in  found- 
ing new  missions  would  be  acceptable.  There  the 
matter  rested.  Governor  Borica  himself  disapproved 
of  the  proposed  establishment,  because  there  would 
be  no  market  for  the  produce.   (1) 

In  1796,  at  the  suggestion  of  Comandante  Sal,  Gov- 
ernor Borica  determined  to  reestablish  a  branch  of 
the  rancho  del  rey,  which  had  been  abandoned  in 
1701  at  the  petition  of  the  Fathers,  who  claimed  that 

(1)    Banc,  I.  580-581, 


—  nor,  — 

injv.ry  v.as  done  to  the  niifiBion  intcrcstr.  Th.e  plnn 
was  carried  out  in  1707.  Two  hundrod  and  sixty-llvo 
cattlo  wort*  purclmaod  from  the  niiawion:  luul  i)hu:cd 
at  Buriburi,  ])ct\voen  Sun  Bruno  nnd  i^ixn  Mateo. 
When  the  news  reached  Mexico  it  hrou'^lit  out  n  pro- 
test from  the  Fr.  Guardian  to  the  viceroy  on  Febru- 
ary 6tli,  1TD8.  In  this  document  the  past  history  of 
the  rancho  was  rehited,  and  t!io  char<>;e  made  that 
Borica  had  acted  in  opposition  t.i  the  king's  Avislies. 
The  guardian  then  demanded  the  rcn.oval  of  the 
rancho  as  well  as  of  '.he  cattle  owned  by  the  sol- 
diers. The  pasturasjce,  he  ^liov.cd,  Avas  all  needed  for 
the  mission  herds,  which  ncvr  must  b^  driven  far 
down  the  peninsula;  and  the  natives  were  sufFerinjr 
jireat  injury  in  their  natural  and  leiial  rights.  As  in- 
stances the  Fr.  Guardian  stated  that  the  horses  were 
kept  ten  leagues  distant;  sheep  under  a  ralaried  man 
six  leagues  away ;  and  the  oxen  not  actually  at  work 
were  also  pastured  at  a  long  distance.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  objections  of  the  missionaries  the  viceroy  or- 
dered the  rancho  to  be  maintained.   (2) 

Sevekal  changes  took  place  among  the  missionaries 
of  San  Francisco  about  the  close  of  the  century.  Fr. 
Martin  Landaeta,  a  new-comer,  succeeded  Fr.  Camboii 
and  remained  until  October  1798,  when  sickness 
compelled  him  to  return  to  Mexico  for  awhile.  Fr. 
Espi  resided  here  in  17U7-1799,  and  then  reared  to 
his  college.  (3)  For  awliile,  1799-1800,  Fr.  Merelo  suc- 
ceeded him.  Fr.  Diega  Garcia  returned  to  San  Fran- 
cisco   in  1797,  and  remained  until  the  following    year 

(2)  Banc.  I,  70C-70S.  (:>)  Fr.  Jos^  de  la  Cruz  E.-:pi,  a  native  of  Valencia, 
came  to  M?xico  in  17:S6,  anfl  two  years  l:itjr  went  to  Nootka  as  chaplain 
\\itli  tlie  expedition  of  Martinez,  which  touched  on  the  California  coast. 
He  came  to  California  as  a  missionary  ia  1793,  and  served  at  San  Antonio 
from  September  of  that  year  until  September  1791;  at  SolodAd  until  De- 
cemSer  179.5;  at  Santa  Cruz  until  1797:  and  at  San  Francisco  from  Juno 
1797;  until  Aupust  ]7'J9,  when  lie  obtained  leave  to  retire,  but  did  not  sail 
away  from  San  DieKO  until  Jaauary  ICth.  1800. 

Fr.   Diepo    Garcia  came    to    California    in    17,''7.    He    was   stationed    at 
San  Franciico  from  September  of  that  year  until  October   1791 ;   at   Sole- 


—  30G  — 

when  ho  cleparted  for  Mexico.  Fr.  Fernandez  served 
at  the  mission  in  179C-1797,  and  Fr.  Ramon  Abel- 
la  arrived  in  July  1708.  (4)  Fr.  Martiarona  was 
also  a  supernumerary  from  AujiUBt  1800,  and  the 
names  of  several  others  appear  on  the  mission  books 
as  havinji  officated  here  at  different  dates.  Down  to 
December  31st,  1800,  the  Fathers  had  baptized  2J17 
persons  at  the  mission  of  San  Francisco;  1,369  burials 
had  talven  place,  and  648  couples  had  been  joined  in 
holy  matrimony.  635  Indians  were  on  the  mission 
rolls  on  tlie  same  date.   (5) 

The  mission  buildings  were  described  by  Vancouver 
in  1792  as  forming  two  sides  of  a  square,  without  any 
apparent  intention  of  completing  the  quadrangle,  the 
architecture  and  the  material  being  the  same  as  at 
the  presidio,  but  the  apartments  were  larger,  better 
constructed,  and  cleaner.  At  this  period  all  the  rcofs 
were  of  thatch,  and  the  dwellings  of  the  Indians  wore 
huts  ot"  willow  poles,  basket-work  of  twigs,  and 
thatch  of  grass  and  tules.  These  huts  were  about 
twelve  feet  high  and  six  or  seven  feet  in  diameter. 
In  1793  nineteen  adol)e  houses  were  built,  which  num- 
ber was  subsequently  increased  until  in  1798  there 
were  enough  for  most  of  the  married  neophytes.  In 
1794  a  new^  storehouse,  150  feet  long,  was  erected 
and  roofed  with  tiles,  and  half  a  league  of  ditch  was 
dug  around  the  potrero  (6)  and  fields.  In  1795  an  ado- 
be buildiug  180  feet  long  was  built,  and  tile  roofs 
were  completed  for  all  the  structures,  including  the 
church,  whose  cornerstone     had  been  laid  in  1782. 

<1M  till  February  1792;  at  San  Antonio  until  November  1792;  again  at 
Soledad  till  March  1796;  and  apain  at  San  Francisco  until  May  1797, 
when  he  was  allowed  t«  depart.  He  was  jrennrally  a  supernumcrar' . 
(4)  Fr.  .Jos6  Maria  Fernandez  left  liis  collepe  in  February,  and  arrived  at 
San  Francisco  in  Septombor  17i)t>.  Ho  served  as  missionary  until  1797.  He 
was  a  very  kindlieartod  man;  hut  a  blow  on  the  head  accidentally  re- 
ceived affected  his  liealth.  aud  ptspeciaUy  his  mind,  to  such  an  extent 
that  he  was  incapacitated  for  missionary  labor.  He  left  California  pro- 
babjy  in  August  1797.  (.5)  Baoc  I.  71'^  "lufonnos  Gcncralcs,"  afio  18tO. 
(t5)    Cattle  farm, 


—  ;jo7  — 


r 


rMmmrfk 


—  808  - 

WnEr.E  the  cultivated  fields  \vcro  situated  at  this 
time  dooR  not  appear.  In  1705  EVipplioB  furnished  to 
the  presidio  nniountod  to  $2,85^.  In  .Tannnry  1705  cold 
weather  ])ryvented  the  FatheiH  from  Baying  Maep. 
Froni  1707  to  1800  rejiular  weather  reports  were  ren- 
darad  at  th'j  end  of  each  year.  At  the  time  of  Van- 
couver's visit  one  large  room  at  the  mission  was  occu- 
pied by  manufacturers  of  a  coarse  sort  of  blanketing, 
made  from  wool  produced  in  the  neighborhood.  "The 
looms,''  he  says,  "'though  rudely  constructed,  were  tol- 
erably well  contrived,  and  had  been  made  by  the  In- 
dians.  Tlie  produce  is  wholly  applied  to  the  clothing 
of  the  converted  Indians.  I  saw  some  of  the  cloth, 
which  M'as  by  no  means  despicable ;  and,  had  it  re- 
ceived the  advantage  of  fulling,  would  have  been  a 
very  decent  sort  of  clothing."  In  1797  Governor  Bori- 
ca  directed  that  mission  blankets  should  be  used  at 
the  presidio,  and  no  more  procured  from  Mexico;  but 
in  1709  lie  disapproved  of  the  missionaries'  plan  of 
building  a  fulling-mill.  In  1706  the  manufacture  of 
coarse  pottery  was  begun.  Some  cotton  from  San  Bias 
was  woven  before  1797.  In  1708  the  mission  contract- 
ed to  furnish  tiles  to  the  ijresidio  at  $20  per  thou- 
sand.  (7) 

The  missionaries  now  had  less  trouble  with  their 
neophytes  than  in  former  years,  thougli  280  of  tliem 
were  carried  away  l)y  an  epidemic  of  measles  from 
April  to  June  180C.  Twelve  or  fifteen  of  the  San 
Francisco  Indians  were  also  killed  in  February  1807 
by  the  gentiles  in  a  fight  that  seems  to  have  occurred 
in   the  region  of  Carquines  Strait. 

A  traveller  visiting  the  mission  about  this  time  de 
scribes  the  dwelling  of  the  missionaries  as  consisting 
of  spacious  apartments.  Behind  th.e  dwelling  was  a 
large  court  surrounded  by  buildings  in  which  the  ne- 
ophytes were  employed,  chielly  in  the  preparation    of 

(7)    Banc..  I.  7i:.7J5. 


—  309  — 

wool  and  the  weavin*''  of  coarse  fabrics.  About  a 
luindred  yards  from  the  mission  was  the  rancherla 
composed  of  eiiiht  lonjx  rows  of  dwellini^s  for  the  In- 
dian families.  There  were  buildiniis  ior  melting  tal- 
low and  for  making  soap,  smithshops,  shops  for  car- 
penters and  cabinet-makers,  magazines  for  storing  tal- 
low, soap,  butter,  salt,  wool,  and  hides,  and  store- 
houses filled  with  grain.  The  Avine  served  was  of  a 
very  ordinary  quality,  being  a  production  of  the 
country.  The  kitchen  garden  was  in  a  poor  condition, 
the  high  winds  and  drifting  sands  of  the  peninsula 
not  being  favorable  to  horticulture.  The  visitors  were 
as  a  rule  very  favorably  impressed  by  what  they  saw 
at  the  mission,  and  had  nothing  but  good  to  say  of 
the  Fathers. 

Fe.  Landaeta,  who  had  returned  in  1800,  left  San 
Francisco  for  the  south  in  1807,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Fr.  Juan  Saenz  de  Lucio,  who  had  come  here  the 
year  before.  Fr.  Martiarena  in  1801,  Fr.  Taboada 
in  1801-1802  and  in  1804-1805,  and  Fr.  Barcenilla 
in  1802,  for  a  few  months,  are  the  other  names  of 
missionaries  that  appear  on  the  mission  registers  to- 
gether with  Fr.  Abella.  He  with  Fr.  Saenz  labored  to- 
gether for  the  benefit  of  the  Indians  until  1816,  when 
Fr.  Saenz  left  the  province.  Fr.  Abella  remained  at 
San  Francisco  until  1810,  when  he  was  transferred  to 
San  Carlos.  Fr.  Oliva  served  here  in  1815-1819,  and 
Fr.  Juan  Cabot  in  1818-1820;  Avhile  Fathers  Ordaz 
and  Altimira    came    in  1820.   (8) 

Sax  Francisco  reached  its  highest  ligure  as  regards 
the  Indian  population  in  1820  with  1,252  neophytes 
on  the  registers.  In  1818  a  school  was  in  operation. 
At    this    period  the  Indians  had   their    own    gardens, 

(8)  Bane.,  II,  i:)l-i:)2 ;  3*:),  Fr.  Jiiau  Sionz  do  Luclo  w.r-i  n  uativo  of  Can. 
tabri.i.  IIo  loft  his  coIIoto  for  CaUforali  iu  Febru'wy  IS'lil.  Uis  l.fst  sknr. 
turo  on  tlio  S m  Franoisoo  books  Is  on  Aucust  7th,  ISl.A,  but  ho  seems 
to  hivo    paasnd   aomo  months   nt  S:»U    JinP    R^UtUtS  before  Iq.^rjqu   thi.* 

prorincc  Ju  Novpinb-u'  liilO. 


^  sio  — 

find  all  the  buildiniis,  includiuji  the  housei?  of  tho  In 
(lians,  Were  of  stone  or  adobe,  and  covered  with  iiles. 
The  habitations  of  tlie  Indians  consisting  of  lonji,  low 
liouses,  formed  several  streets.  The  chnrch  was  "spa- 
cious, built  of  stone,  and  handsomely  decorated.  It 
had  room  for  'M)0  or  GOO  persons;  but  there  were  no 
seats."  Twenty  looms  were  in  constant  operation,  and 
two  mills  moved  by  mule-power.  The  terrible  mortal- 
ity among-  the  neophytes  was  the  great  trouble  of 
the  Fathers.  To  prevent  a  panic  among  tlie  Indians 
the  branch  at  San  Rafael  across  the  bay  was  estab- 
lished in  order  to  transfer  a  part  of  tlie  natives  to 
this  more  salubrious  climate.  A  beginning  of  agricul- 
tural and  stock-raising  operations  seems  to  have  been 
made  across  the  bay  where  Oakland  or  Alameda  now 
stand,  but  no  particulars  are  on  record.   (9) 

The  registered  population  fell  from  1,252  to  219, 
during  the  third  decade  of  the  century,  but,  after 
nuiking  deductions  for  San  Rafael  and  Solano,  the  real 
decline  was  from  o40  to  219;  590  were  at  San  Kafa-1 
and  322  went  to  Solano  in  1823.  The  tax  on  products 
paid  by  the  missions  was  about  $o00  a  year.  In  1821 
the  mission  furnished  the  presidio  $1,200  in  soap.  The 
supplies  furnished  the  garrison  in  1821-1880,  except 
1827,  amounted  to  over  $8,000  according  to  some  ac- 
counts ;  others  say  $0,288. 

Of  the  buildings  at  this  period  nothing  new  is 
learned.  The  houses  were  regularly  arranged  in 
streets,  and  a  line  stream  of  Avater  flowed  through  the 
plaza.  The  most  important  event  was  the  proposed 
transfer  to    Sononui,    which    was    begun    in    1823,    so 

(0)  B.inc,,  II,  ;!74-S75.  In  181 1  limits  wore  assisnod  to  the  mission  lands 
h.v  Governor  Sola  according  to  Fr.  Est6iief?a's  st-\toment  in  1828;  but 
"East  to  Laurel  Creek,  and  .south  across  tlio  sierra,  so  as  to  include  San 
Pedro  rnncho  on  the  coast,"  I3  the  fiubstnnco  of  the  information  Kiven, 
On  July  aail.  181 1.  Fr.  AboUa  burled  an  old  woman  said  to  have  been 
2W  (1)  jeiirn  old,  a-id  the  last  Uvin»  mtlve  within  ulx  btiBuos  wlio 
could  remember  the  founders  of  the  jplsa^on,  Tho  m^salpii  suppUnd  thr 
protlUo  In  ISJ^SSO   with  $;i,2Cu. 


-  sn  -. 

thnt  Solai^o  became  a  sepai-ato  mission;  but  it  took 
only  half  instoiKl  of  all  the  neophyte;^  from  the  old 
establisliment. 

Fr.  Bias  Ordaz  v»as  succeeded  in  October  1821  by 
Fr.  Tonuis  Estenega,  who  served  alone  after  Fr.  Alti- 
mira  went  to  San  Francisco  Solano  in  1823.  When 
tlie  Zacatecan  Fathers  arrived  to  take  charge  of  the 
northern  missions  in  1833,  Fr.  Estencga  went  to  San 
Gabriel.  Fr.  Lorenzo  Quijas  was  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed him  at  San  Francisco.  In  the  next  year  Fr.  Jose 
Gutierrez  took  Fr  Quijas's  place,  and  remained  in 
charge  until  the  end  of  IScO.  The  neophytes  num- 
bered 210  on  December  81st,  1831,  probably  fewer 
than  150  in  1834,  and  at  the  end  of  1839  there  were 
left  only  90,  who  lived  at  San  Mateo,  with  possibly 
50    more    scattered     around    the    country. 

With  secularization  began  a  rapid  decline  in  every 
l)ranch.  Tlie  inventory  of  July  28th,  1835,  described 
the  buildings  minutely.  It  included  27  structures  l)e- 
sides  the  principal  one,  and  valued  them  at  .$22,482; 
utensils  and  furniture  were  estimated  at  $319;  man- 
ufacturing apparatus,  .$233;  goods  and  produce  in 
the  storehouse  $2,414;  garden  with  fences  and  fruit- 
trees,  .$334;  corral,  $335;  farming  tools,  .$34:  launch 
and  boat,  $880;  live-stock:  4,445  cattle,  G91  horses, 
2,125  sheep,  5  mules,  C  asses,  122  swine,  $17,172; 
church  property :  buildings,  $9,057;  ornaments,  etc., 
$8,770;  etc.  If  any  property  was  ever  divided  among 
the  Indians,  there  are  no  records  to  show  it.   (10) 

There  is  no  trace  of  a  resident  missionary  after 
1840,  though  the  Fathers  Real  occasionally  came  to 
the  mission,  and  Fr.  Muro  seems  to  have  spent  sev- 
eral months  there  in    1845.    (11)    The    church    erected 

(K))  Banc,  II,  n95-fi0ii.  lit,  711J-715;  In  18'J2  tli'>  mit-sion  Innrlft  hi-o  drtflcilborl 
a«  ex»ondln»t  »lx  IfnjjuoB  north  to  urmth,  and  tliroo  Ipiitfuofi  vwt  to  went, 
liilly,  but  cnaicioiit  with  biiril  work  to  ninintaUi  half  the  uoophylPr, 
Thrro  won  no  Irrltfutlon.  The  mUslon  itlso  ownod  ii  jdooe  of  Imvil  tlii-oo 
)»„-„,.,  north  to  i«'>iUh.  nnd  ii  hi»]f  i  loaguo  onst  to  W^t  ^^  \h^  Other 
Mid^  0^  tjic   IJR}',       (11)    Pjj?ic„  IV,  675, 


—  312  — 


lYiission  DQlores  At  TI19  Frsseut  Tims. 


—  313  - 

by  tho  Fathn-s,  however,  is  still  used  for  weekday* 
service  by  the  parish  of  "Doh)res''  in  that  part  of 
San  Francisco  called  ''The  Mission'\ 

The  Kev.  Priidencio  8antillan  Avas  curate  of  San 
Francisco  from  1846  to  1850.  When  the  Americans 
took  possession  of  the  territory  8antillan  retired  to 
Mexico,  and  did  not  return  to  reside  pernumently  un- 
til after  1848.   (12) 

Duriiiii-  the  whole  period  of  its  existence  as  an  In- 
dian mission  down  to  Docember  81st,  1881,  when  the 
"Informcs  Generales"  cease,  the  Fathers  baptized 
6,883  percons,  Imricd  2,08ry  dead,  and  l^lessed  2,040 
marria^e.^.. 

Acc{)rdinii'  to  Bancroft  duriiia.'  the  same  period  the 
whole  number  of  baptisms  was  6,998,  of  wliich  num- 
ber of  perrons  8,715  v>ere  Indian  adults,  2,829  were 
Indian  children,  r.nd  454  children  of  settlers  or  sol- 
diers. The  marriaii'es  numbered  2,121,  cf  which  85 
were  betv\cen  settlers.  The  number  of  burials  was  5, 
558,  of  which  8,464  were  of  Indian  adults,  1,900  In- 
dian children.  111  Avhite  children,  and  58  white  a- 
dults. 

The  lari2;est  nun;ber  of  cattle  owned  ))y  the  mission 
was  11,240  in  1808;  the  larues  numl)er  of  horses,  1, 
289  in  1881;  mules  42,  in  18J8;  sheep,  11,824  in  1818; 
all  kinds  of  animals,  22,668  in  1805.  The  total  pro- 
duct of  wheat  amounted  t;)  114,480  l)ushels ;  barley  59, 
500  1;usl:els;  corn  16,900  ])ushels;  beans  19,380  bush- 
els; and  mircellaneous  f>rains  19,058  busheh.  (13) 

{VD  Bancioit,  V,  Tr^:,  says  Santillau  was  a  novice,  who  had  come  to  Cal- 
ifornia with  Bishop  DioRO  in  1S41.  He  was  of  Indian  parentage,  and  was 
ordained  priest  soon  after  his  arrival.  'Novice'  may  n  ean  seminarian, 
which  is  more  probable.  Later  ho  became  assistant  cnrato  at  Mazatlan, 
Mes;ico,  before  l.Saf),        (lU)    "Informos  Generales,"  J831 ;    Banc,  III,  714, 


—  Sl4  — 


d^ppjPBR  XI. 


SAN    JUAN    CAPISTRANO. 

First  Attempt  To  Found  The  Mission— The  Foindinc— "?e.  Seeea's 
Danger— FiEST  Converts— The  Missionarjes— Fathers  Amireio  And 
Mt'OARTEGUi  Retire- Death  Of  Fr.  Fu.-tf.r— roxFiRMATiON  At  San 
Juan— Statistical— New  Church  Begun—Weaving— A  Fire— Dedica- 
tion Of  The  New  C'hurch— Fathers  Santiago  And  Faura  Retire— The 
Missionaries— An  Earthquake  Destroys  the  Buildings  And  Kills  A 
Number  Of  Indians— Declcne  Of  The  Mission— Fr.  Boscana  Insulted- 
Emancipation— Inventory— Fathers  Oliva  And  Ohdaz  Die— Last  Mis- 
sionaries—Sale Of  The  Mission— Statistics— The  "Our  Father." 

At  a  conference  of  the  Fathers,  lield  at  Mon- 
terey en  the  12th  of  Aujiust,  1775,  it  was  resolved 
to  establish  the  mission  of  San  Juan  Capistrano  un- 
der Fatliers  Lasuen  and  Amurrio.  Fr.  Lasuen,  there- 
uijon,  said  the  first  Mass  in  a  hut  constructed  of 
branches,  on  a  spot  2G  leagues  from  San  Diego  and 
18  leagues  from  San  Gabriel.  He  likewise  erected 
and  blessed  the  great  cross,  and  thus  formally  began 
the  mission  on  the  30th  of  October,  the  octave  of 
San  Juan  Capistrano,  according  to  Palou,  but  on 
the  19tli  according  to  Sergeant  Ortega.  The  na- 
tives Avho  appeared  in  large  numbers  were  well  dis- 
posed, and  assisted  in  the  work  on  the  chapel  "and 
other  buildings.  Fr.  Amurrio  arrived  eight  days  later 
with  provisions,  and  the  prospects  were  deemed  fa- 
vorable, when  on  November  7th  Lieutenant  Ortega 
was  suddenly  called  away  by  the  news  of  an  Indian^ 
revolt  at  San  Diego.  He  advised  the  missionaries  to, 
abandon  the  place  for  the  present.  The  bells  were, 
therefore  buried,  and  th?  >vhoIo  party  returned  to. 
the  presidio. 


-^  Slo  -^ 

In  the  ktt^r  part  of  October  ITTO)  Fr.  Serrn  left 
San  Diejio  with  Fathers  Muii'ftrtetiiii  aiul  Aniurrio, 
under  an  escort  of  (^leven  sohliers  to  establish  a- 
new  Mission  8an  Juan.  When  tliey  itrrived  at  tiie 
s^pot  abandoned  a  year  Iteforc,  they  found  \\w  cross 
still  standiuii,-.  They  also  found  the  bells,  i)la('rd  them 
in  position,  and  rauii'  liieni,  thereby  causiuii;  a  uuni- 
ber  of  ;i;entiles  to  assend)le,  who  expressed  their  sat- 
isfaction at  the  returu  of  tlu«  missionaries.  A  hut 
was  (luic'kly  con-;trueted  of  branches,  and  an  altar  e- 
rected  at  which  Fr.  Serra  said  the  lirst  Mass.  Thus 
the  seventh  mission  in  California  was  lirnily  estab, 
lished  on  November  1st,  177(),  on  or  near  the  ruins 
of  a  later  structure. 

In  order  to  speed  the  work,  Fr.  8erra  went  to  t-an 
Gabriel  for  more  laborers  and  for  some  cattle.  On 
his  return  he  took  with  him  only  one  soldier  and  a 
Christian  Indian.  After  havinj;'  proceeded  about  ten 
leaji'ues  from  the  mission,  some  distance  ahead  of  the 
pack-train  and  a  drove  of  cattle,  they  were  s;;r- 
rounded  by  a  crowd  of  savat!,es,  who  shouted  wildly, 
and  threatened  to  kill  them.  Fr.  kSerra  ;;ctually 
thousiht  his  last  hour  liad  come.  The  Christian  Indian 
however  bade  the  savages  l)eware,  as  many  f.oldiers 
were  approaching.  This  caused  tlicm  to  desist.  Fr. 
Junipero  now  kindly  invited  the  pagans  to  draw 
near.  He  then  made  the  sign  of  the  Cross  on  their 
foreheads,  and  by  means  of  l)eads  gained  tlieir  good 
will. 

Fr.  Lasuen,  who  had  been  assigned  to  8an  duan, 
was  changed  to  San  Diego  to  take  the  place  of  the 
lamented  Fr.  J  ay  me.  The  lirst  baptism  at  San  Juan 
took  place  on  December  loth.  Fr.  Amurrio  otficiated. 
On  (ihristnuis-Day  Fr,  Mugartegui,  who  had  succeeded 
Fr.  LasvuMi,  again  administered  i-he  sacrnmen.t  of  baj)- 
tisnn  Tlie  whole  number  of  thone  baptized  l)cforo  the 
clooo  of  the  year  was  four;  hut  during  the  next  year 
forty  IiMliiips  veceircd  the  P'i'H'o  of  rcj?encration,  Tht^ 


-  Sl6  - 

nntive  name  of  the  mission  site  vras  Sajii-it.  The  land 
was  fertile,  and  the  natives  were  well  disposed,  Fa- 
jies  in  his  report  of  1787  alludes  briefly  to  the  mis- 
sion as  in  a  thoroughly  prosperous  condition.  The 
number  of  converts  in  1790  was  nearly  double  what 
it  had  been  in  1783.  In  the  latter  year  San  Juan 
had  383  neophytes,  Avhereas  at  the  close  of  1790  there 
were  765.  Since  1783  there  had  been  509  baptisms 
and  only  219  deaths.  Agricultural  products  in  1790 
amounted  to  over  3,000  bushels.  An  occasional  scarci- 
ty of  water  was  the  only  drawback  to  farming  opera- 
tions. 

Of  the  original  missionaries,  who  were  stationed  at 
San  Juan  from  the  time  of  tlie  founding  in  1770,  Fr. 
Gregorio  Amurrio  had  left  the  mission,  and  probably 
the  country,  in  the  autumn  of  1779.    (1) 

Fp..  Vincente  Fuster  was  the  successor  of  Fr. 
Amurrio  until  the  end  of  1787,  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Purisima.  Fr.  Fuster's  place  was  filled  by 
Fr.  Santiago.  Fr.  Mugartegui,  the  other  founder  of 
San  Juan  Oapistrano,  left  California  at  the  end  of 
1789,  Fr.  Fuster  having  returned  in  September.  Fa- 
thers Fuster  and  Santiago  then  continued  at  San  Juan 
together  until  1800,  when  the  former  died.   (3) 

(1)  Vida,  174-176;  197  2C0;  Banc,  I,  :»;i-304;  458;  Informes  Gcncralcs.  Fr.  Gre- 
gorio Amurrio  was  occ  of  the  party  that  was  wrockeil  at  JLaiizauillo  iii  at- 
temptiug  to  cross  frcm  San  Bias  to  Lcicto  in  177].  He  rrn  c  back  to  Singloii 
by  laud,  reached  Loreto  in  Noreinber,  and  served  at  Santa  Gortrudis  du;  - 
ing  tlie  occupation  of  the  peninsula  by  tlie  Franciscans.  At  tha  ct^ssiou  he 
came  with  Fr.  Palou  to  San  Dieeo  in  Ausast  177.J.  Iloie  ho  remained  un- 
til April  1771,  when  lie  sailed  for  Monterey,  subsequently  sorvins?  most  of 
the  time  as  supernumerary  at  San  Luis  Obispo,  until  the  attempted  fouu-. 
datlon  of  San  Juan  on  October  :0th,  177.").  His  latt  entry  in  the  books  of 
that  mission  was  in  September  of  177,». 

(21  Fr.  Pablo  de  Mupliitepui  cair.o  to  Californi  i  with  Fr.  Serra  on  the 
lattor's  return  from  Mexico,  and  arrivert  at  Sin  Dioj?o  on  March  llitli. 
1774,  RciuR  in  poor  health  he  remained  for  some  time  unattached  to  any 
mission,  first  scrviufr  as  superunmorary  at  San  Antonio  from  January  to. 
July  177.'),  lie  was  the  regular  missionary  of  San  Luis  Obispo  from  Au- 
gust 177.5  until  NovQiubsr  177G,  and  of  S^n  Ju.an  C  ipistrano  until  Novem- 
ber 1780.  From  August  10th,  17Sfl,  ho  held  the  olTico  of  vico-prosident  of 
tho  Cnlifornin  mittaionu,  Banc,  I,  439;  057. 
Vt>    YlHceatp  Fustvr  vtiw   a    mxlyf  <^t  Aratjoii  who  hnil  oflsltiaJly 


~~  317  - 

.  Accohdixo  to  Fr.  Palou,  Fr.  Juiiipcro  Scrra  admiu- 
ietered  the  sacraincnt  of  confirmation  probably  in 
October  1778,  ar.d  ajrain  apparently  in  October, 
\7^id.   (8) 

The  niitJf'ioiiaricR  by  December  JUst,  1800,  had  bap- 
tized 999  persons,  blessed  447  marriages,  and  buried 
917  dead.  1,040  Indians  were  on  the  mission  roll. 
Horses  and  cattle  increased  to  8,500,  while  in  sheep 
San  Jnan  witli  17,000  was  far  ahead  of  any  other  mis- 
sion. The  average  crop  amounted  to  5,700  bushels.  In 
1797  there  was  due  San  Juan  for  supplies  furnished 
to  the  presidios  of  San  Di?go  and  Santa  Barbara 
over  $6,000. 

In  1794  there  were  built  two  large  adobe  granaries 
roofed  with  tiles,  and  forty  houses  for  neophytes, 
some  with  grass  roofs  and  others  with  tile  roofs.  In 
February  1797  work  v.as  begun  on  a  new  stone  church 
which  was  to  be  the  finest  edifice  in  California.  A 
master  mason  Avas  obtained  from  Culiacan,  and  the 
structure  rose  slowly,  but  steadily  for  nine  years  un- 
der the  hands  of  the  Indians.  The  building  measured 
oSXlO  varas  or  yards.  On  November  22d,  1800,  the 
walls  were  slightly  cracked  by  an  earthquake. 

Mapjano  Mendoza,  a  weaver,  was  sent  from  Monter- 

loft  Mexico  in  Octobir  1770,  arrived  at  Loreto  in  November  1771, 
served  at  Velicatsi,  and  came  up  from  tlie  peninsuLi  witli  Fr,  Palou. 
H )  arrivj  1  at  S  in  Din-o  Au^ast  30th  177;j,  and  was  stationed 
there  until  177G.  Ho  was  with  Fr.  Ja.vme  on  the  terrible  nipht  of  Novem- 
ber 5th,  1775,  wlien  Jli-^sion  San  Dicpo  was  destroyed  and  his  compan- 
ion murdered.  His  pen  has  frraphically  de-scribed  tlie  horrors  of  that 
night.  After  living  at  San  Gabriel  and  other  missions  as  supernumerary, 
he  was  missionary  of  San  Juan  Capistrano  from  November  1779  until 
December  1787,  when  he  founded  Purisima  and  remained  there  till  Aug- 
ust 1789.  Ho  then  returned  to  San  Juan  and  resided  tliore  until  his  death 
on  October  21st,  18(K).  Ho  was  buried  in  tlio  mission  cluirch.  On  September 
9th,  1806,  his  remains  wore  transferred  with  all  due  solemnity  to  their  fi 
nal  resting-place  in  the  presbytery  of  the  now  church  on  the  epistle  side. 
(3)  Vida,  228;  26.'{:  Among  tlie  visiting  Fathers  who  ofTiciated  here  were 
Fr.  Figuor,  Juno  1780;  Fr.  Miguel  Sanchez,  May  1782;  Fr.  Lasuen,  Octo- 
ber 178;^:  Fr.  Rioboo,  February  1784;  Fr.  Mariner,  October  1785;  Fr.  Jo.'6 
Arroita.  D.^cember  17813;  Fr.  Jos^*  Calzada,  April  1788:  Fr.  Torrcns,  Octo- 
ber 17.^:  and  Fr-  Cri't6bal   Oriima.s.    Deceniber  1-88  to  January  1789. 


—  818  — 

ey  in  the  summer  of  17TG  to  teach  his  trade  to  the 
Indians.  He  was  under  contract  with  the  sovornment 
at  thirty  dollars  a  month.  A  loom  was  set  up  with 
other  necessary  apparatus  of  a  rude  nature.  Coarse 
fabrics  and  blankets  Avere  Iherenftcr  manufactured  by 
the  Indians  at  this  mission.  Early  in  1797  the  Fatliers 
were  notified  that  if  they  wished  the  services  of 
Mendoza  for  a  longer  time  they  must  pay  his  wages; 
but  they  thought  his  instructions  not  worth  the  mon- 
ey, especially  now  that  the  nativcG  had  learned  all  he 
knew,  and  the  weaving  industry  had  been  succcspful- 
ly  established. 

Besides  home  manufactures,  Capistrano  supplied 
large  quantities  of  wool  for  experiments  at  other  es- 
tablishments. On  April  16th,  1797,  Pedro  Polorena  re- 
ported that  l)lankets,  wide  woolen  cloths,  niaiigas 
for  vaqueroG,  30  yards  of  mania.  30  yards  of  baize 
had  been  successfully  woven.  The  goods  were  not  so 
perfect  as  the  Mexican  article,  but  good  enough  for 
this  country.  The  native  women  could  also  spin,  pick 
vv'ool  and  cotton,  and  dye  tolerably  well.  (4) 

l^  March  1801  the  store-room  was  set  on  lire  by  a 
sergoant's  carelessness.  The  mis. ion  lost  2,400  bushels 
of  grain,  besides  more  than  six  tons  of  tallovv* ;  some 
damage  was  also  done  to  church  property. 

A  most  important  event  in  the  mission  annals  of 
San  Juan  Capistrano  was  the  completion  of  the  new 
church..  It  vas  the  finest  church  in  ("California,  built 
of  stone  and  mortar,  and  surmoujitcd  by  a  lofty  tow- 
er. It  was  regarded  with  equal  pride  by  missionaries 
and  neophytes,  who  had  accomplished  the  work  with 
the  aid  of  a  master-masoji.  The  dedication  took  place 
on  wSeptember  7th,  1806.  Fr.  Superior  Tapis  Avas  assist- 
ed by  the  Fathers  of  ihe  mission,  and  Fathers  Urresti, 
Victoria,  Zalvidea,  Teyri,  and  Cueva.  Governor  Arrill- 
aga    was  present  with  Captain  Rodriguez,    Lieutejuint 


(4)    "Infoi-mes  Gcneraaos"  ad  afio  lOT;  Banc.,  I,  657-C59. 


—  310  — 

Diego  and  Santa  Barl)ara.  Crowds  of  neophytes  from 
all  the  country  round  witnesacd  the  solemn  ccrcmo- 
niee.  Next  day  Yr.  A' ictoriii  colobrated  Mass  and  Fr. 
Urresti  preached  the  sermon.  On  the  3th  the  remainH 
of  Fr.  Fuster  were  transferred  to  th^  new  ckiirch.  On 
this  occasion  Fr.  Cueva  sang  the  Requiem  Mass.  Fr. 
,  Faura  preached  the  sermon.  Meanwhile  Fr.  Sanchez 
from  San  Diego  had  come  to  join  in  the  festivities. 
The  three  days  formed  an  epoch  long  remembered  in 
southern  California.  The  first  baptism  in  the  new 
church  took  place  on  October  18th,  1806. 

Fb.  Santiago  reiuaincd  in  charge  of  Mission  San 
Juan  until  ISIO,  wh.en  he  retired  to  Mexico.  Fr.  Fau- 
ra likewise  retired  in  180P.  Fr.  Francisco  Suner  came 
to  the  mission  in  1800,  and  Fr.  Jose  Barcnn  began 
his  long  ministry  in  ISIO.   (5) 

A  series  of  earthquake  shocks,  the  most  disastrous 
if  not  the  most  sevoie  that  ever  occurred  in  Califor- 
nia, caused  the  wildest  terror  throughout  the  '  south- 
ern part  of  the  province  in  1812.  The  year  was  ever 
after  known  as  'el  aiio  dc  los  temblores,'  and  was 
for  San  Juan  Capistrano  particularly  unfortunate.  It 
occurred  during  early  Mass  on  Sunday  December  8th, 
when  about  fifty  persons  were  in  the  church.  The 
edifice  was  of  the  usual  cruciform  shape,  with  very 
thick  walls  and  arched  dome-like  roof,  all  construct- 
ed of  stone  imbedded  in  mortar  or  cement.  Tlio 
stones  were  not  hewn,  luit  of  irregular  size  and 
shape.  The  lofty  tower  at  the  church  front  fell  with 
a  crash  on  the  vaulted  roof  at  the  second  sliock,  and 
in  a  moment  the  immense  mass  of  stone  and    mortar 


(5)  Banc,  II,  lOO-Ul.  Fr.  Juan  Noberto  dp  Santiago  came  t<i  Moxico  from 
Spain  in  1785,  and  was  sent  to  California  the  next  year.  His  sipnature 
appears  in  the  books  of  San  Francisco  often  in  1786-7;  but  his  only  regu- 
lar ministry  was  at  San  Juan  from  1789-1810. 

Fr.  Jos^  Faura  was  a  native  of  Barcelona  ;  lie  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara 
Mav  7tli,  1798;  served  at  San  Luis  Rey  from  July  of  that  year  till  IWX); 
and  at  San  Juan  Capistrano  til)  October  180p,  when  he  was  allowed  to 
retire,  his  t<y:ra  of  sor-ice  having  expired. 


~  ?]2() 


—  821  — 

c-.mc  clown  r.ion  Il:e  little  ccr.grcgntion.  Tl:c  colc- 
brnnt,  just  tliei\  at  the  oU'ertory  of  the  Mass,  escaped 
liy  tlf  (Icor  of  the  Facn'sty,  niul  six  neophytes  bc- 
sidoH  wore  saved  aa  by  a  miracle;  but  the  rest,  forty 
in  number  neeordiiiji'  to  the  official  reports,  were 
cruphcd  to  death.  In  the  search  for  bodies  much  of 
the  debris  was  removed  from  the  interior;  but  other- 
wise the  ruins  of  the  most  beautiful  mission  struct- 
ure in  California  still  stands  as  it  was  left  in  1812. 
An  apartment  in  an  adjoining  adobe  building  has 
been  used  ever  since  for  religious  service. 

Fr.  Suner,  at  the  end  of  1813,  or  early  in  1814, 
changed  places  with  Fr.  Boscana  of  San  Luis  Rey ; 
and  in  1826  Fr.  Zalvidea  took  the  place  of  Fr.  Bos- 
cana. After  1827  the  venerable  Fr.  Barona  spent 
much  of  his  time  as  an  invalid  at  San  Luis  Rey,  but 
he  finally  died  at  Capistrano  in  1831.   (G) 

Uklike  the  other  missions,  Capistrano  was  no  long- 
er prosperous  in  the  third  decade  of  the  century.  The 
population  decreased,  and  so  did  livestock.  The  aver- 
age crop  was  less  than  half  that  of  the  preceding 
decade.  The  neophytes,  while  not  engaged  in  open  re- 
volt, were  disposed  to  be  insolent  and  unmanageable ; 
and  there  was  also  at  times  a  spirit  of  hostility  a- 
gainst  the  Fathers  among  the  guardr.  In  January  1823 
the  soldiers  went  so  far  as  to  use  violence  towards 
the  venerable  Fr.  Barona,  something  that  had  never 
before  occurred  in  California.  Fr.  Boscana  reported 
the  affair  as  "el  caso  mas  escandaloso  que  se  habia 
visto  en  California;"  "the  most  scandalous  case  ever 
seen  in  California."  Jose  Caiiedo    and    two  other    sol- 

(G)  Banc,  II,  £(X);  347-34P ;  555;  III,  C25.  Fr.  Jos6  Barona  was  born  at  Villa 
Nueva,  Spain,  March  22d,  1764;  ho  became  a  Franciscan  at  Velorado  July 
IJith,  1783;  Iio  loft  Spain  in  1794,  and  arrived  at  tho  college  of  San  Fernan- 
do Aucrust  2tth,  1795;  to  California  ho  came  in  January  or  May  1798.  He 
was  stationed  at  San  Diego  in  1798-1811,  and  at  San  Juan  Capistrano  in 
in  1811-1831.  As  early  as  1817  he  was  in  broken  health,  ;ind  desirous  of 
retirement.  In  182;i  he  wus  rudely  treated  by  tho  soldiprs  at  San  Juan, 
lie  died  on  Aupu  t  -!th,  and  was  buried  on  tho  6th  by  Fr.  Zalvidea. 


-  S25  -- 

diers  w^r^  implicated;  tli(»y  wei*e  excommunicatHl  by 
the  Fathers,  and  a  military  trial  was  held.  Finally,  in 
December  1824,  the  supreme  trilmnal  in  Mexico  decid- 
ed that  Canedo  had  merely  carried  out  the  orders  of 
his  chief,  and  in  view  of  his  two  years  imprisonment 
in  shackles  he  was  to  be  set  free  and  made  corpor- 
al. (7) 

The  neophytes  were  all  "emancipated"  under  Gov- 
ernor Figueroa's  experimental  system  in  1883,  the 
lands  apportioned  to  the  natives,  and  a  regular  In- 
dian pue1:)lo  was  (U'ganized  in  November.  In  1840  the 
Indians  were  again  put  in  cliarge  of  Fr.  Zalvidea,  and 
he  also  again  managed  what  was  left  of  the  mission 
property.  The  Indian  population  had  decreased  to  861 
in  18.33,  and  in  1840  was  probably  less  than  500,  with 
less  than  100  a<:  the  pueblo.  The  inventory  of  mission 
property  made  in  1835  by  the  missionary  and  four 
comisionados  shows  a  total  valuation  of  $54,456;  this 
includes  the  buildings,  also  the  library,  Avhich  was 
valued  at  $490.    The    debts    amounted  to   $1,410.    (8) 

Fr.  Zalvidea  remained  at  San  Juan  Capistrano  un- 
til the  latter  part  of  1842,  when  he  v.cnt  to  San  Luis 
Rey.  Thereafter  the  mission  was  without  a  missionary 
until  1846,  except  that  Fr.  Estenega  officiated  there 
occasionally  in  1843-1846,  and  Fr.  Ignacio  Kamirez  de 
Arrellano  in  1844.  Fr.  Oliva  came  to  San  Juan  in  the 
autumn  of  1846,  and  died  there  in  January  1848.  He 
was  apparently  the  last  Franciscan  that  resided  at 
Capistrano,  Fr.  Bias  Ordaz,  however,  occasionally 
visited  San  Juan  in  1847-1848.   (9) 

(7)  Banc,  II,  48S;  555-556.  In  1822 the  lands  were  iletcribod  as  exfe^ndintr  11*- 
i:i  leagues  north  and  south;  3-4  leagues  east  and  west.  Some  of  the  flohis 
were  irriKat<»d,  and  they  furnished  prain  enoufrh  to  food  the  Indians  with 
the  aid  of  fish  and  meat.  In  1»2,S-1S:10  the  mission  rancho.*  are  named  ftf 
Snnti  Anas,  San  Joaquin,  Trabuco  and  San  Mateo. 

(8)  Ijauc,  III,  625-627.  As  a  specimen  of  Bancroft's  knowledge  of  Catlio 
lie  affairs  the  reader  will  appreciati  this 'liistorical  fact:'  "Saptembor  72th, 
1S32,  P,  Zalvidea  sends  a  kos  to  San  Luis  tj  bo  filled  with  consecrated 
wino,  that  at  S.  Juan  havinff  soured."  Banc.  Ill,  620,   footnote. 

(9)  Banc.  IV,  621;  V,  6Z\i\  Fr.  Vincent?  P:\§CMal  OUy-^   Vi'^^  Ijprn  July   '.'A 


In  December  184o  the  mission  buildings  nnd  gardens 
were  sold  to  McKinley  and  Forster  ))y  order  of  the 
government  for  $710.  The  last  named  of  the  purchas- 
ers remained  in  possession  for  twenty  years.  The 
Catholic  Church  anthorities  then  claimed  the  chapel 
and  its  belongings.  After  much  litigation  the  bisliop 
won  the  fuit.   (10) 

During  the  whole  period  of  the  mission's  existence, 
November  1st,  17TG  to  1884,  there  Avere  baptized  at 
vSan  Juan  Capistrano  4,404  persons,  of  whom  1,680 
were  Indian  adults,  2,028  Indian  children,  four  white 
adults,  and  83  children  of  pet  tiers.  The  total  number 
of  marriages  was  1,168,  of  which  24  were  not  Indian. 
3,227  persons  died,  i.  e.  1,255  Indian  adults,  1,8'.)8 
Indian  children,  24  white  adults,  and  30    cliildren. 

The  "Informes  (Tenerales,"  or  otficial  reports  of  the 
Fathers,  state  that  from  November  1st,  3776  to  De- 
cember 31st,  1831,  there  were  4,803  baptisms,  1,149 
marriages,  and  3,004  deaths  recorded. 

The  largest  number  of  cattle  owned  by  the  mission 
in  one  year  was  14,000  in  1819;  largest  number  of 
horses,  1,355  in  1806;  mules,  183  in  1813;  asses,  4  in 
1813;  sheep.  17,030  in  1800;  goats,  1,353  in  1784; 
swine,  206  in  1818;  and  all  kinds  of  animals,  31,270 
in  1810.  The  total  production  of  wheat  was  140,7(K) 
bushels;  barley,  7,760  budiels;  corn,  80,975  bushels; 
and  beans,  5,375  bushels  (11) 

]7S(l,  at  Maitln  del  Rio,  Arac:on,  and  became  a  Franciscan  at  Zniapoza, 
February  1st,  1709.  He  cane  to  Mexico  in  IMO  and  .'taitod  for  California  in 
ISll,  but  did  not  arrive  until  Auprust  18i;i.  He  served  as  a  supernumerary 
at  Sun  Carlos  in  18i:;-18U,  at  Sin  Fernando  in  ISlt-lSl'i,  at  San  Fran- 
cij^co  in  iBli-lSlO,  at  San  MiKuel  in  1819-20,  at  S.m  Diepo  in  1820-16, 
and  at  Sau  Juan  in  1S46-1WS.  Ho  died  without  receivinfr  the  sacravients 
on  January  2d,  1848,  as  the  rains  prevented  Fr.  Ordaz  from  arriving  in 
time;  but  Fr.  Onlaz  buried  him  in  the  presbytery  cf  the  mission  ihurch. 
(10)  Hnnc,  IV,  C24-H28;  V,  02;!.  'Old  Missions  of  Califoruin'  p.  CO.  The 
"Our  Father"  in  the  InnRuano  of  the  Notola  Indiius  at  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano is  as  follows;  "Chana  cell  tupana  ave  oncnch,  otunc  a  cuachin  cah-, 
me  om  rcino,  libi  yb  chosonec  osna  tupana  cham  ncchctepe,  micato  torn 
cha  chaom,  popsum  ygr  cai  caych^mo,  y  i  julupcalme  cai  cch.  Depupu' 
nopco  chnmc  chum  oyoto,  Afr.cn,"  Bftftp,,  "Native  Racps,"  III,  CT6. 
(U)    JltHRC,   III,  026, 


324 


GF^PP^EI^    XII. 


SANTA     CLAEA. 

ForNr-iXG  Of  Tme  Mispinx— A  Harvest  Of  Soclf— Sodomy— Fr.  Seeha 
An  TnE  L'i«siox— The  New  Church— Fr.  JIi-rguia  Eies— Other  Items- 
Fathers  Fena  Axd  N'oboa  FrTiRr— Van(01  vlk's  Visit— The  Bt  i  d- 
is'x-IvTJvr-tra-i-'vjtvN  Ta:5U3T^n;^-V.N-JTri  cs  Chu-ic.i  Bvilding 
Erected— Fe.  Catalans  Death— nimR a  phy— Taxes— Fe.  Vtader  Ri - 
tiees— The  Zacatecans  Arrive- Fe.  Moreno  Dits— Fe.  Meecado 
Fetipef- Ff.  Jose  Eeal  Eetiees— Sectlaeizatiox- Statistics— The 
Lord's  Peayee. 

Fatiief.s  Tomds  de  la  Pefia  and  Jose  Murgcia  had 
long  been  appointed  for  the  nev\'  mission  whicli  was 
to  be  named  for  St.  Clare  of  Assisi,  l)ut  the  establish- 
ment was  delayed  through  the  animosity  of  Com. 
Rivera.  Nor  did  he  make  any  arrangements  to  found 
the  mission,  as  ordered  by  the  viceroy,  until  he  re- 
ceived a  communication  from  Bucareli  in  September 
1776.  The  viceroy  wrote  as  though  the  mission  were 
already  established.  Rivera  now  realized  that  some- 
thing must  be  done.  Preparations  were  therefore 
made  at  once.  On  the  6th  of  January,  1777,  Lieutenant 
Moraga  and  Fr.  Peiia,  with  a  company  of  soldiers, 
started  southward  from  San  Francisco,  and  on  arriv- 
ing at  the  spot  chosen,  the  great  cross  was  erected 
and  blessed,  and  Holy  Mass  said  on  January  12th  by 
Fr.  Pena  in  a  hut  constructed  of  houghs.  The  new 
mission  ever  after  was  known  as  Santa  Clara.  It 
was  situated  on  a  spot  called  Thamien  ly  the  na- 
tives, lifteen  leagues  from  San  Francisco,  among  the 
tribe  of  Indians  who  went  by  the  name  of  Tare?.  Fr. 
Murguia  with  cattle  and  other  property  joined  his 
companion  on  the  21st. 


—  325  -. 


tJt^l^j 


San  Juaa  Capistrano   in   1865. 


—  826  — 

The  Indians  soon  approached,  and  in  May  the  first 
baptism  could  be  administered.  Some  time  after  an 
epidemic  l)roke  out  among  the  children.  The  Fathers 
went  from  ranclieria  to  rancheria  and  baptized  a  larjje 
number  of  little  ones  who  were  at  the  point  of  death, 
v^ome  of  the  parents  were  likewise  baptized  after  bav- 
in i;  been  properly  instructed,  so  that  before  the  close 
of  the  year  the  registers  contained  the  names  of  six- 
ty-seven Indians,  of  whom  eight  were  adults.  Thirteen 
Christians  and  ten  catechumens  were  living  at  the 
mission,  whilst  the  others  still  remained  in  their  ran- 
cherias.  The  new  church  was  six  varas  wide  and  twen- 
ty varas  long.  The  dwellings  Avere  constructed  of  tim- 
ber and  plastered  with  clay.  The  mission  had  many 
advantages  not  possessed  by  the  others.  Its  soil  Avas 
very  productive,  and  the  crops  of  beans,  corn,  and 
other  grain  were  abundant.  By  means  of  irrigation 
soon  all  kinds  of  fruit  Avere  raised.  Until  the  Fathers 
arrived  the  Indians  had  largely  subsisted  on  acorns. 
The  language  of  the  natives  Avas  similar  to  that  spok- 
en among  the  tribes  near  San  Francisco.  Sodomy  Avas 
practised  here  and  among  the  Indians  of  other  mis- 
sions to  some  extent,  especially  along  the  Santa  Bar- 
bara Channel,  but  the  perpetrators  of  the  crime  con- 
cealed .themselves.  In  a  short  time  every  vestige  of 
the  vice  disappeared  before  the  influence  of  Catho- 
lic doctrines.   (1) 

Fr.  Junipero  Serra  arrived  at  Santa  Clara  on  Sep- 
tember 28th,  1777,  on  his  Avay  to  San  Francisco.  The 
next  day  being  the  feast  of  St  Michael  the  good  Fa- 
ther sang  High  Mass  and  preached.  Fr.  Serra  again 
passed  through  Santa  Clara  in  October  1779  to  give 
confirmation  at  the  northern  missions.  He  returned  on 
November  Gth  or  7th,  and  remained  for  some  days  to 
prepare  the  Indians  for  the  reception  of  the  sacra- 
ment of  confirmation. 

On  November  9th  or  10th,  1781,  Fr.  Junipero  came 


(V    Vida.  2J2''-2::     Psac  I >  304  506. 


—  027  -- 

to  Santa  Clara  from  the  nortli  witli  Fr.  Juan  Crospi. 
He  eonfirnicd  llie  ntM)ph.vto8,  and  on  the  lOlh,  >vith 
the  assistance  of  Fathers  Crespi,  and  the  two  resident 
missionaries  Pena  and  Murji'uia,  the  cornerstone  for  a 
new  church,  was  hiid.  Fr.  Junipero  again  passed 
through  Santa  Chira  in  the  latter  part  of  April  1784, 
but  he  did  not  allow  himself  to  be  detained,  as  he 
expected  to  be  back  for  tliL^  dedication  of  the  new 
church,  which  was  fixed  for  the  IGth  of  May.  He 
returned  to  Santa  Clara  on  the  morning  of  May 
15th,  and  was  greeted  by  a  mourning  congregation; 
for  one  of  the  founders  of  the  mission,  the  architect 
and  builder  of  the  new  church,  had  died  only  four 
days  ])efore.  On  the  evening  of  the  loth  the  new  a- 
dobe  structure  was  blessed  by  Fr.  Serra  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Fathers  Palou  and  Pena,  in  the  presence 
of  Governor  Pages,  Comandante  Moraga,  and  a  great 
multitude  of  neophytes,  pagans,  and  settlers.  On  the 
following  day,  which  w^as  the  fifth  Sunday  after  East- 
er, and  the  feast  of  the  Dedication  of  the  Basilica 
of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi,  Fr.  Junipero  sang  High  Mass, 
during  which  he  preached  to  the  multitude  with  his 
accustomed  fervor.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  Mass  he 
confirmed  those  who  were  prepared.  He  also  made 
the  spiritual  exercises  here  for  the  last  time  as  a  pre- 
paration for  his  death,  which  he  saw^  was  near  at 
hand.  During  his  stay  he  at  different  times  gave  con- 
firmation to  all  who  could  be  made  ready,  even  going 
to  the  rancherias  for  the  sake  of  those  that  on  ac- 
count of  sickness  could  not  come  to  the  church.  On 
his  arrival  at  Monterey  Fr.  Serra  appointed  Fr.  No- 
boa  to  take  the  place  cf  the  late  Fr.  Murguia  at 
Santa  Clara.  The  new  church  was  the  finest  yet  e- 
rected  in  California.  The  builder,  Fr.  Murguia,  how- 
ever, did  not  live  to  see  its  dedication.  (2) 

iZ)    Vida,  22;;-22i:  2.U-2;«;  237;  20o-;iG{i;      Banc.  I,  ,<51.     Fr.  Jos6    .\ntonio  de 
Jesu?  Maria  df  Mureuia   was  boru  December  lOtli,  ITla,  at  Domajpuia, 


—  328  — 

Fr.  Lasuen,  the  supai'ior  of  the  (California  missions, 
seems  to  have  resided  at  Santa  Clara  much  of  the 
time  from  1786-1789.  There  were  no  serions  troubles 
with  the  natives,  though  tlie  neophytes  were  some- 
times inclined  to  lake  part  in  the  petty  wars  of  the 
gentiles.  Two  or  three  neophytes  were  chastised  by 
the  Fathers  in  178G  for  being  present  at  a  gentile 
fight,  and  Sergeant  Amador  was  sent  to  warn  the  pa- 
gans not  to  tempt  the  converts. 

Ii)f  agricultural  advantages  Santa  Clara  was  deemed 
superior  to  any  other  mission  except  San  Gabriel,  and 
the  crops  of  grain  and  fruit  usually  Avere  large.  In 
1790  tlie  mission  owned  2,477  cattle,  800  sheep,  86 
horses.  Down  to  December  olst  of  that  year  the 
Fathers  had  baptized  1,886  persons,  blessed  223  mar 
riages,  and  buried  870  dead.  At  the  same  time  there 
were  9G0  Indians  on  the  mission  roll.   (3) 

Fathers  Pena  and  Noboa  labored  together  for  the 
welfare  of  the  Indians  at  Santa  Clara  until  Aagust 
1795,  when  both  retired,  tho  former  on  account  of  ill- 
health  and  the  latter  at  the  expiration  of  his  ten 
years  of  service.   (4)  Their  successors  Avere  the    saint- 

Alava,  Spain.  IIo  came  to  America  a>i  a  layman,  but  entered  tho  Francis- 
can Older  at  San  Fernando  collepe,  Mexico,  June  2ftli,  1736;  was  ordained 
priest  in  1744,  and  as:;igucd  to  the  Sierra  Gorda  missions  in  1748.  There 
he  toiled  for  19  years  and  built  the  first  masonry  church  in  the  district, 
that  of  San  Micruel.  Chosen  for  California  in  1767,  he  reached  Loreto 
April  If-*,  1768,  and  was  assigned  to  Mission  Santiago,  where  he  remained 
until  March  1769.  In  June  he  was  at  San  Jos6  del  Cabo  waiting  to 
embark  for  California  ;  but  sickness  saved  his  life  by  preventing  him  from 
sailing  in  the  ill-fated  San  Jos6.  He  subsequently  served  at  Sin  Javier, 
•but  in  July  1773  joined  Fr.  Palou  and  accompanied  him  to  San  Diego. 
He  resided  for  a  while  at  San  Antonio  as  supernumerary,  and  in  Octo- 
ber 1773  became  the  pastor  of  San  Luis  Obispo.  In  January  1777  with 
Fr.  Pcila  he  founded  Santa  Clara,  and  died  tlieie  May  12th  17S3,  whil:> 
preparing  for  the  dedication  of  the  rhurch  on  which  he  had  worked  so 
hard  as  architect,  director,  and  even  laborer.  His  remains  wer.^  buried 
on  May  12th  in  the  presbytery  of  the  new  edifice  by  Fr.  Palou,  wlio 
liad  also  administered  the  last  sacraments.  (3J  Bancroft,  I,  476-177:  "I  i- 
formes  Gencrales"  for  1791'. 

<4)  Banc.  I,  722,  Fr.  Tora^s  Ce  la  Peiia  y  Saravia,  a  natives  of  Spain,  left 
Mexico  in  October  177U,  sailed  from  San  Bias  in  February  1771,  was  driv- 
en to  Manzanillo,  came  back  to  Sinaloa  by  laiul,  and  finally  rcachiuK  Lo- 


-  329  — 

ly  Fr.  Magiii  Cutahl  ;uid  Fr.  Manuel  Fernandez,  l)ut 
the  latter  served  only  one  year,  when  Fr.  Jose  Via- 
der  took  his  place.  It  seems  the  soldiers  insulted 
Fr.  Oatald  on  some  occasion;  for  on  January  7th, 
1797,  Governor  Borica  ordered  ollicers  Moraiia  and 
Vallejo  to  ^liive  ratisf action  to  the  Fatlier  i'or  their 
cond<;ct  towards  him.    (o) 

In  1800  Santa  Clara  had  a  laruer  Indian  population 
than  any  other  mission  in  California.  The  averai2;e 
crop  of  irrain  amounted  to  4,200  l)ushels  per  year. 
"Wheat  was  the  Icadinji  product.  In  the  j^ardcn  v^ere 
peaclies,  apricot  ts  apples,  pears,  li<;s,  and  i^rapes. 
Twenty  four  oxen  were  killed  every  Saturday  for 
food  at  the  time  of  Vancouver's  visit  in  1792.  Van- 
couver describes  tlie  mission  buildinjis  as  erected  on 
the  same   general    plan    as    at    San    F'rancisco.    They 

reto  Novembor  24tli,  1771,  was  assigned  to  Comondil  MLss'on.  Ho  camo 
up  to  San  Dief?o  on  September  1772,  servins  there  for  a  year,  and  subse- 
quently as  a  supernumerary  lor  short  p3riod.s  at  San  LuU  Obispo  and  at 
San  Carlos.  From  June  to  Ausrust  1771  ha  made  a  voyage  with  Perez  to  the 
northwest  coast,  and  kept  a  diary  of  the  expedition. After  his  return  ho  re- 
mained as  supernumerary  at  San  Carlos  and  neiphborinpr  missions  until 
January  1777,  wlien  he  became  one  of  the  founder.s  of  Santa  Clara.  Ho 
served  there  until  August  lltli,  1794,  when  he  sailed  for  Mexico.  In  179.i  ho 
received  some  votes  for  office  of  guardian  of  the  college,  and  was  subse- 
quently elected,  since  he  held  the  position  in  1798.  He  was  also  sindic  of 
the  college  from  1800  to  February  6th,  1806,  the  date  of  his  death.  Fr.  Pcfia 
was  an  able  and  successful  missionary,  but  a  strict  disciplinarian.  He  was 
accused,  before  1790,  of  having  caused  the  death  of  two  boys  by  blows ;  but 
after  a  full  investigation  the  charge  was  proven  false,  the  IndiAn  wit- 
nesses confessing  that  they  had  testified  falsely ;  some  evidence  was  ad- 
duced to  show  that  Ccmandantc  Gonzalez,  whom  the  Father  had  reproved 
for  immorality,  had  used  his  influence  in  favor  of  the  accusation.  The 
formal  decision  was  not  reached  until  179.5,  after  the  poor  missionary 
had  retired  to  Mexico;  but  he  interceded  with  the  authorities  in  behalf 
of  the  Indian  accusers,  who  were  then  released  alter  publicly  apologizing 
to  the  missionaries  for  the  attempt  to  bring  dishonor  on  the  religious. 
The  allair  had  weigheii  on  the  Fatlier  so  much,  liowever,  that  Fr.  Lasu- 
en  in  May  1794  spoke  of  his  condition  as  very  pitiable,  for  he  had  become 
emaciated,  talked  to  himself,  appeared  constantly  afraid,  and  showed 
other  symtoms,  which  caused  fears  that  he  might  lose  his  reason.  Fr. 
Peiia  had  been  appointed  by  the  college  to  take  Fr.  Lasuen's  place  as  su- 
perior of  the  missions  in  case  of  latter's  death.  Of  Fr.  Diego  de  Noboa 
nothing  is  known  save  that  he  arrived  at  San  Francisco  on  Juno  2d,  178;!, 
rf'mainrd  at  that  place  and  Santa  Clara  until  Juno  1784,  when  ho  became 
Uio  successor  of  Fr.  Murguia,  and  served  till  he  sailed  away  with  his 
asscciate,  .\uGUst  11th,  1794.  i5)    Banc,  I,  72a. 


-  B?J)  — 

formed  an  incomplete  square  of  about  100  by  170 
feet.  The  structures  were  sonunvliat  superior  to  those 
of  San  Francisco,  the  churcli  especially  bcinji  lonj*;, 
lofty,  and  as  well  l)uilt  as  the  rude  materials  would 
permit.  The  upper  stories  of  the  other  buildings  and 
some  of  tlie  lower  rooms  were  used  as  granaries,  but 
there  were  aho  two  detached  storehouses  recently 
erected.  Close  to  tlie  dwelling  of  tlie  missionaries  ran 
a  fine  stream  of  water,  ])ut  in  order  to  ]>e  near  this 
stream  tlie  site  had  been  selected  in  a  low  marshy 
spot  only  a  few  hundred  yards  from  dry  and  com- 
fortable eminences.  In  fact  this  very  year  of  1792 
the  Fathers  had  been  confined  for  a  long  time  to 
their  house  by  a  flood,  and  it  had  already  been  re- 
solved to  move  the  mission  l)uildings  a])out  five  hun- 
dred yards  to  higher  ground.  Tliere  is  no  further  di- 
rect record  of  tlie  removal,  nor  is  it  likely  that  the 
church  was  ever  removed,  but  a  report  of  1797  that 
tlie  Iiouses  of  the  Fatliers,  the  guard-room,  storehouse 
and  soldiers'  dwellings  had  been  completed  indicates 
a  transfer  of  those  buildings  which  vrcre  on  low 
ground.  The  convent  Iiad  eight  rooms.  The  cliurcli 
had  a  roof  of  tiles,  and  had  l)een  lengthened  tvrenty- 
four    feet  in  17P5. 

At  the  time  of  Vancouver's  vicit  f-ome  of  the  na 
fives  were  at  work  on  adobe  houses  for  themselves. 
Fourteen  of  these  dwellings,  thatclied,  were  complet- 
ed in  b79o,  nine  more  in  1794,  and  liefore  1798  near- 
ly all  the  Uiarried  neophytes  were  tlius  accommodated. 
There  was  also  a  corral  80  yards  i:qr.are,  with  walls 
six  feet  high,  built  of  stout  thnlx-is  and  adobes,  A 
trench  war,  dug  in  1795  half  a  league  long,  nine  feet 
VN-ide,  and  five  feet  deep.  The  clotli  woven  at  Santa 
Clara  roomed  to  Vancouver  of  a  better  equality  than 
th.at  manufactured  at  San  Francisco.  2,000  hides  were 
tanned  in  1792,  l)ut  very  few  of  them  could  bo  sold 
for  want  of  a  market.  There  was  a  master  'anner  and 


—  331  — 

shoemaker,  and  a  cr.rpentcr  nncl  milhvrigln  at  the 
mission.   (6) 

On  August  12t]i,  1S02,  a  now  main  altar  war,  con- 
secrated. It  had  been  purchased  in  Mexico.  There 
were  some  troubles  with  the  Indians  at  the  begin- 
ning  of  1801.  In  a  fight  which  ensued  live  gentiles 
were  killed.  In  April  1801  the  Fathers  sent  twenty 
neophytes  out  to  l)ring  back  some  fugitives;  but  the 
party  was  attacked,  one  Christian  was  killed,  and  the 
rest  came  running  to  the  mission  Avithout  a  captive. 
In  May  1805  a  neophyte  and  a  pagan  of  the  Sennen- 
es  were  caught  on  the  roof  of  the  convent.  It  Avas 
rumored  about  that  the  Indians  had  planned  to  burn 
the  mission  and  kill  the  Fathers.  Five  or  six  accom- 
plices were  arrested.  The  excitement  was  great,  and 
all  the  available  forces  of  San  Francisco  with  recn- 
forcement  from  Monterey  were  sent  in  haste  to  the 
rescue.  The  rumors  of  impending  hostilities  were  found 
to  be  without  foundation,  however;  some  discontent- 
ed neophytes  had  simply  uttered  threats  with  a  viev,- 
to  frighten  the  missionaries  and  avoid  certain  immin- 
ent floggings. 

Though  the  number  of  baptisms  was  larger  at  Santa 
Clara  than  at  any  other  establishment  at  this  period, 
except  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Francisco,  the  num- 
ber of  deaths  was  nowhere  exceeded.  According  to 
the  biennial  mission  report  for  1817-1818,  a  fine  nev,- 
church  of  adobes  with  tile  roof  had  been  completed 
during  that  time.   (7) 

DuEiXG  all  these  years,  from  1795-1830,  Fathers  Ca- 
tala  and  Viader  labored  together  at  Santa  Clara  for 
the  benefit  of  the  natives.  In  November  18S0,  hov^ev- 
er.  Father  Cat  da,  one  of  the  oldest  missionaries  in 
California  died  after  a  ministry  of  thirty-seven  years 
at  this  very  mission.  (8) 


(6)    Banc.  I.  722-72-,.        (7)    Banc,  II,  i:it5-]H7;  877.        kS)    Ibid.  II,  ci)0-a)2, 
Fr.    Magiu    CatalS    wav    born    about    1701    at    Montblrxnch,    Catalouia, 


In  populntion  the  maximum  of  1,464  souls  was 
reached  at  Santa  Ckira  in  1827.  After  this  date  the 
decline  besian.  The  average  crop  was  4,888  bushels 
of  grain ;  yet  the  taxes  on  mission  products  in  18- 
24  amounted  to  $721,  and  in  1828  the  taxes  were  $1, 
5G1 !  The  monthly  supplies  to  the  guards  in  1820-1880 
Avcre  HO  to  $125  per  monlli,  generally  about  ilO. 
The  supplies  to  the  presidio  in  1821-18C0  amounted 
to  $14,C68.   (9) 

Fk.  Jose  Viader  concluded  his  missionary  service 
of  nearly  fortv  years  in  1833,  when  he  left  the  coun- 


Spain,  and  became  a  Franciscan  at  Barcelona  in  1777.  He  sailed 
from  Cadiz  for  San  Fernando  college  in  October  1783,  and  wont  to 
Nootka  in  one  of  the  king's  ships  serving  as  chaplain  for  mora 
than  a  year,  and  iubsoquontly  retnrned  to  the  college.  Ho  arrived  at 
Monterey  in  July  1794,  and  declined  to  go  to  Nootka  again  ab  chaplain  of 
a  ship.  He  was  then  sent  to  Santa  Clara,  where  he  was  stationed  contin- 
uously as  long  as  he  lived,  and  diirirg  ll.e  nmo  lime  ho  also  attended 
to  the  spiritual  wants  of  the  pueblo  of  San  Jos(5.  In  liOO  and  180t  Fr.  Ca- 
talil  asked  and  obtained  periiiission  ta  retire  on  account  of  ill-health,  but 
remained  at  his  post.  At  different  times  his  zeal,  gentleness,  experience, 
and  all  tho  desirable  qualities  of  a  missionary  save  that  of  robust  health, 
were  attested  by  his  superiors.  He  suffered  much  from  inflammatory  rheu- 
matism, so  that  for  years  bsfore  his  death  ho  could  not  mount  his  horse. 
Among  the  people  Padra  Mag'.n  was  believed  to  bo  gifted  with  prophetic 
powers;  and  there  are  current  traditions  tliat  ho  foretold  the  discovery  of 
gold  in  immense  quantities  in  Califo.-nla.  On  one  occasion  he  paused  in 
hit  sormon,  and  called  on  the  congregation  to  pray  for  the  soul  of  a  man 
who  had  died ;  ere  the  prayer  was  ended  news  arrived  that  a  soldier  had 
been  thrown  from  his  horse  and  killed.  Fr.  Catald  died  on  November  22d, 
18*,  and  was  buried  in  the  mission  church  by  Fathers  Viader  anil  Duran, 
the  former  of  whom  tostilies  to  the  exemplary,  laborious,  and  edifying  lifo 
which  had  made  his  associate  beloved  of  all,  and  his  loss  deeply  deplored 
by  the  community.  He  was  regarded  as  a  saint  by  all  who  knew  him.  Of 
late  years  steps  have  been  taken  by  tin  ecclesiastical  authorities  to  pro- 
cure the  beatification  of  Fr.  Magin  CatilA.  In  ISSt  an  ecclesiastical  com- 
mission was  appointed  to  receive  the  testimony  of  as  many  as  sixty  wit- 
nesses. Forty  of  these  were  eye-witnesses  to  th"  remarkable  facts  they  re- 
lated under  oath.  The  twenty  othe«  under  oath  declared  their  information 
was  from  reliable  sources.  The  Most  Rev.  T.  S.  Alemany,  O.  P.,  Arch- 
bishop of  San  Francisco,  who  presided  at  the  he  iriug  of  the  case-,  had 
the  evidences  transcribed  and  sent  to  Rome.  From  this  report  the  late 
Rev.  Clementin  Deyman,  O.  S.  F.,  compiled  a  sketch  of  the  lifo  of  Fr. 
Magin  CataM,  which  is  now  in  possession  of  the  writ<>r,  and  may  evonti.- 
ally    ho  published. 

(9)  Banc,  II,  COJ.  The  lands  in  1822  and  1828  extended  north  to  south 
0  leagues;  and  east  to  west  throe  leagues  in  the  widest  pari.  The  limits 
were  the  Rio  Guadcalupo,  the  sierra,  Sau  Francisquito  Crock  iu  the  uorth- 
west. 


Ofjo    

"~"    Oct)    *~~ 

try  on  the  nrrival  of  the  Zacatecan  Fathers.  (10) 

Tv..  Francisco  Garcia  Diego,  prefect  of  the  Zacate- 
can Franciscans  in  California,  succeeded  Fr.  Vioder, 
and  remained  at  Santa  C^hn'a  until  the  end  of  1885. 
From  1834  until  his  doath  in  IS^];)  Fr.  Hafarl  MorcMio 
Avas  also  ptatioiied  here.   (11) 

Fb.  Mercado  took  charge  of  the  mission  on  tlie 
death  of  Fr.  Moreno,  and  remained  there  until  1844, 
when  he  retired  to  Mexico.   (12) 

Fr.  J.  Real  succeocbd  Fr.  M-rcado  in  Angus:-  1841 
as  missionary  of  Santa  Clara,  from  which  place  ho 
also  attended  San  Joce  and  San  Carlos.  Fr.  Real  re- 
sided here  until  1852,  \vlicn  he  left  the  country.   (13) 

(10)  Banc,  III,  726.  Fr.  Joso  Viider  was  born  at  Oalliues,  Catalonia,  on 
the  27th  of  Aupust,  1765,  and  bocimo  a  Franciscan  at  Barcelona  in  May 
riii>'.  lie  sailed  for  Mexico  in  1795  and  stirtid  for  California  in  February 
1706.  His  only  mission  service  was  at  Santa  Clara  from  1796-18S3.  Fr.  Via- 
r!er  was  a  larpo  man  of  line  pliysiqne;  somewhat  reserved  and  stern  in 
manner  with  straucrors,  but  well  likod  by  all  acquaintances,  with-  whom 
his  manner  was  always  frank  and  courteous:  very  strict  in  all  matters 
pertaining  to  the  faith  and  reli'irious  observances;  a  diliwnt  and  effective 
man  of  business.  It  is  related  that  one  nipht  about  1814.  while  roinrr  to 
attend  a  dying  neophyte,  he  was  attacked  by  three  Indians,  who  tried 
to  Will  him,;  but  tlisy  were  instead  overcome  by  his  great  physical 
strength,  and  became  the  Father's  faithful  friends.  In  1818  lie  made  a  tour 
to  San  FranciFCo  and  San  Eafoel  as  fccietary  to  the  Fr.  Prefect.  In  1826 
he  declined  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  republic  of  Mexico.  In 
early  years  he  had  often  desired  to  leave  the  country,  but  had  consented 
to  remain  at  the  request  of  superiors  and  neophytes.  In  18o5  Fr.  Viader 
arrived  at  H  ibana    winnce   h?  probably  wont  to  Spain. 

(11)  Banc,  III,  727.  Fr.  Eafarl  (:e  JcRus  Moreno  was  n  Mexican  Francir- 
can  of  the  Guadalape  college,  Zacatecas,  who  came  with  the  others  in 
ISa:^,  and  served  nt  Santa  Clara  until  18:j0.  he  was  also  president  and  vice- 
prefect  of  the  Zacatecans  in  l8yG-I8H8.  "The  fact  that  he  was  chosen  for 
so  responsible  a  position,'  says  Bancroft,  'indicates  that  he  was  a  man  of 
some  ability,  but  otherwise  no  information  rlrect  or  indirect  about  him 
appears  in  any  records  that  I  have  seen.'  He  died  rn  June  8th,  l!:o9,  nt 
Mission  San  .Jo^^  where  he  had  gone  for  his  health  some  time  bofore.  He 
was  buried  in  the  San  Jo.-(?  mission  church  on  the  9th  by  Fr.  Gonzalez. 

(12)  Fr,  Jesus  Marii  Va.squez  del  Mercado  was  on?  of  the  Fathers  who 
came  from  Zacatecas  in  isaii.  He  was  doubtless  a  Mexican,  but  of  his 
early  life  nothing  is  on  record.  His  missionary  service  was  at  San  Rafael 
in  lS:i:;-18;U,  at  San  Antonio  and  Soledad  in  18:U-1830,  and  at  Santa  Clara 
in  1830-1844.  Bancroft,  accu.ses  him  of  almost  all  kinds  of  crimes,  but  add.'! 
"much  of  the  testimony,  thourh  not  all,  comes  from  men  who  were  not 
friendly  to  the  padre,"  and  therefore  of  little  value.  AYe  have  alroacly 
remarked  elsewhere  that  a  piece  of  gossip  is  often  deemed  of  sufTicient 
vahn  to  find  a  pi  ice   in  Bancri^ft's  Histories  Bine,  IV  CS2. 

(JtJt    Fr.  Jop(?  Maria  del  Fffu.'-io  Safnvdo  S-.iar"Z  del   Real   catn?   to  Car.« 


-  SS4  - 

Santa  Clara  was  Gecularized  in  December  1830.  On 
May  15th,  1840,  the  inventory  of  the  property  showed 
3,7i7  cattle,  218  liorses,  4,8G7  sheep,  ylO  fanegas  of 
irrain,  some  tallow  and  wool,  whereas  under  the  man- 
agamont  of  th?  Fathers  as  late  as  December  31st, 
1831,  there  had  been  9,C00  cattle,  7,C00  sheep,  and 
230  horses.   (14) 

IiT  1848  the  mission  was  restored  to  the  Fathers, 
and  in  1845  the  mission  property  was  valued  at  $1G, 
173.  On  June  30th,  184G,  the  orcliard  of  Santa  Clara 
was  sold  by  the  o;overnor  to  Castaneda,  Arenas,  and 
Diaz  for  $1,200.  The  title  ^\'as  subsequently  declared 
invalid.  Santa  Clara  had  l)een  one  of  the  wealthiest 
missions,  but  its  dovrnfall  after  it  was  taken  out  the 
hands  of  the  missionaries  was  remarkably  rapid.  (15) 

During  the  whole  time  of  its  existence  as  a  mis- 
sion, 1777-1882,  the  Fathers  of  Santa  Clara  baptized 
8,475  persons,  joined  2,472  couples  in  Christian  mar- 
riage, and  buried  0,724  dead. 

Every  vestige  of  the  red  man  about  Santa  Clara 
has  disappeared,  everything  save  the  mission  church. 
That  alone  survives,  a  monument  to  a  departed 
race.   (10) 

fornia  in  ISii.  and  was  stationed  r.t  San  Carlos  until  li<4:i.  Ho  stirccoded 
Fr.  Morrado  at  Santa  Clara  and  remained  lliore  probably  until  1Nj2,  when 
he  left  the  country  under  threat  of  rusren?ion  if  he  did  not  jro.  In  l^nr)  he 
had  severed  his  connection  with  the  collefre,  and  probably  with  the  Order, 
and  was  servinp  as  pari.'^li  priest  at  Mazatlan.  'It  was  most  unfortunate 
for  the  peneral  reputation  ({  the  California  Fathers,  a  mo«t  excellent  body 
of  men',  says  Bancr(;ft,  'that  the  Beal  brothers,  Quijas,  Mercado,  and  a 
frw  other  black  sheep  were  the  friars  whose  conduct  was  best  known  to 
the  foreipu  immigrants,  and  on  whom  many  ploneors  liave  founded  their 
estimate  of  the  missionaries."    Banc,  IV,  CS'-i-C'Si ;  V,  CC5-GG7 ;  CG9. 

(14)  Banc,  III,  720;  727;  'Infoimes  GfDcra-rsdcl  ."fio  ](■:!.'  '15)  Banc, 
IV,  ■i7:  :JG9;  G82-C8;;.  On  December  81st,  1S!1,  thr^ro  were  1,15:'4  Indians 
at  the  mission.  'Informes  Oenerales.'  In  1839  there  were  left  only  201. 
(Banc,  III,  727):  and  in  1^45  Ihero  were  no  more  than  ];»  still  in  the 
neij-diborhood.  (Banc,  IV,  CiKj),  (IG)  'Old  Missions.'  p,  G4,  According  to 
Bancroft,  III,  7't7,  fiom  1777  to  ISU  the  wliole  number  of  baptisms  was  y, 
(•40,  of  which  4,W4  wore  Indiau  ndults,  :;,177  ludiau  children,  six  while  a, 
dults,  and  Of,  wliite  children.  Marriages.  2,518,  of  which  182  i!o  razon . 
Deaths,  0,0.50,  of  which  4,1.V2  Indian  adults.  2,:ffi0  Indian  children,  1S7 
adults,  and  ;K2  children  do  razon.  Largest  number  of  cattle  14, ,'00  in  1828: 
Jiorscs  2,8C0  in  IKll;  mules  -JS  In  mi;  thoejj  J3,S00  in  1^28;  goats  5(X)  iu 


-  335  — 


=i: 


»  2   £ 

;§1  2 


H  3- 
6  2. 


3     Sa 


't        . 


h  i: 


Wy 


3     c     i^^ 


§ ! 


—  333  — 


GBHPTBI^     XIII. 


SAN    BUENAVENTURA. 

FouxDixG  Of  The  Mission  Kepeatedly  Delayed— A  Begixnixg  Made 
At  Last— The  Indians— Goveenor  Neve's  Plan— Kepoet  Of  1790— 
Vancouver's  Visit  And  Report— Indian  Fight -Missionary  Changes- 
Death  Of  Fe.  Santa  Maria-Earthquake— Indian  Fight  And  Other 
Items— Death  Of  Fk  Sexan— Biography- Fr.  Altimira  Retires— Inter- 
esting Items- Deaths  Of  Fathers  Suner,  Ueia,  And  Fortuni— Secu- 
larization—Last  Missionaries- Sale  Of  The  Mission-- Statistics. 

8an  Buenaventura  was  among  the  iirst  three  mis- 
sions which  it  had  been  the  intention  of  Don  Gal- 
vez  and  Fr.  Junipero  Serra  to  found  as  early  as 
1768.  As  has  been  related  elsewhere,  Don  Galvez 
himself  had  assisted  in  packing  what  was  necessary 
for   his   mission,  as   ho  called  San  Buenaventura.   (1) 

In  May  1771,  in  the  beginning  of  June,  Fathers  An- 
tonio Paterna  and  Antonio  Cruzado  had  already  been 
appointed  as  missionaries  for  San  Buenaventura,  yet, 
instead  of  being  one  of  the  first,  San  Buenaventura 
Avas  the  last  mission  founded  by  Fr.  Serra,  through 
no  fault  of  the  good  Father,  however.  Fr.  Junipero, 
who  had  set  his  heart  on  founding  this  mission,  use:! 
to  siy  of  it:  '"Tamen  quo  tardius,  eo  solemnius,"  'the 
more  slowly  the  more  solemnly."   (2) 

At  last,  in  th?  spring  of  1783,  it  s?emed  agreeable 
to  Governor  Neve  to  allow  the  mission  to  be  estab- 
lished. He  accordingly  asked  Fr.  Serra  for  two  mis- 
sionaries, one  for  the  long  contemplated  mission  and 
the  otlier  for  Santa  Barbara.  Though  he  nad  no  mis- 
sionaries to  spare  at  the    lime,   Fr.   Junipero    wanted 


(1)    Vi(!a.    5G-C:j.  (2)    Vida.    121;    X^-i^U 


to  avoid  liu-ther  delay;  lie  therefore  went  south  hinl- 
self,  and  reached  San  Gabriel  on  March  19th.  Here  he 
met  Fr.  Canibon  who  had  come  up  from  San  Diejio 
at  his  request.  Both  Fathers  visited  the  governor  tlien 
stayinji;  at  San  Gabriel.  It  was  resolved  to  proceed  at 
once  to  the  foundation  of  th(>  mission  at  the  head  of 
Ihe  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  and  to  place  it  in  chari^e 
of  Fr.  Cambon.  By  order  of  the  iiovernor  the  expedi- 
tion set  out  from  -San  Gabriel  after  Holy  Mass  on 
Tuesday  in  Holy  W-eek,  which  was  the  26th  of 
March.  The  whole  party  consisted  of  seventy  soldiers 
with  their  officers,  besides  ten  soldiers  from  Monterey 
with  their  families,  servants,  and  some  neophytes. 
The  governor  also  joined  the  expedition  in  company 
with  the  two  Fathers.  At  the  first  encampment  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  party  with  his  ten  soldiers 
on  account  of  news  received  from  Col.  Fages.  The 
commanding  officer  was  ordered  to  proceed,  however, 
to  establish  the  mission. 

On  the  29th  the  company  reached  the  first  ranche- 
ria  of  the  channel,  named  Asuncion  de  Nuestra  Se- 
nora  by  Portola's  party  in  1769.  This  place  had  long 
been  selected  as  a  suitable  locality  for  the  mission 
of  San  Buenaventura.  A  large  tribe  of  Indians  was 
discovered  there  who  dwelt  in  houses  built  in  con- 
ical shape  of  tules  and  straw.  On  the  following  day 
a  large  cross  was  erected  and  a  hut  constructed  of 
boughs.  In  this  little  structure  Fr.  Serra  on  March 
81st,  which  was  Easter  Sunday,  sang  the  first  Mass 
and  preached  after  having  blessed  the  cross  and  the. 
place  that  was  to  be  known  thereafter  as  Mission  San 
Buenaventura.  The  Indians  manifested  a  very  friend- 
ly disposition,  and  even  assisted  the  soldiers  in  build- 
ing a  chapel  and  house  for  the  missionaries,  besides 
the  barracks  for  the  guards.  The  whole  group  of 
buildings  was  surrounded  by  a  palisade  for  the  sake 
of    p-e^atej*    f?e(;urity.  By  opening  a    ditch,    water  waa 


—    Kii.O    — " 

l)roi:ght  to  the  micBicn  for  C.ai]y  use,  r.ncl  aftcnvartla 
for  the  purpo3e  of  irri^alinj;'  ^^-c  land.  Ihrcvph  re  mo 
Ohristiiiii  ludians  from  8an  Gabriel  I'v  Scrra  now 
made  known  to  the  natives  the  object  of  the  mission- 
aries, and  remained  at  the  new  mission  for  fifteen 
days,  during  which  time  he  eonght  to  dispose  the  In- 
dians to  listen  attentively  to  the  truths  of  religion. 
He  had  not  the  happiness  of  baptizing  any  of  them, 
l)ut  on  his  visit  in  the  following  year  he  had  the  sat- 
isfaction of  seeing  that  some  of  the  natives  had  pro- 
fited by  the  presence  of  the  mipsicraries  rnd  had  ])e- 
come  Christians.   (8) 

It  had  first  been  the  determination  of  Governor 
Neve  and  General  La  Croix  to  found  Mission  Buena- 
ventura on  a  radically  different  plan.  The  mission 
Avas  to  have  only  a  few  guards,  and  the  temporalities 
Avere  to  be  entirely  under  the  management  of  the  sol- 
diers. This  system  had  been  tried  on  the  Colorado 
River  against  the  advice  of  the  missionaries.  The  re- 
sult had  been  the  waste  of  four  missionary  lives  and 
of  a  number  of  soldiers  and  their  families.  This  dis- 
aster directly  traceable  to  the  stupid  scljeme  of  Neve 
and  La  Croix,  for  a  time  at  least  effectually  put  a 
stop  to  further  plans  of  a  similar  nature.  When, 
therefore.  Gov.  Neve  in  April  visited  the  newly  es-^ 
tablished  mission,  and  noticed  that  the  Fathers  were 
following  the  same  old  method  which  had  made  oth- 
er missions  prosperous,  lie  wisely  held  his  peace,  and 
oven  expressed  his  satisfaction  at  the  progress  made. 
Fr.  Cambon  remained  in  charge  until  the  coming 
of  Fathers  Dumetz  and  Santa  Maria  in  May.  Only 
two  adults  received  the  sacrament  of  baptism  during 
1782;  but  through  the  zeal  of  the  two  missionaries 
the  number  of  baptisms  administered  by  the  81st  of 
December,  1790,  had  reached  5-3-4.  During  the  same 
period  60  marriages  -wore  blessed,  and  115  dead    bnr- 

(3)    Vida,  210-254 ;    Eatc.  I,  ;.7:;-«7e. 


—  330  — 


I>Il$9i9n  San  Suenaventura- 


—  iJ40  — 

ied.  The  numbei-  of  Indians  living  at  the  mission 
v,as  419.  The  mission  owned  771  cattle,  935  sheep, 
and  50  horses.   (4) 

Vaxcouvee  landed  here  on  November  20th,  1793, 
bringing  with  him  Fr.  Santa  Maria  from  Santa  Bar- 
bara. He  was  deeply  impressed  with  the  missionary's 
piety  and  earnest  devotion  to  the  neophytes.  He  also 
noticed  that  the  natives  were  always  addressed  in 
their  own  tongue.  Vancouver  spent  a  few  hours  at 
the  mission,  which  he  found  to  ba  "in  a  style  very 
superior  to  any  of  the  new  establishments  yet  seen." 
"The  garden  of  Buenaventura  far  exceeded  anything 
I  had  before  met  with  in  these  regions,"  he  writes, 
"both  in  respect  of  the  quantity,  quality,  and  variety 
of  its  excellent  productions,  not  only  indigenous  to 
the  country,  but  appertaining  to  the  temperate  as  well 
as  torrid  zone;  not  one  species  having  yet  been  sown 
or  planted  that  had  not  flourished.  These  have  prin- 
cipally consisted  of  apples,  pears,  plums,  figs,  oranges, 
grapes,  peaches,  and  pomegranates,  together  with  the 
plantain,  banana,  cocoa  nut,  sugar  cane,  indigo,  and 
a  great  variety  of  the  necessary  and  useful  kitchen 
herbs,  plants,  and  roots.  All  these  w^ere  flourishing 
in  the  greatest  health  and  perfection,  though  separat- 
ed from  the  sea-side  only  by  two  or  three  fields  of 
corn,  that  were  cultivated  within  a  few  yards  of  the 
surf. 

The  buildings  were  also  of  a  superior  clas?,  a  preri- 
ous  destruction  by  lire  havirg  caused  them  to  be  re- 
built. A  fight  between  the  neophytes  and  pagans  in 
1795  seems  to  have  been  the  only  excitement  of  the 
period.  The  Christians  were  victorious.  They  killed 
tw^o  chiefs  and  made  six  or  seven  fr.gans  captive, 
while  only  a  few  of  their  own  number  were  wounded. 
The  leaders  on  botli  sides  were  reproved  or  punished, 
and  one  neophyte  was  put  in  chainr. 

(4)    Banc,  I,  40C;    "Informcs  Oonoraloa,"  170O, 


—  r>4i  — 

Fathers  Dumetz  and  kSaiita  Maria  continued  their 
work  together  until  1797,  when  Ihe  former  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Fr.  Senan.  Fr.  Seuan  served  as  missionary 
at  Sail  Buenaventura  for  many  years,  but  his  com- 
panion, the  venerable  Fr.  Santa  Maria,  its  (ir.it  resi- 
dent missionary,    died  in  180P.   (5) 

Fr.  Victoria  was  his  successor.  Fr.  Homuald  Anto- 
nio Gutierrez  came  here  from  Santa  Inez  in  1806  in 
search  of  health  which  he  failed  to  find.  The  con- 
struction of  the  new  church  proceeded  slowly.  In  1807 
it  is  still  described  as  nearly  finished,  very  capacious, 
of  stone  and  brick,  a  part  of  the  roof  only  covered 
with  tiles.  Finally  it  was  completed  on  September 
9th,  1809,  and  dedicated  by  Fr.  Senan  with  the  as- 
sistance of  five  other  Fathers  and  a  secular  priest,  the 
Rev.  Jose  Ignacio  Ar2;a3llo,  hjvn.  at  S.iu  Gabrial  in 
1782,  and  then  on  a  visit  from  Mexico.  The  next  day, 
which  was  Sunday,  the  first  Mass  was  sung  by  the 
Rev.  visitor,  and  the  sermon  deliverd  by  Fr.  Urresti. 

Ix  December  1812  three  heavy  shocks  of  earthquake 
occurred  at  San  Buenaventura,  which  damaged  the 
church  to  such  an  extent  that  the  tower  and  much 
of  the  facade  had  to  be  rebuilt.  The  whole  mission 
site  appeared  to  settle,  and  the  fear  of  being  engulfed 
by  the  sea  drove  all  away  to  San  Joaquin  y  Santa 
Ana,  where  they  remained  until  April  1813.  A  tem- 
porary chapel  was  constructed  and  several  baptisms 
took  place    there.  In    1814  all    damages  save  those  of 


(5)  Banc.  I,  671-675.  II,  r21-122.  Fr.  Vinccnte  do  Santa  Maria  was  a 
member  of  the  province  of  Burpro,^,  Spain.  Ho  left  San  Fernando  collcRo 
for  California  in  October  1770.  He  was  stationed  of  Loroto,  became  the 
missionary  of  San  Javier  in  Di^cembar  1772,  and  sailed  for  Moxico  on  May 
27tli,  1773.  In  tlie  summer  of  1770  he  camo  to  Alta  California  as  chaplain 
of  the  San  Carlos.  Fr.  Vincente  lived  as  sup?rnumerary  at  San  Francisco, 
San  Antonio,  and  Santa  Clara  until  17S2,  in  May  of  which  year  he  Was* 
transferred  to  San  Buenaventura,  and  remained  there  till  his  death  on 
July  l.ith,  lS(Ki.  His  remains  w^re  interred  in  the  mission  church,  and  on 
Sept<>mber  lUh,  1^09  they  were  transferred  with  all  possible  solemnity  to 
the  newly  dedicated  church  and  deposited  in  a  recess  in  the  wall  on  the 
Oo?pcl  side.  Fr.  Santa  Maria  spoko  tlw  native  lanjniagc  fiuontly. 


-^m  - 

tliG  church  had  been  repnivcd;  nnd  in  181S  not  only 
was  all  restored  to  a  condition  better  than  the  origi- 
nal,  but  a  chapel  in  honor  of  San  Miguel  had  been 
added.  The  work  of  rebuilding  had  been  done  by  the 
neophytes  under  direction  of  the  Fathers. 

The  most  exciting  local  event  at  tliis  time  was  the 
light  witli  the  Amajaves  of  the  Colorado  River  in 
May  1819,  when  two  soldiers  and  ten  of  the  enemy 
were  killed  inside  the  mission  rnclc£uie.  San  Bue- 
naventura reached  its  highest  figure  of  population 
in  181G  with  1,828  neophytes.  In  June  1S20  the  gov- 
ernment owed  San  Buenaventura  $27,885  for  sup- 
l^lics,  besides  $0,200  in  stipends,  and  $1,585  for  a 
cargo  of  hemp,  or  a  total  of  $85,170,  which  there 
was  not  the  slightest  chance  of  ever  receiving.  Fr. 
Senan  was  superior  of  the  California  missions  in 
1812-1815,  but  he  continued  to  reside  at  San  .Buena- 
venturii  with  Fr.  Victoria.  The  latter  was  absent  in 
3818-1819.  On  August  24th,  1823,  Fr.  Senan  died  at 
this    mission,  and  was  succeeded  by  Fr.  Suncr.   (G) 


(Cl  Banc,  II,  :;o5-:!GC.  II,  i?\i.  Fr.  riarciKco  rle  Paul  Scllan  was  born 
March  3(1,  1"00,  at  Barcelona,  and  ciilercd  the  convent  vf  that  city 
at  tho  oai-ly  ago  of  U.  Ho  was  noted  for  his  extraonlinary  memory 
and  inclination  to  study.  lie  arrived  at  the  Mexican  coUepe  of  San  Fer- 
nando in  September  17s7,  and  in  October  was  sent  to  California.  IIo  was 
btationod  at  San  Carlos  until  1795,  whou  he  retired.  While  in  Mexico  he 
mado  a  full  report  to  the  viceroy  on  tlie  condition  of  the  California  mis- 
sions. He  returned  to  the  west  and  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara  May  7th, 
1798,  and  was  thereafter  stationed  at  San  Buvenaentura  until  hi.'^  djath  on 
August  21tl),  182,'.  Fr.  Sonan  was  elected  suparior  or  president  of  tlie  Cal- 
ifornia missions  in  July  1812,  and  held  tlio  ollice  from  the  end  of  that 
year  until  the  end  of  1815.  Alain  he  wis  elected  in  October  1819;  and  oc- 
cupied the  office  from  April  1820  till  lii-i  deatli.  He  was  also  vicario  fora- 
neo  for  the  bishop  of  Sonora,  and  vice  prefect  of  the  missions  during  tho 
same  time.  From  April  28th,  1823,  he  was  the  prefect  of  the  missions.  Banc- 
roft says  of  him:  "Father  Sefian  was  older  in  the  service  than  any  other 
in  C  ilif  >rnia,  baiug  tho  only  survivor  of  tho.'-o  who  had  come  before  1710. 
He  also  was  a  model  missionary,  re.semhling  Payeras  in  many  of  his  ex- 
rellencie«,  but  unlike  tho  latter  ihrinking  from  tho  cares  and  responsibili- 
tio.x  of  olllcial  life.  IIo  was  tlie  tuporior  of  Payorns  in  Bcholari-liip,  his 
eiiuiil  in  tho  ciualitios  tliat  make  u  succossful  missionary,  but  inferior  hw 
a  politician  ami  leader.  IIo  was  particularly  nvcri^o  to  all  coutrovcrwy,  ox- 
ropt  on  theological  points.  IIo  disliked  to  issno  orders,  but  was  always 
ready  to  respond  to  tho  frequent  calls  of  hia  confiC'res  for  advice. 
Sometimes  he  was  nioknanacd  Padre  Calma,    lie  wa«   famiUar    with  thp 


—  343  — 

Fr,  Victoria  left  tlie  mission  in  1824,  and  Fr,  Alti- 
mirti  came  in  IS'26.  The  latter  retired  in  1828,  but 
Fr.  Francisco  Ih'ia  had  already  arrived  in  1827.   (T) 

The  decline  ol"  San  Buenaventura  was  very  marked 
and  rapid  in  the  third  decade  of  the  century.  In  the 
number  of  its  cattle  it  dropped  from  the  head  of  the 
mission  list  to  the  lifteenth  place.  As  early  as  1822 
the  Fathers  presented  a  discouraiiint;-  report  respect- 
ins;  the  mission  lands  and  the  aii'ricultural  and  stock- 
rai^inj;'  projects.  The  Indians,  however,  had  a  num- 
ber of  fi'ardens  along-  the  banks  of  the  river,  wliere 
they  sucessfully  raised  vejietables  for  sale.  The  i;ard- 
ens  of  the  mission,  too,  were  much  more  thrivini;- 
than  the  iirain  fields.  There  was  a  severe  shock  of 
earthquake  on  January  1st,  1821,  and  extreme  cold, 
snow,  and  frost  in  February.  On  May  16th,  1822,  the 
Fathers  and  neophytes  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  emperor  of  Mexico.  On  March  16th,  1822,  Fabian 
an  Indian  neophyte,  was  honored  by  being  buried  in 
the  P'ranciscan  habit,  says  Bancroft.  I'robably  Fabian 
had  been  a  Tertiary  of  St.  Francis  and  his  l)ody 
shrouded  in  the  habit  of  the  Third  Order.  In  1827- 
1828  the  measles  carried  off  many  Indians.  P'orty 
head  of  cattle  were  killed  every  week  for  food  at  San 
Buenaventura.  Robinson  mentions  a  small  chapel  as 
standing  near  the  beach,  and  a  fine  fountain  in  the 
garden  in  1829.  From  1822-1827  the  mission  supplied 
the  presidio  with  $26,155.   (8) 

lansuago  of  tho  Indians  about  San  Buenaventura.  Comparatively  few 
of  his  writings  are  extant.  Durins  his  first  term  as  president  he  managed 
the  interests  of  the  missions  with  much  skill,  but  during  his  second 
term  he  was  released  as  far  as  possible  from  such  duties  by  orders  from 
Spain,  in  order  that  ho  might  write  a  history  to  California.  In  liSlO  ho 
promised  to  undertake  tho  task,  but  what  progress  ho  made,  if  any,  be- 
fore his  death  i;  not  known."    Banc,  II,  490-491. 

(7)  Fr.  Jos6  Altimira  was  a  native  of  Barcelona,  whoro  he  also  ontorod 
the  Franciscan  Oi'der.  Ha  was  :]2  years  of  age  whoa  in  1S19  In  came  ta  tin 
Jl.'xican  college.  Ho  arrived  at  Monterey  August  ISth,  132 J.  He  served  at 
Si'i  Francisco  in  l»'Jt>-lS'il;  at  S.»n  Franciso  Solano,  which  h^  founded,  in 
liil-l-ilii:  and  at  Sjt  Buiiiavantura  in  1323-1327,  A^  latj  aslttGO  he  was  said 
t.)  h  iv.>  h\v^  living  at   Tjnariffj.    Banc.  II,  373-370.  Ill,  93.    (»)    III  579-580. 


^  m  - 

Fii.  Suner  died  at  his  post  in  1831,  as  did  also 
his  companion  Fr.  Una  in  1834.  Fr.  Bias  Ordaz  came 
to  San  Buenaventura  in  May  1883  and  remained  un- 
til 188S.  Fr.  Fortuni  was  sent  here  in  the  middle  of 
1837,  and  attended  the  mission  until  his  death  in 
1840.  (9) 

The  records  of  secularization,  the  blight  of  the  mis- 
sions here  as  well  as  elsewhere,  are  very  meagre,  but 
it  was  not  effected  until  1837.  For  lack  of  a  mission- 
ary  in  December  1840  the  sacristan  said  the  prayers 
at' several  burials.  Fr.  Antonio  Jimeno  was  stationed 
at    San  Buenaventura  temporarily   during  the    illness 


(9)  Banc,  III,  658.  Fr.  Francisco  Suner  was  born  in  January  1758  at 
Clot,  Catalufia.  He  received  the  habit  at  Barcelona  on  April  14tli,  1779. 
Leaving  Cadiz  in  April  1804,  he  reched  the  Mexican  college  in  July, 
and  in  1V1)8  he  came  to  California,  His  missionary  service  was  at  San 
Carlos  in  lS0!r-1800;  at  San  Juan  Capistrano  in  U09-1813;  at  San  Luis 
Key  in  1814-1816;  at  Santa  Barbara  in  1816-1823;  and  at  San  Buenaventura 
in  182:1-1831.  Fr.  Suner  was  a  preacher  of  more  than  ordinary  elo- 
quence, but  his  usefulness  as  a  missionary  was  eeriously  impaired  by 
his  broken  health.  From  1824  he  was  blind.  He  took  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  the  Mexican  republic  in  1826.  His  death  occurred  on  January 
17th,   17:J1,   and  he  was  buried  next  day  in  the   mission   church. 

Fr.  Francisco  Javier  de  la  Concepcion  Uria  was  born  .May  10th,  1770,  at 
AizHrna,  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  Spain.  Ho  became  a  Franciscan  on  Janu- 
ary latli,  1789,  at  San  Sebastian;  leaving  C^diz  on  May  8th,  1795,  he  came 
to  California  in  1797.  After  laboring  at  San  Fernando  in  1797-181)5,  he  re- 
tired to  his  college,  but  came  back  at  the  end  of  1807.  He  then  Wiis 
stationed  at  Santa  Cruz  in  1808;  Santa  Inez  in  1808-1824,  Soledad  in 
1821-1828.  and  at  San  Buenaventura  in  1828-18:U.  Fr.  Uria  was  an  excel- 
lent manager  of  temporal  aff  lirs,  and  noted  for  his  generosity,  especially 
to  the  Indians,  ^e  refused  to  take  tlie  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  un- 
stable republic  of  Mexico.  In  las  last  illness  he  went  to  Santa  Barbara, 
where  he  died  at  the  house  of  Captain  Onerra  in  November  or  Decem- 
ber 18;:4.  and  his  remains  were  interred  in  the  vault  of  the  mission 
church  by  Fr.  Jimeno. 

Fr.  Buenaventura  Fortuni,  or  Fortuny.  was  bom  at  Moster,  Catalufia. 
in  I'ebruary  1774,  and  received  the  habit  of  St.  Francis  at  Reus  oa 
October  Xth,  1792.  He  left  CAdiz  in  May  180:^,  and  came  to  California 
in  18CG.  His  ministry  was  at  San  Jos^  in  1806-1825;  at  San  .\ntonio  in 
182.5-1826;  at  San  Francifco  Solano  in  1826-18:«;  at  San  Luis  Key  in 
18:«-1836;  and  at  San  Beuiiaventura  in  18:^7-1840.  His  suix-riors  pro- 
nounced him  an  able,  zealous,  and  faithful  missionary.  He  was  a  quiet 
unobtrusive  man,  careful  in  temporal  management,  moderate  in  liis 
vi^ws  and  expressions,  strict  in  religious  duties,  but  indulgent  to  the 
Indians,  and  not^ed  for  his  charitable  di'^position.  In  ls26  he  refused  to 
take  the  oath,  but  was  resjiectful  and  ohedinnt  to  the  government,  says 
Bancroft.  Like  Uria  he  went  to  Santp.  Barbara  in  his  last  days,  and 
died  at  the  residence  of  Jos(4  Ant.  Aguirr^  on  D:^ -emh^r  Ifitli,  It- 40.  He 
was  buried  in  the  mission  vault  on  the  18  h. 


—  845  — 

of  Fi*.  Fortuni,  and  seems  to  have  become  the  regu- 
lar missionary  at  the  end  of  1840.  He  remained  until 
late  in  1848.  Durin{£  1842  and  1843  he  had  an  assist- 
ant  in  the  ixu'son  of  Fr,  Francisco  Sanchez.  In  Nov- 
ember 1848  tho  liishop  appointed  the  lie  v.  Jos^  Ma- 
ria Rosales  curate  of  Sun  Buenaventura,  when  the 
cliurch  property  was  turned  over  to  liim.  Rosales  had 
already  lived  tliere  for  nearly  two  years.  He  remain- 
ed until  after  1845,  but  he  had  nothing  to  do  with 
the  temporal  management  of  the  mission.  Which  it 
seems  was  left  in  the  hands  of  Fr.  Jimeno  even  after 
he  was  transferred  to  Santa  Barbara.  Rosales  was  to 
receive  $50  a  month  from  the  mission  fund,  and  to 
have  a  garden  and  servants.   (10) 

In  1846  the  mission  estate  was  leased  or  rented  to 
Jose  Arnaz  and  Narciso  Botello  for  $1,030,  and  finally 
sold  to  Jose  Arnaz  for  $12,000  in  June  1846.  His  title 
was  not  recognized  by  the  United  States  Government 
in  1846-1848,  and  Arnaz  was  even  ousted  as  lessee  in 
1848.   (11) 

The  statistics  of  San  Buenaventura  from  March 
1782  to  December  31st,  1831,  are  as  follows  :  baptisms, 
3,857;  deaths,  3098;  marriages,  1086.  There  were 
still  703  Indians  at  the  mission  in  1831.  The  number 
of  cattle  was  4,000;  sheep  3,100;  and  horses  140.  (12) 

According  to  Bancroft,  III,  660,  the  whole  number, 
of  l)aptisnis  from  1782-1834  was  3,876,  of  whicli  1,806 
were  thos3  of  Indian  adultp,  1,000  Indian  children,  4 
adults  and  67  children  de  razon ;  marriages  1,107, 
of  wdiicli  11  de  razon;  deaths  3,216,  of  which  2,015 
and.  adults,  1,158  Indian  children,  22  adults  and  21 
children  de  razon.  The  largest  population,  ],330,  was 
in  1816;  largest  number  of  cattle,  23,400  in  1816; 
horses,  4,652  in  1814:  mules,  342  in  1813;  sheep,  13, 
144  in  1816;  goats,  488  in    1790;  swine,    200  in    3803; 

(10)     Bunc.   ni,  65S-.361:  IV.  644..r>4.i.      ill)     Ranc.  IV.  W.j;   V.  hoi>[  .".GJ  ;  6:J4. 
irJ)    "InforaiOi:  Geiieraloi!,"  for  1S:h1. 


all    kilitU  of   animals,  41,890   in  1816.    The  total    pro- 
duct of  wlietit  amomited    to    148,855   bushels;    barley. 


54,904  bushels;  nuiize,  51,214  l)usliels ;  beans,  9,0(:;i 
bushels.  The  mission  lands  in  1822  extended  live 
leagues  north,  and  nine  to  ten  leagues  east.   (13) 


(IK)    Pane,  III,  57a-5JO. 


^^PPJPBR  XIl?. 


SANTA  BAHBAEA. 

Tf;K  Presidio  Op  Santa  Barbara  Founded— Fr.  JiNirEno  Sekra  Disap- 
n  INTED— Santa  Barbara  Mission  Founded  On  Tub  Old  Plan— The 
F'EST  Missionaries— The  Buildings— Conveesione— Tiles  Manufac- 
TiBKD— More  Buildings— Missionary CKASOEs—DiiArH  O/  Fi{.  Pater.v.j. 
Tee  Third  Church— Wall  Around  The  Property— Industries— Report 
Of  1802— a  Missionary  Station  At  Sagshpileel— Mission  Santa  Inez- 
Other  Items— The  Reservoir— Fe.  Cortes  Retires— Missionary 
Changes— Earthquake— New  Church. 

After  San  Buenaventura  had  been  founded,  Gov- 
ernor Neve  came  up  from  San  Gabriel  to  establish 
the  presidio  in  the  channel  district  for  the  protection 
of  the  missions  in  that  region.  Accordingly  the  party 
consisting  of  the  governor.  Fr.  Junipero  Serra,  and 
sixty  or  more  soldiers,  marched  along  the  shore  to  a 
spot  about  nine  leagues  from  San  Buenaventura,  and 
near  a  large  settlement  of  Indians,  which  like  its 
chief  was  called  Yanonalit.  Here  an  elevation  of  Jand 
was  found  suitable  for  a  fort.  A  large  cross  was  e- 
rected,  a  hut  constructed  to  serve  as  a  chapel,  and  a 
table  therein  prepared  for  an  altar.  On  the  next  day 
which  was  April  21st,  (1)  1782,  Fr.  Serra  blessed  the 
site  and  the  cross,  after  which  he  celebrated  Mass 
and  preached  a  touching  sermon.  This  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  presidio  of  Santa  Barbara. 

The  natives  were  more  friendly  than  had  been  an- 
ticipated, and  Chief  Yanonalit  was  willing  to  ex- 
change presents.  Work  was  at  once  begun  and  oak 
timber    felled   for    the  chapel,    priest's  house,    store- 


U)    U'Kecfi ,  'Mission  Santa  Barbara'  p.  6,  says  it  was  the  20th. 


—  848  — 

house,  barracks,  and  palisade  enclosure.  The  Indians 
were  hired  to  do  the  work  and  paid  in  articles  of 
food  and  clolhinj;'.  Yanonalit  had  authority  over  a- 
hout  thirteen  ranclierias,  and  his  friendchip  proved  of 
great  advantage.   (2) 

As  Fr.  Junipero  naturally  supposed  the  mission 
would  be  founded  along  with  the  presidio,  he  re- 
mained for  som3  time  with  the  soldiers  and  their  fa- 
milies. Noticing,  however,  that  the  governor  made  no 
preparations  to  that  end,  Fr.  Serra  questioned  him 
regarding  the  matter.  The  governor  replied  that  he 
did  not  intend  to  begin  that  work  until  the  presidio 
was  completed.  ''Then,  Sir,"  said  tlie  disappointed 
missionary,  ''as  there  is  nothing  for  me  to  do  here 
at  present,  I  shall  return  to  Monterey  and  meet  the 
vessels  that  are  expected;  but  in  order  that  so  many 
people  may  not  be  without  Mass  and  priest,  I  shall 
call  a  Father  from  Gan  Juan  Capistrano."  This  he 
did,  and  then  started  for  San  Carlos,  after  he  had 
administered  confirmation  to  those  of  the  troops  who 
had  not  yet  been  confirmed.  Nor  was  Santa  Barbara 
established  during  the  life-time  of  the  venerable  Fr. 
Junipero. 

The  ships  which  Fr.  Serra  hastened  to  meet  at 
Monterey  did  not  bring  the  six  religious  he  had  ex- 
pected from  Mexico.  The  fault  lay  not  with  the  mis- 
sionaries nor  their  superiors,  but  with  the  govern- 
ment authorities  who  desired  to  overthrow  the  old 
mission  system,  and  to  introduce  the  plan  which  had 
proved  so  disastrous  among  the  Yumas  on  the  Colo- 
rado River  only  a  short  time  before.  The  foundation 
of  Mission  Santa  Barbara  was  thus  delayed  indefi- 
nitely.  (3) 

When  Fr.  Serra  died  in  1784,  Fr.  Palou  became 
superior  of  the  missions  temporarily.  Fr.  Lasuen    was 

Vi)    Villa.  2o5;     O'Kpefo,  ri--t;;      Banc,    I,    lin. 
(Ml    Banc.  I.  :JT7;    Vida  2""i50. 


—  B49  — 

appointed  pi-esnileiit  of  tlie  missions  in  1785.  The  Fr. 
Guardian  instructed  liini  not  to  allow  any  new  mis- 
sion to  bo  founded  except  on  the  old  basis;  at  the 
same  time  he  informed  Fr.  Lasuen  that  more  Fathers 
would  come  to  California,  and  that  then  Santa  Bar- 
bara miji'ht  be  establifhed  if  the  old  system  were 
continued,  but  not  otherwise.  Nor  did  the  Fathers 
pay  any  attention  to  the  repeated  request  of  the 
governor  to  go  on  with  the  founding  of  Santa  Barba- 
ra until  they  were  permitted  to  have  their  own  way. 

Fr.  Lasuen  then  went  down  to  the  presidio,  at  the 
end  of  October  ]7SG,  Avitli  two  of  the  newly  arrived 
religious,  and  superintended  active  preparations  for 
the  new  mission  which  was  to  be  dedicated  on  De- 
cember 4th,  the  feast  of  Santa  Barbara,  Virgin  and 
Martyr.  On  that  day  the  cross  was  raised  and  blessed 
at  a  place  called  in  Spanish  'El  Pedragoso,'  in  the 
native  tongue,  Taynayam,  about  one  mile  from  the 
presidio.  Thus  the  Itli  of  December  was  ever  since 
regarded  as  the  day  of  the  mission's  regular  founda- 
tion, though  the  ceremonies  were  interrupted  on  ac- 
count of  the  governor's  absence  and  his  order  to  sus- 
pend operations  until  his  arrival.  "Possi!)ly,"  says 
Bancroft,  ''Governor  Fages  had  some  thought  of  in- 
sisting on  the  innovations  which  had  caused  so  much 
controversy,  but  if  so  he  changed  his  mind;  for  after 
his  arrival  on  December  14th,  the  Fathers  were  al- 
lowed to  go  on  in  their  own  way."  On  the  loth  of 
the  same  month  Fr.  Lasuen  celebrated  the  first  Mass 
and  preached  in  a  temporary  chapel  constructed  of 
boughs.  The  governor  and  a  few  soldiers  were  pre- 
sent.  (4) 

Fathers  Antonio  Paterna  from  San  Luis  Obispo 
and  Cristobal  Oranias,  one  of  the  new-comers,  were 
appointed  the  first  missionaries  of  Santa  Barbara. 
The    rainy    season    did    not   permit    the    erection    of 

(•t)    O'Keefo  9;  Banc,  I,  422-423;     Puncrrft  clnims    fr,  Paterna    said    the 
||i^    first  Mass, 


—  850  — 

huildinjns  durinj;  the  remainder  of  the  year,  where- 
fore the  first  baptism  Avas  administered  at  the  presi- 
dio on  December  Gist.  Tlie  work  of  bnildini?  com- 
mence J  in  1787.  Fir  t  in  order  was  a  house  for  tie 
missionaries  which  svas  5xlG  varas;  a  kitchen  6x0 
varas  was  added;  then  the  first  church  or  chapel  5x 
34  varas  arose,  folk)wed  by  a  servants'  room  5xG  va- 
ras, a  granary  5x21  varas,  and  a  house  for  girls  or 
unmarried  women  5x12  varas.  A  carpenter  shop 
which  for  a  time  served  as  a  liome  for  unmarried 
men  was    also    erected.    (5) 

All  the  buildings  were  built  of  adobe,  and  the 
walls  were  one  vara  thick.  The  roofing  consisted  of 
heavy  rafters,  across  Avhich  long  poles  or  canes  were 
tied ;  a  layer  of  soft  clay  or  mud  was  spread  over 
these,  then  finished  or  thatched  with  straw.  By  the 
end  of  the  year  17S7  as  many  as  188  persons  had 
been  baptized ;  and  at  the  end  of  1790  the  mifsicn 
registers  showed  593  baptisms,  143  marriages,  124 
deaths,  and  407  Indians  living  about  the  mission. 
The  number  of  cattle  was  208,  siieep  286,  and  horses 
30.   (C) 

In  1788  tiles  were  manufactured  and  the  buildings 
covered  witli  them.  A  new  house  for  the  unmarried 
men  was  built,  and  the  church  enlarged.  A  second 
church  building,  5x30  varas,  arose  in  1789.  The  first, 
considered  much  to  small,  was  taken  down.  A  larger 
granary,  apartments  for  unmarried  women,  and  two 
rooms  for  the  muleteers  were  next  constructed  of  a- 
dobe,  well  plastered,  and  roofed  with  tiles.  In  1790 
two  houses  for  the  Fathers  were  built,  besides  a 
house  containing  dining  room,  kitchen,  hall,  store- 
room fuel  room,  lockup,  flour  and  meal  room,  a  room 
for  the  women,  and  a  structure  to  be  used  as  a  gran- 
ary. (7) 

(5)    The  vara  has  34  inches.       (6)    'Informes."  1790. 
(7)   O'Keefe  ic-ri:   Banc.  I.  iH- 


—  o51  — 

Fr.  Joso  de  Mijruel  took  the  place  of  Fr.  Ordmas 
in  17C0,  and  Fr.  Patfrna  died  af  Santa  I3arbara  in 
179JJ.  IIo  was  succeoded  by  Fr.  Tapis.  Fr.  Mijiuel  re- 
mained liere  vmtil  J 708,  when  he  was  relieved  by  Fr. 
Jiian  L  p-i  0(.r.e.5.   (S) 

Much  progress  was  made  in  mission  l)uildinj»;s  dnr- 
ing  the  last  decade  of  the  centnry.  A  third  church  of 
adobe  was  commenced  in  1793,  and  fmislied  in  179-1. 
The  building  measured  9  and  one  fourth  by  45  varas, 
witli  a  sacristy  9  and  one  fourth  by  5  varas.  A  por- 
tico of  brick  was  added  to  the  front  in  1895,  and  the 
walls  ■  were  plastered.  The  principal  industry  at  this 
period  was  th?  cording  and  weaving  of  wool  into 
blankets  and  cloth  for  the  Indians. 

As  the  Indians  were  rapidly  increasing,  it  became 
necessary  to  form  a  village,  and  give  a  separate 
house  to  (^acli  family.  Land  was  set  aside  for  that 
purpose  near  the  mission,  and  in  1798  nineteen  houses 
were  built  of  adobe  for  as  many  families.  These  cot- 
tages measured  12x19  feet,  and  were  plastered, 
whitewashed,  and  roofed  with  tiles.  Moreover,  a  piece 
of  land  was  inclosed  by  an  adobe  wall  nine  feet  high 
and  12C0  yards  long,  to  1;e  used  as  a  garden,  vine- 
yard, and  orchard.  Th?  wall  was  capped  with  tiles 
to  throw  off  the  rain.  In  t];e  same  year,  1798,  the  six 
chapels  of  the  church  were  each  adorned  with  an  oil 
painting.  In  1800  thirty-two  cottages  were  erected 
for  as  many  familiep.  These  houses  were  built  so  as 
to  form  streets  crossing  at  right  angles.  In  tlie  same 
year  sixty  neophytes  were  engaged  in  weaving.  The 
carj^enter  of  the  presidio  was    hired    at    one    dollar   a 

yS)  Banc  ,  I,  G72--07;!.  Fr.  Antonio  Paterna  was  a  native  of  Seville,  and 
pcrvcd  twenty  years  intlie  Siena  Gorda  miisions  before  cominp  to  Cal- 
iforni\.  He  arrived  a  San  Diecro  on  March  12tli,  1771.  He  was  supernu- 
merary at  San  Gabriel  until  May  1772,  and  the  ropriilar  missionary  until 
September  1777.  He  was  actiupr  president  in  1772--177H.  From  1777  to  lltH 
lie  was  sfationed  at  Sau  Luis  Obispo,  and  at  Santa  Barbara  tliereafter 
until  ho  died  on  February  i:'l]i,  17;i:'.  His  body  was  buri-d  iu  tlio  mis- 
fiou  chu'-ch  oil  t)i?  upKt  day. 


—  So'2  — 

chi.v  to  toncli  hi«  ti-iide  to  the  liuliaiis;  and  a  corporal 
tauglit  trtniiiusi-  at  $150  a  year.  Bef(U-e  October,  165 
najjuas  or  petticoats  of  home  manufacture  had  been 
distributed,  800  yards  of  cotton  and  700  yards  of 
Idanketinii' woven.  $1,020  w(n-th  of  soap  was  furnished 
to  Monterey  in  1798.  Tlie  mission  supplies,  consisting? 
of  implements,  jiroceries,  church  vestments  and  sacred 
vessels,  clothinij,  etc.,  for  1700-1800,  amounted  to 
$10,500.  These  articles  were  purcluisedby  the  Fathers 
in  Mexico  with  their  salaries  and  with  the  proceeds 
from  the  sales  of  produce.    (9) 

In  1801  thirty-one  houses  to  accommodate  that 
many  Indian  families,  and  thirty-one  in  1802  were  , 
built,  nuiking  a  total  of  113  Indian  dwellinf^s,  enclos- 
ed on  three  sides  by  an  adobe  wall  nine  feet  high. 
Many  other  improvements  were  made  which  it  would 
be  to  tedious  to  enumerate.  According  to  a  state- 
ment drav*-n  up  by  Fr.  Lasuen  in  1802,  there  had 
been  baptized  at  Santa  Barbara  from  1780  to  Decem- 
ber 31st,  1802,  as  many  as  2,251  persons.  During  the 
same  period  989  dead  were  buried,  and  491:  marriages 
were  contracted  before  the  Fathers.  1,093  Indians 
lived  at  the  mission,  which  owned  2,100  head  of  cat- 
tle, 9,082  sheep,  215  horses,  427  mares  and  foals,  and 
58  mules.   (10) 

In  1803-1807  there  were  139  additional  dwellings 
erected  for  as  many  Indian  families.  In  order  that 
the  missionaries  could  attend  to  the  distant  Indians 
more  effectively,  a  mission  station  w^as  established  a- 
bout  two  leagues  west  of  the  mission  at  'Sagshpileel,' 
or  'Mescaltitlan,'  a  large  rancheria  near  a  laguna.  An 
adobe  church  27x06  feet  was  Iniilt  there  and  dedicat- 
ed to  San  Miguel.  The  ruins  of  this  chapel  were  yet 
to  be  seen  near  the  old  houses  of  Daniel  Hill,  at  the 
"Patera,"  as  late  as  1886.  On  September  17th,  1803, 
Mission   Santa    Ines,  or    Ynez,  was   founded.    It    was 

(0)    O'Kocfo  IZ-\C\       Bftnc,  I,  n7?"f.73.    (10)    "^nformop,"   1S02. 


sitiUited  neai'*3i'  to  the  iMUclienas  of  several  Indian 
laiiiilies  Iniptized  at  8anta  Barl;ara,  hut  enrolled  at 
kS.r.it:i  lues  after  that  date.  Tl.e  nunil)er  thus  with- 
di-awa  from  Santa  Bar!)ara  \\a.'.  112,  which  accounts 
for  tlie  decrease  of  tlic  population  at  this  time.  All 
tlie  ranchos  east  of  the  Santa  Ines  Kiver,  includiui;- 
Saa  ^h'.rcos,  l)eloni;ed  to  llie  laissioa  of  Santa  Barbara, 
an.l  t!u'  propc»rty  extondtnl  to  the'  "Kincon."'  The 
prin:-ipal  raiiclios  for  whea!  ami  corn  were:  San  Pe- 
dro y  San  Pablo,  or  Dos  Piieblo:!,  called  by  the  In- 
dian:; 'Mekeunwe ;'  San  Estevan,  in  the  native  tongue 
called  'Tokeene' ;  and  San  Miiiiiel,  or  \Sat;-shpileel.' 
Corn  and  beans  were  raised  at  San  Jose  or  Abajo, 
and  a!"  San  Juan  Bautista,  or  t'ae  Sauzal,  at  present 
a  part  of  tlie  Hope  ranch  borderinu  on  tlie  eastern 
l)ank  of  the  arroyo  del  Burro.  Tokeene  or  San  Este- 
van is  all  that  land  north  of  the  present  stag;e  road, 
beginning  west  of  the  Arroyo  Pedragoso  at  the  new 
bridge,  and  continuing  to  the  Arroyo  del  Burro.   (11) 

A  great  many  improvements  were  made  by  the  Fa- 
thers in  the  l)eginning  of  the  present  century  for 
which  we  refer  the  reader  to  Fr.  O'Keefe's  pam- 
phlet. Among  the  most  notable  works  are  a  reservoir 
40  varas  square,  still  in  perfect  condition,  and  a  very 
solid  dam  across  the  Pedragoso  Creek,  about  a  uiile 
and  half  from  the  mission. 

Fathees  Tapis  and  Cortes  continued  as  missionaries 
of  Santa  Barbara  till  1805,  when  the  latter  retired  to 
Mexico.  Fr.  Tapis,  who  in  1803  had  succeeded  Fr. 
Lasaen  as  president  of  the  missions  in  California,  re- 
moved to  San  Carlos  in  1806.  Fr.  Marcos  Amestoy  be- 
gan his  labors  here  in  November  1804.  Fr.  Marcos 
Victoria  was  at  Santa  Barbara  in  1804-1805,  and  Fr. 
Jose  Urresti  from  1806  to  1S09,  when  Fr.  Luis  Gil  y 
Taboada  arrived.  Santa  Barbara  reached  its  highest 
figure   in  Indian  population  with  1,792  souls  in    1803. 


(11;    O'Kaeto,  ia-2U;   19.-\nc.,  II,  110-m 


-^  So4  — 

That  ground  squirrels  had  already  proved  a  pest  at 
this  early  day  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  about  a 
t\ou>?and  of  tliese  uiiuiah  were  killed  in  nine  days 
of  Mny  1808.   (12) 

DiTRixa  tho  mouth  of  December  1812  several  eartl  - 
(luake  shocks  were  felt.  Tliese  shocks  were  so  seveie 
that  all  tlie  mission  buildings  were  badly  damaged: 
the  church  in  particular  had  suffered  .so  much  that  it 
was  thought  more  expedient  to  take  it  down  and 
erect  a  new  one  than  to  make  repairs.  A  new  stone 
church  was  accordingly  commenced  in  1815,  but  not 
completed  until  September  1820.  On  the  10th  of  (hat 
month  the  edifice  was  dedicated.  Three  Fathers  from 
other  missions  joined  the  two  resident  missionaries  in 
the  ceremonies.  The  churcli,  still  used  by  the  Fathers, 
is  60  varas,  or  nearly  180  feet,  long,  14  varas  wide, 
and  10  varas  high.  The  walls  are  of  hewn  stone,  and 
nearly  six  feet  thick.  Tliey  are  further  strengthened 
by  solid  stone  buttresses.  The  building  is  without 
doubt  the  strongest  mission  church  in  California.  (13) 

(12)  Baac,  II,  121.  Fr.  Juiu  Lopo  Cortes  wa?  .Tisicned  to  duty  ia  Cali- 
fornii  on  February  21th.  1790.  He  wa^  stalionod  at  SanGabrlol  from  Au- 
rust  of  that  year  until  Juno  1798,  ai  d  at  Santa  Barbara  till  September 
1805;  in  November  he  sailed  for  Mexico.  From  September  1818  he  seems  to 
have  been  the  procurador  of  San  Fernando  colleso ;  and  in  June  1827  ho 
was  slndico  of  tho  same  monastory.       (18)    O'Kojfe,  19:    Banc,  II,  365. 


—  855  — 


Mission  Santa  Barbara  in  1865  with  Autorrapli  oi 
Fr.  Gonzalez   Rubio. 


-.  856  - 


G^PP^EI^    X^. 


SANTA    BARBARA-(CONTINUED). 

Indian  Revolt— Opixion  Of  The  Fatheks— Fe.  Amestoy  Ret  iees— Death 
Of  Fr.  Axtoxio  Jaime— Fr.  Ripoll  Retires— I.vtehestijjg  Items— Secu- 
LARiZATTox— Statistics— Mission'  Reports— Fr.  Anton.  Jimeno's  Death. 
Fr.  Jose  Jimeno  Retires— The  Mission  Rented  And  Sold— The  Inven- 
tory—The Community  Of  Santa  Barbara— Fathers  Romo  And  Codina. 
Death  Of  Fe.  Sanchez -His  Biography. 

The  neophytes  of  the  three  missions  Santa  Barbara, 
Santa  Ines,  and  La  Purisima  in  182-i  revolted  against 
the  military  authority,  and  caused  considerable  troub- 
le and  some  bloodshed  before  peace  was  restored.  The 
Fathers  in  Mexico  took  the  ground  that  the  real  cause 
of  the  rebellion  was  the  ever  growing  discontent  of 
the  Indians  at  having  to  support  the  troops  by  their 
hard  labor  without  pay.  Some  of  the  missionaries 
claimed  that  the  first  outbreak  was  due  to  a  petty 
act  of  injustice  on  the  part  of  the  soldiers,  and  that 
it  was  fanned  into  a  revolution  by  continued  acts  of 
cruel  severity.  This  is  what  Fr.  Ripoll  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara reported  to  Fr.  Sarria  on  May  5th.  Fr.  Sarria 
also  seems  to  have  taken  this  view  of  the  matter.  At 
any  rate  there  ^vas  no  ill  feeling  shown  by  the  In- 
dians against  the  missionaries.   (1) 

Fr.  Gil  y  Taboada  was  transferred  to  San  Gabriel 
in  1813,  and  Fr.  Olbes  succeeded  him  until  1816;  Fr. 
Francisco  Suncr  then  arrived  and  remained  at  Santa 
Barbara  until  1823.  Fr.  Amestoy  retired  to  Mexico  in 
1814.    Only  ono    Father  seems    to  have  been   at    this 


))  D^nc,  n.  ii'i-Ki, 


mission  aftor  Fr.  Amestoy's  dej  arture  until  July 
1815,  wlieu  Fr.  RipoU  was  placed  here.   (2) 

Fir.  Antonio  Jaime  came  to  8anta  Barbara  in  1821 
and  remained  until  1821),  wl;en  he  died.  Fv.  Sufier 
left  tlie  mission  in  1823,  but  Fr.  Ripoll  remained  un- 
til 1828,  when  he  retired  to  Mexico.  Fr.  Juan  Moreno 
was  stationed  here  in  1827-1820,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Fr.  Antonio  Jimeno.   (3) 

IN  1827  Fr.  Ripoll  had  200  Indians  at  work  in  his 
wooLmi  factory,  and  about  the  same  time  he  was  j;iv- 
ing  liis  attention  to  the  construction  of  a  fountain 
and  a  water-mill.  About  1824  the  Fathers  laid  the 
cornerstone  and  prepared  adobes  for  a  church  at  San 
Emilio,  but  the  work  was  abandoned  on  account  of 
the    revolt.  In  1822  the  mission  lands  were    described 

("2)  Banc,  II,  334.  Fr.  Marcos  Amestoy  left  Guadalajara  for  California 
April  23d,  ISOt,  and  arrived  at  San  Francisco  Augutt  1-lth.  His  only  sta- 
tion was  Sant.i  Barbara  from  Novaaibar  ISOt  to  Ssptombor  2'ld,  1S14,  when 
ho  sailed  for  Mexico,  disabled  by  a  paralyzed  arm. 

(3)  Fr.  Jaime,  or  .A.nton  o  Mariano  Francisco  Miguel  (laspar  Jayme  de 
Setruras,  was  born  at  I'alma  on  the  island  of  Mallorca  in  1757.  He  re- 
ceived th'3  habit  of  S'.  Francis  in  1774  at  Pa!mn.  He  volunteered  fo;-  Mi  i  • 
ico  and  arrived  at  the  college  '-f  San  Fernando  in  August  l7tM,  Ho  camo 
to  California  in  August  17'J.j,  and  served  at  San  Carlos  till  February  17'.)  . 
He  was  tlioa  s-tatioued  at  SolodAd  for  23  years  until  October  1821,  when  l.e 
was  transfe.-red  as  invalid  to  Santa  Barbara.  His  name  is  inseparatel/ 
connected  with  the  mission  of  SolodAd.  In  later  years  ho  was  confined 
to  his  room  by  the  torments  of  rheumati  m.  Ho  died  on  December  2d, 
1S29,  aid  his  remains  were  deposited  ia  tho  vault  of  the  Santa  Barbara 
cliurcli. 

Fr.  A  itonio  Ripoll  wa>,  Uke  Jaymo,  a  native  of  Palma  'u  Mallorca, 
where  he  was  boru  in  17s.j.  Ho  became  a  Franciscan  ia  1790,  and  arrived 
in  Mexico  in  Juno  IMO.  A  year  later  he  was  assigned  to  the  California 
missions,  and  came  to  San  Diego  by  way  of  Lower  California  in  July 
1612.  Ho  was  stationed  at  Purisima  until  May  1815,  and  at  Santa  Barbara 
till  January  1S2S.  In  1S;2  ho  was  residing  at  his  native  town.  Fr.  Ripoll 
was  noted  for  his  enthusiasm  in  any  cause  to  which  ho  gave  his  attcL- 
tion,  particularly  in  tho  improvomout  of  manufacturing  industries  and  of 
mission  buildings.  At  the  time  of  the  Bouchard  attack  he  organized  a 
neophyte  force  of  ISO  men.  In  tho  Indian  revolt  of  1S24  Fr.  Ripoll  saw 
nothing  but  an  act  of  Indians  who  were  protecting  church  property  and 
tho  missionaries.  Hence  the  subsequeat  killing  of  natives  was,  in  his  eyes, 
murder.  From  that  time  he  was  discouraged  and  unwilling  to  endure  tiie 
later  troubles  to  whicli  the  Fathers  wore  subjected  as  Spaniards  and  ro.v  • 
alists.  Ho  determiuel  to  leave  the  country  secretly  tliat  he  might  avoid 
detention  and  annoyance  by  the  military,  and  made  good  his  escape  in 
comi)aijy  of  Fr.  .\'tiinira.    Banc.  II.  5TC-  7i. 


fts  extonding  seven  to  eight  leagues  oast  to  west,  and 
three  to  four  leagues  north  to  south.   (•!•) 

The  Indian  population  decreased  to  679  in  1831.  In 
18.3G  it  was  480,  and  in  1810  not  more  than  250.  In 
1831  the  mission  still  owned  2,G00  cattle,  3,300  sheep, 
150  mules,  and  210  horser.   (5) 

After  the  mission  was  secularized  in  1831  the  de- 
cline Avas  rapid,  yet  the  buildings  were  kept  in  bet- 
ter condition  than  at  most  of  the  other  establishments. 
Anastasio  Carrillo  was  the  comisionado  to  secularize 
Santa  Barbara.  In  1838-1830  Manuel  Cota  was  admin- 
istrator. In  1839  his  accounts  were  found  in  a  bad 
condition,  and  the  Fathers  as  well  as  the  natives 
were  dissastisfied  with  Cota's  management.  Finally 
he  was  suspended  for  cruelty  to  the  Indians  and  in- 
solence to  Fr.  Duran.  In  1839  Fr.  Duran  was  author- 
ized to  expend  $iS0O  for  clothing  for  the  Indians  who 
under  Fr.  Duran's  supervision  again  became  more 
contented  and  industrious.  In  18-10,  however,  Fr.  Du- 
ran urged  the  appointment  of  [\i\  administrator,  as  he 
did  not  vrant  to  have  anything  to  do  with  the  tem- 
poralities.  (6) 

DuEiXG  the  wliole  period  of  the  mission's  existence 
before  secularization  was  ordered,  17SG-1834,  the  to- 
tal number  of  baptisms  was  5,679,  of  which  2,490 
were  Indian  adults,  2,108  Indian  children,  and  1,021 
children  of  other  than  Indian  parents.  There  were 
1,524  marriages  contracted  before  the  Fathers,  of 
which  200  were  not  Indian.  The  deaths  amounted  to 
4,046,  of  Avhicli  number  2,446  were  Indian  adults, 
1,288  Indian  cb.ildren,  IGO  adults  and  152  children  of 
other  than  Indian  l)lood.  The  largest  number  of  cattle 
owned  by  the  mission  at  one  time  was  5,200  in  1809; 
sheep,  11,066  in  1804;  horses,  1,337  in  1816;  mules. 
340    in  1823;  goats,  200  in  1792;  swine,  200  in    1823; 

H)    TJanc.  II,  B70-570.    (5)    "lofpTOPS  QoBoraios"  a?!   ftflo   IWJi. 
le^    Bftuc,,  III,  C!\6-(35ti, 


-.  359  — 

a-.id  all  kinds  of  animals,  1G,090  in  1809.  The  iotal 
product  of  wheat  amounted  to  152,707  bushels;  barley, 
24,733  bushels;  corn,  19,084  bushels;  and  beans,  2,458 
bushels.   (7) 

The  last  report  rendered  to  the  H,overnment  cf 
Mexico  concerning;  tho  missions  was  sig;ned  by  Fr.  An- 
tonia  Jimeno  in  1836.  The  missionaries,  however,  con- 
tinued to  report  the  state  of  the  mission  to  their 
respective  prefects  down  to  the  arrival  of  the  first 
bishop.  The  prefects  seut  these  reports  to  the  colleges 
of  San  Fernando,  or  Guadalupe.  Thus  Fr.  Gonza- 
les Rubio  made  a  report  of  Mission  San  Jose  as  late 
as  1841.   (8) 

Saxta  Barbara  remained  in  charge  of  Fr.  Antonio 
Jimeno  until  late  in  1840,  when  he  went  to  San  Bue- 
naventura. Fr.  Duran,  though  president  or  superior 
of  the  Fernandinos  in  California,  w^as  the  associate 
missionary.  He  became  the  principal  missionary  on 
the  departure  of  Fr.  Antonio,  and  remained  at  his 
post  until  his  death  in  1846.  Fr.  Antonio  Menendez, 
the  Dominican  chaplain  of  the  presidio,  was  buried 
at  the  mission  in  April  1832.  Fr  Antonio  Jimeno  re- 
turned in  1844  and  remained  at  Santa  Barbara  until 
1856,  or  a  little  later,  when  he  retired  to  Mexico 
Fr.  Jose  Gonzalez,  of  the  Zacatecan  Fathers  came  to 
Santa  Barbara  in  1843,  and  resided  there  many 
years.  Fr.  Jose  Jimeno  came  to  Santa  Barbara  from 
San  Gabriel  in  1853  and  remained  until  his  death  in 
1856.   (9) 

The  temporal  management  of  the  mission  was  re- 
stored to  the  missionaries  in  1843,  but  in  1845  Fr. 
Duran  asked  the  governor  to  relief  him  of  the  care 
of  the  temporalities.  The  good  Father  in  his   old    age 


(7)  Banc,  III,  657.  According  to  the  Informes  Generalos,  from  17>--Is:i1. 
Decamber  31st,  thoro  had  been  baptized  5,483  persons,  1,407  couples  joined 
in  marrinBe,  and  3,074  dead  buried.        (8)    O'Keefe,  26.  (9)    Banc,  III, 

GdCcns;  IV,  Qia,  yqy  ^J}c  biographies  pf  Fathers  Duran  and  Jimcao  s^^ 
Part  I, 


—  '.){]{) 


is. 


t 


—  aei  -- 

hid  become  tliscournjicd,  as  tlic  Indians,  though  les- 
peclful  to  him,  were  careless  and  wasttfuh  The  pro- 
perty was  accordingly  appraised  in  July  IHAo,  Fr. 
Daran  being-  one  of  the  committee. 

Finally  in  December  1845  the  mission  estate  was 
rented  by  the  governor  to  Nicholas  A.  Den  and  Dan- 
iel Hill  for  $1,200  a  year.  The  principal  buildings, 
however,  v.ere  reserved  to  the  bishop  and  his  clergy. 
Th?  Indians  were  to  retain  a  part  of  the  building?, 
to  have  lands  assigned  them,  to  be  at  liberty  to 
work  for  the  lessees  or  for  themselves,  and  to  have  a 
third  of  the  rental;  but  there  is  no  evidence  that 
they  received  anything  beyond  the  privilege  of  re- 
maining."-. (10)  In  June  1840  the  mission  was  sold  to 
Richard  i^^.  Den  for  $7,500,  but  the  title  was  subse- 
q  icntly  annulled,  it  secmr.   (11) 

This  praclically  put  an  end  to  Santa  Barbara  as  an 
Indian  mission,  but  not  to  the  monastery  which  con- 
tiir^.ed  as  the  only  Franciscan  community  in  Califor- 
nia for  many  years.  For  the  subsequent  events  at 
Santa  Barbara  the  reader  is  referred  to  Chapter  21 
a  kI  22,  Part  I,  and  to  Part  III. 

On  an  accompanying  cut  the  reader  will  lind  ihe 
whole  community  of  Santa  Barbara  as  it  existed 
about  the  year  1880.  The  following  are  the  names  of 
the    religious : 

1.  Fr.  Jose  Maria  Komo,  guardian;  2.  F.  Joseph 
J.  O'Keefe,  vicar;  ?.  Fr.  Francisco  Sanchez,  delinit.  ; 
4.  Fr.  Bonaventure  Fox ;    5.  Fr.  Francisco   Arbondin ; 

(10)  B;uic  ,  IV,  6l::-jn.  O'KcL-fe  iiO.  The  inventory  of  JuJy  2r)tb,  1,S45  jiives 
the  foIknvitifT  valuations:  Luiltiinprs  reserved  for  the  bishop  and  mis- 
sionarie-,  3S  "rooms,  $I,5(X) ;  storelioujie  and  Rood^i  $l,55'i;  cellar  and  contents, 
$76S;  soa;j  factory  and  outfit,  $:i9,S;  tannery  etc.,  $;i50;  smithshop  ptc.,$lCO; 
weavint'  rwms!,  loom,  etc.,  $I2(;;  c.irpsntershop,  $U;  majordomo's  liou!*, 
$:«5;  vaquero's  outfit,  $1-1;  orchard  with  512  fruit  trees,  .?1,5(jO;  vineyards 
with  3,095  vines  1,720;  »1C  cattle,  :t9S  horses,  and  9  mules,  $:i,545;  carrals, 
$2i)5;  San  Jos<5  vineyard  with  2,2iJ2  vines  and  100  trees.  $l,:iJ5 ;  cienepuita 
with  crops,  $-XX);  San  Antonio,  a  corral,  .$25;  rancho  of  San  Marcos  with 
buildings,  vineyards,  (rraiii,«l-W  cattle,  90  horses,  and  l.ToO  .sheep,  $0,9.56; 
a    total    valuation    of  .*25,S1.5.     (U)     Banc.  V,  C:«. 


—  no-2  — 

C.  Bro.  Anthony  Oullasiliei-;  7.  Bro.  Ji^soph  O'Malley; 
8.  Bro.  Dominii*  C.  Reid.  Fathers  Homo  :uul  CVkHuu 
died  at  Alexandria,  Ej;ypt,  but  the  date  i^  not  known. 
Vr.  Francisoo  do  .lesu  Saui-ho/.  after  a  saintly  life 
tlied  at  t^anta  iKirhara,  on   April   ITth,    ISSI.    {\'2) 


Cr^flPTEPx  XUI. 


LA  PURISIMA  CONCEFCION. 

FovN'oiN'o  Or  Thk  Missuin  -Sih-ckss  Of  Tav.  F.vthkrs— Fathkes   Areoita 
.Vm>  Fkkn'anokx  Kktikk— Nkw   I'liiiu  u— Kkpdrt   0\r   Fk.  Paxkkas— Mis- 

SH»NAKY     OilANUKS  — KaKTIK^VAKK     Is       ISI'::    -OkSTRVH- TION     Ok    TllK      Hvi;  • 

uiNos— Mission  Kkmovko— Nkw  Ciirucii— Firk— Okaths  Of  Fathkrs  Ko- 

DKIUUIU   AXU   PAtKKAS— ISDIAN    KkVOLT— LAST  MrSSIONARt— STATISTHS. 

As  early  t»s  1770  1780  it  had  been  determined  to 
found  a  mission  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  iSan- 
ta  Barbara  Channel,  and  to  name  it  La  Purisima 
OoneeiH'ion  in  honor  of  the  Immaoulate  Coneeptiiui 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin.  (1)  The  establishment  was  de- 
layed, however,  until  eertain  government  restrict iims 
obnoxious  to  the  missionaries  had  been  removed.  In 
June  1785  Crovernor  Fages  reeommended  a  site  on 
the  Santa  Rosa  River,  now  the  Santa  In^s  River; 
and  in  March  17SC  General  Rengel  instructed  the 
governor  to  proceed  with  the  foundation  of  La     Furi- 


(12)  llo  was  lH»ri\  iit  L«M>n,  Moxlco  in  ISIS.  H>  ciinif  to  Cj»liK>rui«  with  tlip 
othor  Zacat^H'rtuos  in  1S311,  but  nothiuK  is  heard  of  him  thoiv  until  1SJ2, 
whfix  ho  Ivoaino  th»>  misssionary  of  San  Ihionavontura.  Uancn^ft  thinks  Fr. 
S.uioht-»  ivmainoil  behind  in  Lo\\t>r  Oaliforuia  while  tho  othor  Fathers 
l>rvH*»V(UMl  to  Vi>v>or  Cwlifornia.  Fr.  Francisco  was  stationed  nt  Sixn  Buo- 
nawntnra  in  lS42-lSJa  and  asain  in  IS^'-U'W;  at  Santa  In^j  iu  l.>41- 1.^50 
where  he  was  vice-rector  of  tho  seminary.  Iu  1>74  Fr.  Sanchei  with  Fr. 
l\^Utm  and  Ihvther  Jo^evh  OMalley  took  chartre  of  the  diocesan  o^^ 
lUxnu  asjliun  for  Kws  at  Plj.viX).  He  rem.viued  ther^<  until  l»«7i>,  whdu  h« 
returned  to  Sant4  Uurbara.  The  body  \it  f'(\  $tiUfl)C]  ^u$  iutcrraU  ia  t^^ 
luis'iioH  vaulu,         \\)    Vidii,  SiO, 


—  cca  — 

eima.  This  was  done  aflor  tho  oovornniont  had  nc- 
ceclod  to  the  conditions  tho  Fathers  hiid  down.  Fr. 
Lasuen  wont  u])  from  tlio  presidio  of  Santa  Barbara 
to  tho  site  sehn-ted,  called  by  llie  natives  Alj-s;  - 
cui)i,  when'  on  December  8th,  J 787,  he  l)lesse(l  the 
l)lace,  raised  the  cross,  celebrated  IMass,  and  preached 
a  sern)on.  Tluis  the  mission  of  ].a  Furisima  was  non  - 
iaally  fojiilvl,  thoujih  on  account  of  tlu'  rains  act- 
ual work  was  not  bciiun  until  s(>vcral   months  later. 

At  lenj^th  about  the  middle  of  March  17S8,  ti.e 
mission  escort  with  a  band  of  laborers  and  servants 
Avent  u])  to  erect  the  necessary  buildin;;s.  Karlv  in 
April  Fr.  Fresi(U>iit  Lasuen  arrived  with  Kathe  s 
Vincente  Fuster,  of  San  .Juan  C'apistrano,  and  Jose 
Arroita,  a  new-comer.  After  four  months  the  two 
missionaries  had  already  enrolled  seventy-nine  neo- 
phytes. By  the  end  of  1790  the  records  showed  ;{(  I 
baptisms,  02  marriatr;es,  and  23  deaths.  At  the  same 
time  the  mission  possessed  1(V.)  cattle,  4(11  sheei),  i^(J 
horses,  and  JJIFl  other  animals.  Only  278  Indians  lived 
at  the  mission,  thouiih  there  were  over  lifty  ranche:- 
ias  in  the  Purisima  district.   (2) 

Fii.  Fuster  did  not  remain  loni;  at  the  mission,  as 
Fr.  Crist6bal  Oramas  of  Santa  Barbara  rej^laced  him 
in  1781).  Fr.  Orannis  was  succeeded  in  1702  by  Fr. 
Antonio  (Jalzada,  who  labored  here  until  Au«j;ust  1700, 
when  Fr.  (Jre^orio  Fernandez  arrived.  Fr.  Arroita, 
one  of  the  founders  of  I'urisima  Concepcion,  rc- 
miiined  at  the  mission  uidil  June  1790,  when  he  re- 
tired to  Mexico.  In  171)8  Fr.  (Jalzada  returned  and 
served  as  missionary  until  1801,  when  Fr.  Mariano 
Tayeras  took  his  place.  Fr.  Juan  Martin  was  also  sta- 
tioned here  in  :1790-17«7.  In  1805  Fr.  Fernandez  left 
California  for  Mexico,  lie  was  succeeded  by  Fr.  Ju- 
an Cabot,  who  departed  in  the  next  year  to  give 
way   to    Fr.  Ceronimo  Boscana. 


i;i)    );i.\^<f,^l,i^-\'i^\    lufyvwa  Woaonilos,  17W, 


—  864  — 

Ijt  1795  the  Fathera  be.a;au  to  collect  material  I'or  a 
new  church,  as  the  old  building  was  in  a  bad  condi- 
tion. The  new  edifice  was  completed  before  the  end 
of  1802.  It  was  built  of  adobes  and  roofed  with 
tiles.    (8) 

In  1810  Fr.  Pa  vera  s  made  a  full  report  to  the  Fr. 
Superior  of  the  state  of  J\is  mission.  From  this  re- 
port we  learn  that,  with  the  help  of  interpreters,  he 
had  made  a  complete  catechism  and  manual  of  con- 
fession in  the  Indian  language  by  means  of  which 
the  neophytes  were  becoming  more  or  less  perfect  in 
the  knowledge  of  religion.  He  had  found  many  er- 
rors in  matters  of  faith,  and  even  idolatry  at  first, 
but  he  had  made  progress  in  uprooting  the  worship 
of  Achup,  or  Chupu.  Nearly  all  mothers  had  given 
birth  to  dead  infants;  preaching,  teaching,  and  even 
chastisement  had  for  a  w^hile  been  powerless  to  ar- 
rest the  evil,  or  to  make  known  its  direct  cause. 
There  remained  no  more  gentiles  to  be  baptized  ex- 
cept at  a  distance  of  twenty-five  (>r  thirty  leagues. 
The  natives  were  docile,  industrious,  and  not  inclined 
to  run  away.  It  was  a  joy  to  see  them  at  work, 
sing,  and  pray,  and  especially  to  see  them  bear  their 
suti'ering-i,  beg  for  confession,  and  die  like  good 
Catholics.  For  five  years  not  a  kernel  of  grain  could 
be  raised  without  irrigation;  but  certain  springs  had 
been  found  whicli  promised  well  for  the  future.  A 
great  deal  of  live-stock  had  been  purcluised,  and    tlie 

(3)  Banc,  I,  07.') ;  II,  VSA.  Fr.  Francij^co  Jo^c'  do  Arroita  came  from  Spain 
to  Mexico  in  I'Sl.  Ho  was  sent  to  California  in  April  J7SG,  and  tti- 
tinned  at  Sail  Luis  Obispo  until  December  17S7;  and  at  Purisima  he  was 
till  June  17%,  about  which  time  lie  sailed  for  San  Bias. 
Fr.  GroRorio  Fernandez  was  born  at  Burgos,  Spain,  in  17.")l;  became  a 
Franciscan  in  1772;  came  to  America  in  17»"),  and  to  California  in  17^4. 
He  served  at  Sin  Luis  Obispo  from  November  1794-17%;  and  at  Purisi- 
ma from  May  17%  to  Soptomber  1S()5.  He  also  olficiatt^d  at  San  Franci  ci 
in  June  1794.  Fr.  Fernandez  was  styled  'un  anRel'  when  he  came  to  Cali- 
fornia; "and  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  his  angelic  qualities  dete- 
riorated in  California,"  says  Bancroft.  He  sailed  for  Mexico  on  November 
6th  lt)05. 


-  S65  - 

pvosp^cts  for  moAt,  tallow,  and  wool   w^re    excellent. 
The  report  is  dnted  January  IHtli,  1810.   (4) 

In  1815  Fr.  Payeras  himself  became  president  of  the 
California  missions,  yet  lie  continued  to  reside  at  Pu- 
risima  ;  but  Fr.  Boscana  left  the  mission  at  the  end 
of  1811.  Fr.  Estevan  Tapis,  president  of  the  missions, 
also  served  here  in  1811-1818.  Fr.  Antonio  Kipoll  ar- 
rived in  1812  and  remained  till  1815;  Fr.  Luis  Gil 
from  1815  to  1817;  Fr.  Ullibarri  in  1818-1819;  and 
Fr.  Jose  Sanchez  in  1820-1821.  The  population  began 
to  decrease  in  the  second  decade  of  the  century,  but 
in  livestock  Purisima  Avas  in  a  most  flourishing  con- 
dition until  December  1816  and  January  1817,  when 
there  was  no  rain,  and  sheep  died  by  the  hun- 
dreds.  (5) 

On  December  21st,  1812,  there  was  an  earthquake 
while  the  Fathers  were  making  their  examination  of 
conscience.  The  earth  shook  so  violently  that  it  was 
difficult  to  stand.  A  brief  examination  showed  that  the 
church  walls  had  been  thrown  out  of  plumb.  Just  be- 
fore 11  o'clock  there  ci;me  another  more  violent  shock 
which  brought  down  the  church  and  nearly  all  the 
mission  buildings,  besides  about  100  neophyte  houses 
of  adobe.  The  earth  opened  in  several  places  and 
emitted  water  and  black  sand.  Several  persons  were 
wounded,  but  none  were  killed.  Subsequent  floods 
completed  the  devastation,  so  that  very  few  buildings 
were  worth  repairing.  Huts  of  wood  and  grass  were 
hastily  erected  for  shelter  and  religious  service;  but 
in  March  1813  the  Fathers  petitioned  (heir  superior 
for  a  permit  to  rebuild  the  mission  on  another  site 
across  the  river  at  Los  Bcrros,  or  Amun.  The  request 


(t)  Bnnc,  II,  12..'.  (5)  Daoc,  II.  i'GC-oC',  In  January  and  February  IblO  6on:o 
moasuremonts  were  made  by  the  Father!!,  •nhicli  tliovcd  tLo  distance 
from  Purifima  to  Santa  In6s  ts  be  G  and  ?*  loaerues  and  610  varas;  to  San 
Luis  Obispo  by  way  of  La  Graciosa  18  loapuos  less  250  varas;  and  to 
San   Autouio  ygncho  by  way  Gf  U'.c    ffurdpn  p?  Watep    tlirfO  Ipupuci!  and 


—  me  — 

was  granted,  and  the  transfer  elfected  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  governor;  but  of  the  progress  in  erecting 
the  new  buildings  little  or  nothing  is  known,  though 
the  church,  houaos,  and  irrigating  canal  aro  said  to 
have  been  completed  in  two  years.  The  church  was 
only  a  temporary  structure,  but  a  new  one  of  adobes 
and  tiles  was  finished  in  November  1818.  In  the  same 
year,  September  29th,  nearly  all  the  houses  of  the 
neophytes  were  destroyed  by  fire,  and  it  required  a 
year  to  repair  the  damage?.   (6) 

Fii.  Sancliez  was  succeeded  by  Fr.  Rodriguez  in 
1821,  but  the  latter  died  in  1821,  and  his  place  Avas 
taken  by  Fr.  Victoria.  Fr.  Victoria  seems  to  have 
been  alone  at  Purisima  until  18-31,  vdien  Fr.  Moreno 
came  to  the  mission.  Fr.  Payeras  also  died  at  Purisi- 
ma in  1823.  (7) 

The  great  event  of  1821  was  the  Indian  revolt,  dur- 
ing which  the  place  was  retaken  after  having  been 
for  some  time  in  possession  of  the  rebels.  In  the  re- 
volt the  mission  l)uildings  were  mucli  damaged,  and 
it  seems  that  the  church,  though  a  new  structure, 
had  to    be  rebuilt;    at  all    events  a    new  cliurch    was 

(,G)    B;iuc.,  II,  201 :  3G7-3(W.  (7)     Banc,    11,489:580.    Fr.  Antonio  Catari- 

no  Kodvisui'z  was  one  of  the  few  native  Mexican  Franciscans  in  Califor- 
nia before  li^'Al  He  was  born  at  San  Luis  I'otosi  on  January  1st,  17V7,  ai.d 
received  tlie  habit  in  his  native  city,  where  he  also  tilled  the  olhces  of 
vicar,  master  of  novices,  and  lector  of  moral  philosophy.  Ho  joined  the 
missionary  colleco  of  S  m  Fernando  in  August  IJ5O8,  and  arrived  at  Mou- 
t>roy  on  June  2M.  180J.  His  missio;i  iry  sorvica  was  at  Sant  i  Cruz  tiJl 
1811,  at  San  Luis  Obispo  until  1821,  and  at  Purisima  till  hii  death  in 
1*24,  Ho  died  at  S  in  Luis  Obispo,  ho\v3vor,  on  Novombor  21th,  and  was 
buried  in  the  church  of  that  mission.  Early  in  the  year  of  his  death,  al- 
ready ill  and  infirm,  Fr.  Rodriguez  was  taken  by  the  rebel  Indians  and 
kept  as  a  prisoner  for  several  week?,  but  ho  was  treated  with  great  res- 
pect, and  worked  earnestly  for  the  interests  of  his  flock  at  the  tima  of 
their  surrender. 

Fr.  Mariano  Payeras  was  born  on  October  10th,  1763,  at  Inca,  Lsland  of 
Mallorca,  and  entered  the  Order  of  St.  Francis  on  September  5th,  1784  at 
Palma.  He  left  Sp  lin  in  Janiiary  1793.  and  in  February  17;,6  ho  was  sent 
to  California.  Fr.  Payeras  was  stationed  at  San  Carlos  from  nOC-Hf^;  at 
Solcddd  from  November  179i<  to  1803;  at  San  Diepo  from  September  1803 
to  Ibfil;  and  at  Purisima  from  1804  to  the  day  of  his  deatli  April  2Sth, 
1823,  though  after  JB15,  when  he  became  iiresident  of  the  California  mi;- 
sious,  a  larijQ  i)4rt  of  his  timo  was  sp.^ut  in  travslUag   from  raissioa  tp 


—  SOT  — 

dedicated  on  Octobar  -Itli,  1S23.  The  mission  lands  in 
l'i'2'2  extended  11  league:}  Troni  nurtli  to  soutli,  and 
ToLir  and  0.1  lovij^aes  li'oni  east  to  west.  Tiie  soil  was 
good,  but  irrigaliun  was  necessary.  Frosts,  grasshop- 
pers, and  sqmrreh  were  very  troublesome  at  Turisi- 
ma.  The  mission  furnished  .*;  12,921  worth  of  supplies 
tj  tho  presidio  in  1SJJ-1S27.   (Sj 

For  years  the  Indian  population  of  Purisima  had 
been  decreasing  until  at  the  close  of  ]8ol  there  were 
only  40-1-  natives  at  the  mission;  and  about  the  year 
18-10  only  120  were  left,  with  perhaps  as  many  more 
scattered  in  the  region  belonging  to  Purisima.  Ac- 
cording to  the  report  of  the  lathers  on  December 
iilst,  1831,  tlie  mission  possessed  10,500  cattle,  7,0J0 
sheep,  and  IGO  horses.   (9) 

Ix  18o4  Domingo  Carrillo  was  appointed  comisiona- 
do  to  secularize  the  mission  of  Furisima  Ooncepcion; 
this  he  ellected  in  the  next  year.  An  inventory  was 
taken  in  183C  and  the  mission  estate  valued  as  fol- 
lows: Chief  building  with  twenty-one  rooms,  $4,o00; 
twelve  smaller  buiiuings,  $1,205;  furniture  and  imijle- 
ments,  $2,001  ;  contents  of  the  storehouse,  $(>,:j55; 
grain  and  produce,  $4,821;  church  ornaments,  etc.,  $4, 
y44;  church,  $400;  library,  $655;  live  bells,  $1,000; 
three  gardens,  $728;  live-stock,  $201.  Tiie  following 
named  ranchos  were  valued  at  the  price  annexed : 
Sitio  de  Mision  Yieja,  $375;  ISitio  de  Jalama,  $784; 
Los  Alamos,  $1,185;  «an  Antonio,  $1,418;  Santa  Lucia, 
$1,080;  San  Pablo,  $1,060;  Todos  Santos,  $7,176;  Gua- 
dalupe, $4,005;  live-stock,  $17,321. 

In  February  1839  more  than  CCO  sheep-  were 
dro^^ned  in  the  floods.  In  1843  the  mission  estate  and 
other  property,  or  what  was  left  of  it,  was  restored  to 

mission.  IIo  was  president  till  April  1st  1820,  and  vicario  prefocto  from 
May  ISIG.  From  April  1st.  1820,  till  his  death  Fr.  Payeras  was  comisario 
prelccto,  and  also  comisario  del  santo  oticio.  In  October  ISl'J  he  was 
tliaukcd  in  the  king's  name  for  his  services  against  tLe  Houchard  rebel-. 
{.a)    banc,  II,   .Wl.       ('J)    Juformes  Generales    afio  1831;  Banc,  III,  665-66. 


the  manag^ement  of  the  Fathers,  but  in  1S45  it  wns 
sold  by  the  governor  to  John  Temple  for  $1,110.  In 
1844  Fr.  Durnn  rerorted  200  Indians  for  Piirisima  and 
neighborhood,  no  livc-;to('k  (;r  cultivated  lands,  but 
a  nnall  vineyard.  Towards  the  close  of  the  same 
year  small-pox  carried  away  most  of  the  Indians  and 
broke  up  the  community.   (10) 

Fr.  Victoria  remained  at  his  post  until  August 
1835,  when  Fr.  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta  succeeded  him. 
Fr.  Arroyo  was  transferred  to  Santa  lues  in  1836, 
after  Avhich  date  it  seems  there  was  no  regular  m's- 
sionary  at  La  Purisima.  Fr.  Juan  Moreno  was  here 
in  1884,  and  possibly  he  was  in  charge  part  of  the 
time  in  1836-1840.  For  a  few  months  the  venerable 
Fr.  Abella,  the  last  survivor  of  the  Fernandinos  who 
came  to  California  before  1800,  served  as  missionary 
at  Purisima,  and  then  died.  (11)  After  Fr.  Ramon's 
death  the  mission  was  in  charge  of  Fr.  Juan  Moreno 
and  a  secular  priest,  the  Rev.  Miguel  Gomez,  though 
both  resided  at  Santa  Ines  most  of  tlie  time.  After 
the  sale  of  the  estate  in  1845,  when  the  Indians  had 
scattered.  Mission  La  Purisima  Concepcion  was  aban- 
doned.  (12) 

(11)  Bin-.,  Ill,  664-650;  IV,  647-3t«.  (U)  Fr.  Ramon  AbeUa  was  bom 
May  2bth,  1764,  at  Moritfortp,  AraRoa,  Spain,  arid  became  a  Franciscan  at 
ZaraKOza  March  6th,  1784.  He  joined  the  college  of  San  Fernando  in  1795, 
and  arrived  in  California  in  1798.  His  missionary  service  of  44  years  was 
passed  in  succession  at  San  Frrncisco  in  179; -1819;  San  Carlos  1819-18^3: 
ban  Luis  Obispo  1^33-1842;  and  Purisiu  a  in  February-May  1842.  In  1817  and 
1811  Fr.  Antonio  accompanied  expeditions  to  the  pagans.  His  narratives  of 
the  tours  are  still  extant.  Ee  was  present  at  the  founding  of  San  Ra- 
f.iel,  and  there  is  hardly  a  mission  register  in  California  that  does  not 
show  his  name.  He  was  considered  by  his  superiors  to  be  one  of  the 
most  zealoui  and  able  Fathers  in  the  country  for  missionary  work.  In  1826 
Fr.  Abolla  professed  obedienre  to  the  new  Mexican  republic,  but  refused 
to  take  the  oalh.  Before  leaving  San  Carlos  he  became  sick  and  infirm; 
and  his  term  of  service  at  San  Luis  Obispo  was  one  of  illness.  Fr.  Jime- 
no  in  1812  charged  administrator  Gucrra  pnd  others  with  having  robbed 
Fr.  AbeUa,  and  with  having  treated  the  old  Father  "with  the  greatest  in- 
gratitude, inhumanity,  and  vileness  "  Fr.  Raiiion's  last  days  were  passed 
at  Santa  IniJs,  whoro  ho  waa  buried,  on  May  24th,  1842,  in  tho  prosbytorj- 
ou  tho  opUtlo  Bide,  about  two  varfts  ffopi  tho  church  wall, 
(12)    B«nc„  iV,  W  i  Y,  Ca5. 


S60  - 


Mission  La  i-unGima  Concepsion. 


—  S70  — 

From  the  time  that  Purisima  was  founded  in  1787 
down  to  December  31st,  1881,  when  the  general  mis- 
sion reports  cease,  the  number  of  baptisms  was  3, 
245;  marriages,  1,011;  and  deaths,  2,583.  (13) 


s^ppTSR  xmi 


SANTA    0RU2. 

rREPAEATioKs— Forxt;i>,o  Op  The  Missiok— Fn.  Lasues's  Rr-penx— In. 
STKUCTToN's  To  Tiis  GUARDS— EsEcr£o\  Of  BuiLDixaa— Dedicatiok  Of 
The  Chuv-ch— Gloomy  Prospects— Missioxariks— Fathers  Salazah,  Lo- 
pez, And  Fernandez  Retire— Mdrder  Of  Fr.  Quintana— Pcxisiiment 
Of  The  Criminals— Missionary  Changes- Fathers  Marquinez  And  Ol- 
EKs  Retire— Disease  Among  The  Indians— Other  Items- Secclaeiza- 
TiON— Inventory— The  Last  Missionary- otatxstics. 

Ix  1789  it  was  determined  to  found  two  new  mis- 
sions, one  in  honor  of  Our  Lady  of  Solitude,  and  the 
other  in  honor  of  the  Holy  Cross.  The  necessary  pre- 
liminaries were  arranged  between  the  viceroy  and 
the  Fathers,  and  four  missionaries  were  selected  to 
take  charge  of  the  new  establisliments.  Two  thousand 
and  eight  hundred  dollars  Avere  to  be  paid  to  the  sin- 
dico  at  Mexico,  $1,000  for  each  mission,  and  $200  for 
travelling  expenses  for  each  missionary ;  and  in  April 

(l:i)  Infornies  Gciieralos  del  afio  de  18:J1.  According  to  Bancroft  the  ttT- 
tistlcs  down  to  lS:!t  are  as  follows:  Totil  number  of  baptisms,  3,314,  of 
whicli  number  1,740  were  those  of  Indian  adults,  1,492  Indian  children, 
four  adults  and  78  children  de  gente  de  razon.  Deaths,  2,711,  of  wliich  1, 
7P(J  were  Indiun  adults,  £02  Indian  children,  one  adult  and  18  children  of 
settlers  or  soldiers.  Marriapes  l,0;;i,  <if  which  only  five  couples  were  do 
route  de  razon.  The  largest  jjopulation  ever  reached  at  Purisima  was  1, 
.")20  in  1804.  The  larpest  number  of  cattle  owned  by  the  mission  in  any 
one  year  was  13,000  in  1830;  horses,  1,454  in  1821;  mules,  300  in  1824;  sheop- 
12,000  in  1820;  goats,  292  in  1791;  all  kinds  of  animals,  23,882  in  1821. 
Tlio  total  product  of  w;n\t  wa  i  9,522  b'uh'?ls;  corn.  28,255  bushels; 
bailey,  9,ae  bushels;  and  beane,  i,Slii  bushels.    Banc,  III,  604-006, 


—  871  - 

1790  the  sindico  Fr.  Ger6niino.  sent  provisions  and 
tools  for  Santa  Cruz  to  the  value  of  $1,021.  This  in- 
formation reached  California  at  the  end  of  July  1790, 
together  with  Fathers  Danti,  Mig'uel,  Rubi,  and  Ta- 
pis, and  everythiuij;  necessary  except  tlie  vestments 
and  sacred  vessels.  This  omission  caused  delay,  and 
it  was  not  until  July  1791  that  a  positive  assumnce 
came  from  the  viceroy  that  'Jiese  articles  v.ould  be 
sent.  ITe  then  ordered  the  Fathers  to  proceed  at 
once  with  the  foundinji',  and  meanwhile  to  borrow 
the  needed  articles  from  the  other  missions.  What 
further  happened  may  be  seen  from  a  letter  of  Fr. 
President  Lasuen  to  Governor  Komeu,  written  ou 
September  29th,  1791.    It  is  as  follows: 

"In  view  of  the  superior  order  of  his  excellency  I 
at  once  named  the  missionaries.  I  asked  and  ob- 
tained from  the  commandant  of  this  presidio  the  ne- 
cessary aid  for  exploring;  anew  the  region  of  Solc- 
dad,  and  there  Avas  chosen  a  cite  having  some  advan- 
tages over  the  two  previously  considered.  I  applied 
to  the  missions  for  vestments  and  sacred  vessels; 
and  a3  soon  as  the  commander  of  the  Aranzazu 
furnished  the  help  allowed  for  the  new  establish- 
ments, I  proceeded  to  Santa  Clara  in  order  to  ex- 
amine anew  in  person  the  site  of  Santa  Cruz.  I 
crossed  the  sierra  by  a  long  and  rough  road,  and  I 
found  in  the  site  the  same  excellent  fitness  that  had 
been  reported  to  me.  I  found  besides  a  stream  of  wa- 
ter very  near,  copious,  and  important.  On  the  day  of 
San  Augustin,  August  28th,  I  said  Mass,  and  a  crosr; 
was  raised  on  the  spot  where  the  establishment  is  to 
be.  Many  gentiles  came,  old  and  young,  of  both  sex- 
es, and  showed  that  they  would  gladly  enlist  under 
that  sacred  standard,  thanks  be  to  God!  I  returned:; 
to  Santa  Clara  by  another  way,  rougher.,  but'  shorter 
and  more  direct.  I  had  the  Indians  improve  the  road 
and  was  perfectly  successful,  because  for  this    as   for 


-  ST2  — 

everything  eke  the  the  ccnianclnnte  of  Sfin  Francisco, 
Don  Hermenegildo  Sal,  has  furnished  with  the  great- 
est activity  and  promptness  all  the  aid  I  had  asked 
for.  I  ordered  some  little  huts  made,  and  I  suppose 
that  by  this  time  the  missionaries  are  there.  I  found 
in  Monterey  the  two  corvettes  of  the  Spanish  expe- 
dition, and  the  commander's  power  to  please  obliged 
me  to  await  their  departure.  I  endeavored  to  induce 
them  to  transport  the  Santa  Cruz  supplies  by  water, 
but  it  could  not  be  accomplished.  The  day  before 
yesterday,  however,  some  were  sent  there  by  land, 
and  with  them  a  man  from  the  schooner  which  came 
from  Nootka  under  Don  Juan  Carrasco.  The  plan  is 
to  see  if  there  is  any  shelter  for  a  vessel  on  the 
coast  near  Santa  Cruz,  and  to  transport  thither  what 
is  left.  To-morrow  a  report  is  expected.  This  measure 
is  taken  because  we  lack  animals.  To-day  eleven  In- 
dians have  departed  from  here  w-ith  tools  to  con- 
struct a  shelter  at  Soledad  for  the  Fathers  and  the 
supplies.  I  and  the  other  Fathers  are  making  prepa- 
rations, and  my  departure  thither  will  be,  by  the  fa- 
vor of  God,  the  day  after  St.  Francis,  October  8tli  at 
the  latest."  (1) 

CoMANDAXTE  Sal  uow  started  out  from  San  Francis- 
co for  Santa  Cruz  with  a  corporal  and  two  privates. 
The  corporal  of  the  mission  guard  was  fully  instruct- 
ed respecting  his  duties.  He  was  admonished  to  con- 
stant precautions,  kindness  to  the  gentiles,  harmony 
with  the  Fathers,  strict  performance  of  religious  du- 
ties, etc.  The  instructions  were  about  the  same  as 
those  given  to  the  soldiers  at  the  other  missions.  It 
is  to  be  noticed,  however,  that  when  escorting  tlie 
missionaries  the  soldiers  were  not  allowed  to  pass 
the  night  away  from  the  mission.  If  a  missionary 
desired  to  go  to  a  distant  mission,  word  had  1o 
be    sent    to    San    Francisco,    and    a    guard    obtained 

(1)    Banc,  I,  m-m. 


from  the  presidio.  From  Santa  Clara  Sal  proceeded 
to  Santa  Cruz  in  company  with  Fathers  Salazar  and 
Baldomero  Lopez.  On  the  24th  of  September  some 
Christian  Indians  of  Santa  Clara  were  set  to  work 
cutting  timber  and  buildinj:;  a  hut  for  the  mission- 
aries, while  these  were  looking  for  a  sui-table  piece 
of  land  to  sow  twenty-five  fanegas  of  wheat.  A  fine 
plain  was  found  near  a  stream  called  by  the  explo- 
rirs  of  17G9  Arroyo  de  Pedro  Regalado.  The  mis- 
sion site  was  about  five  hundred  yards  from  the  Rio 
San  Lorenzo,  also  named  in  17G9.  The  chief,  Sigert, 
came  with  a  few  of  his  follov/ers,  and  promised  to 
beeomo  the  first  Christian  of  his  tribe,  and  Sal  a- 
p;reed  to  be  godfather. 

On  Sunday,  September  2oth,  Don  Hermenegildo  Sal 
took  formal  possession  of  the  place.  Holy  Mass  was 
celebrated,  the  Te  Daum  chanted,  and  thus  Mission 
Santa  Cruz  formally  established.  Santa  Clara  sent  a 
contribution  to  the  new  mission  consisting  of  64 
cattle,  22  horses,  77  fanegas  of  grain,  and  26  loaves 
of  bread.  San  Francisco  gave  five  yoke  of  oxen,  70 
sheep,  and  two  bushels  of  barley;  and  San  Carlos 
furnished  seven  mules  and  eight  horses.  Church 
vestments,  etc.,  were  also  provided  by  the  older  mis- 
sions. 

At  the  end  of  1791  the  neophytes  numbered  eighty- 
f  )ur,  but  after  another  year  they  had  increased  to 
221.  In  1790  tlie  number  was  523,  the  highest  ever 
reached.   (2) 

The  church,  who>e  cornerstone  had  l)ecn  laid  with 
due  solemnity  on  February  27th,  1793,  was  formally 
dedicated  to  its  holy  use  on  the  10th  of  May,  or  pos- 
sibly March,  1794,  by  Fr.  Pena  of  Santa  Clara,  with 
f  le  assistance  of  Fathers  Gil  and  Sanchez,  and  the 
resident  missionariis.  The  next  day  Holy  Mass  was 
celebrated  in  the  nevv  edifice.  The  building  measured 

(2)    Iufomi33  Ooacraltjj  del  afla  do  1733;  Dauc,  I,  IW-OO. 


—  374  — 

about  thirty  by  ono  lumclred  and  t^velvc  feet,  and 
was  twenty-five  feet  higli.  Tlie  foundation  walls  to 
the  height  of  three  feet  were  of  stone,  the  front  was 
of  masonry,  and  the  rest  of  adobes.  About  the  other 
mission  buildings  but  little  is  recorded,  except  that 
the  last  twQ  sides  of  the  square  were  completed  in 
1795.  A  flouring  mill  was  built  and  began  to  run  in 
t!  e  autumn  of  17CC,  but  it  was  badly  damaged  by 
th?  rains  in  Dacembsr.  In  1793  a  granary  of  two 
stories  and  a  house  for  the  looms  were  finished. 

TowAEDS  the  close  of  the  century  the  mission  pros- 
pects were  far  from  encouraging.  At  the  beginning 
of  1798  Fr.  Fernandez  wrote  that  everything  was  in 
a  bad  shape.  A  liundred  and  thirty  eight  neophytes 
had  deserted  and  left  only  thirty  or  forty  to  work, 
while  the  land  was  overflowed  and  the  planting  not 
half  done.  The  church  had  been  damaged  by  the 
flood;  the  live-stock  was  dying;  and  a  dead  whale  on 
the  beacli  had  attracted  an  unusual  multitude  of 
wolves  and  bears. 

The  missionary  founders  of  Santa  Cruz.  Fathers 
Salazar  and  Lopez,  served  li3re  till  July  1795  and 
August  1796  respectively,  at  or  about  which  dates 
they  departed  for  Msxico  to  seek  the  retirement 
of  their  college.  They  were  succeeded  by  Fathers 
Manuel  Fernandez  and  Jose  de  la  Cruz  Espi.  The 
latter  was  replaced  in  May  1797  by  Fr.  Francisco 
Gonzalez,  while  the  former  had  as  successor,  after 
his  departure  from  tho  country  in  October  1798,  Fr. 
Carranza.   (3) 

(3)  Banc,  I,  lOS-J'JS.  Of  Fr.  Alonso  Isidor  Salazar  we  know  notliiufr  till 
ho  became  raisslonaiy  at  Santa  Cruz;  he  probably  arrived  from  Mexico  a 
little  earlier  ia  the  same  year  1791.  Oa  May  11th,  179G,  while  at  the  col- 
loRC  of  San  Fernando  he  wrote  a  loufr  report  on  California. 

Fr.  Baldomero  Lopez  came  to  California  in  1791,  and  was  stationed  at 
Santa  Cruz  until  ha  retired  in  August  179j.  II  >  was  most  of  the  time  iu 
ill  health ;  in  Mexico  it  seems  he  regained  his  health,  for  on  August  t:th, 
ISIS,  he  was  elected  guardian  of  Sau  Fernando. 

Fr.  Manuel  Fernando?  was  born  iu    1767    at  Tuy  in  Galicia,   Spain.    He  en- 
tered the  Franciscan  Oi-dei'  at  Cornpostela  ii    17S4    joiued  the   coUeco   of 


NoTiiixa  of  importance  occurred  at  Santa  Crv.z  in 
the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  except  that  in 
18C5  Captain  GoycoecLoa  rccomineiulecl  that  the  neo- 
phytes of  the  mission  be  divided  between  Santa  Cla- 
ra and  San  Juan  Bautista,  and  that  the  Fathers  be 
employed  in  new  fields,  since  all  the  Indiana  in  the 
district  had  been  converted.  Tiie  year  1812,  however, 
saw  an  awful  crimo  committed  at  Santa  Cruz :  Fr. 
Andres  Quintana  v.r.s  biutally  murdered,  though  it 
was   first  supposed  he  liad  died  a  natural  death.   (4) 

He  was  found  dead  in  his  bed  on  the  morning  of 
of  Octo])er  12th,  1812,  and  his  remains  were  interred 
by  Fathers  Viader  and  Duran.  The  suddenness  of  the 
death  caused  an  investigation,  which  was  conducted 
by  Lieutenant  Estudillo  during  the  following  week; 
but  the  conclusion  was  that,  as  there  were  no  signs 
of  violence,  the  missionary  had  died  a  natural  death. 
About  two  years  later  suspicions  were  again  aroused. 
A  new  investigation  was  made,  and  it  was  ascer- 
tained that  Fr.  Quintana,  though  sick  himself,  had 
been  called  from  his  room  at  night  to  visit  a  man 
said  to  be  dying,  and  that  on  the  way  he  had  been 
murdered  in  a  most  diabolical  manner.  The  body  had 
then  been  taken  back  to  the  room  of  the  missionary, 
put  to  bed,  and  the  door  afterwards  carefully  locked. 
Nine  or  ten  Indians  were  tried  for  the  crime,  and 
the  case  was  sent  to  Mexico  for  final  sentence.  In 
the  spring  of  1816  the  sentence  came  by  which  five 
of  the  criminals  were  condemned  to  receive  two 
hundred  lashes  each,  and  to  vrork  in  chains  from  two 

San  Fernando  in  179:!,  and  came  to  California  in  179-1.  He  was  one  of  fiv  ^ 
Fathers  who  arrived  recommended  by  Fr.  MupArtepui  as  of  a  differ- 
ent kind  from  several  wlio  had  exhausted  Fr.  Lasuen's  patience.  Fi'. 
Fernandez  was  s-tationcd  at  Santa  Clara  in  1784,  but  was  much  at  San 
Francisco  in  179.=).  He  was  sent  to  Sint  i  Cruz  in  179.5  and  remained  tliero 
till  October  170^,  when  lit  obtained  permisson  to  retire  on  account  of 
sickness. 

(4)  Banc,  II,  l.=)4:  :i'-S-3ti9.  Fr.  Andres  Quitana  was  a  native  of  Antcna- 
na,  Alava,  Spain.  He  landed  at  Monterey  August  Hist,  18(1.'),  and  was  sta- 
tioaed  ftt  Santa  Cruz  from  November  of  that  year  until  liis  death. 


to  ten  years.  Tv.*o  othsrs  of  the  accused  had  inean- 
•\vhile  died  in  prison,  and  one  of  the  five,  Lino,  sup- 
l)osed  to  have  been  the  leader,  died  in  1817  at  Santa 
Barbara  presidio,  where  the  convicts  had  been  pcnt 
to  serve  out  their  time.  Only  one  io  caid  to  have 
s  irvived  (lie  punishment. 

Ok  Novcmlxn-  21st,  18^:0,  another  Indian,  Alberto, 
imprisoned  -cit  iSan  In-;incisco,  vas  examined  on  the 
subject,  and  confessed  that  lie  had  been  urged  to 
join  the  conspiracy,  but  that  \\2  had  refused.  In  the 
sentence  it  appears  that  the  defence  of  the  murder- 
ers had  been  excessive  cruelty  on  the  part  of  the 
murdered  missionary.  The  officials  i:i  Mexico  seem  to 
have  attached  some  importance  to  this  absurd  ilea, 
so  that  Governor  Sola  felt  him.ielf  called  upon  to  re- 
X)ly.  Pie  denied  the  charges  of  the  Indians,  and  eulo- 
;;tzcd  Fr.  Quintana  as  a  model  of  kindness,  who  had 
!-acrificed  his  life  in  the  cause  of  duty:  first  in  leav- 
fiijg  San  Credos  to  assist  sick  a  missionary,  and  then 
in  rising  from  a  sick-bed  to  visit  that  of  an  Indian 
n-jpposed  to  be  dying.  And  still  further  the  governor 
declared  that  aftcn-  a  close  investigation  he  could  find 
r.o  evidence  of  cruelty  on  the  part  of  the  Fathers, 
and  tliat  their  errors  were  for  the  most  part  on  the 
fide  of  ir.erc-y.    (5) 

Fi;.  Gonzalez  labored  at  Santa  Cruz  until  June 
]85;5,  v.htn  be  retired  to  Mcxicc;.  Fr.  Quintana  had 
Luccecdcd  him  r.ntil  1812.  Fr.  Carranza  left  the  mis- 
f;i(;n  in  August  1808.  The  two  Fathers,  Jose  Antonio 
and  Frai:cisco  Javier,  Uiia  ccrved  here  as  supernu- 
meraries in  1SCG-180S,  and  Fr.  Antonio  Rodriguez  ar- 
rived in  June  ISOO,  but  remained  only  till  1811.  Fr. 
Tapis  was  at  Santa  Cruz  for  a  time  in  1812;  but  Fa- 
thers jMarquinez  and  Escude  held  out  longer,  the  for- 
mer from  1811  to  1817,  and  the  latter  from  1812  to 
1818,  wlicn  Fr.  Olhe.^  arrived.  Fr.  Gil  was  transferred" 


to  Saiitii  Cruz  in  1S20.  Of  this  numbsr  of  mission- 
aries  Fr.  Marquinez  departed  for  Mexico  from  Santa 
Cruz.  Fr.  01b(^s  also  returned  to  hk  colleg-o  in  1821, 
so  tliat  Fr.  Gil  y  Tabondu  toiled  alone  here  after 
I  hat  date,  except  for  the  period  1827-1830,  when  Fa- 
thers Antonio  Jimeno,  Jos^  Joaquin  Jimeno,  and 
Juan  Moreno  were  at  Santa  Cruss  much  of  that  time. 
In  1830  Fr.  Gil  left  the  mission  in  char^is  of  Fr.  Jo; 6 
Jimeno,  v,ho  remained  at  his  post  until  the  arrivrJ 
of  the  Zacatecan  Fathers  in  1833.  (6) 

The  mortality  at  San  Cruz  Vv-as  very  great  at  this 
period.  Fr.  Gil  Avriting  on  the  subject  says  that  tlie 
Indians  were  all  impregnated  with  venereal  disease, 
so  that  the  slightest  change  in  the  temperature  pro- 
strated  them,  and  from  sixty  to  eighty  were  sick  at 
the  same  tim9.  The  mission  lands  extended  three 
miles  from  north  to  south,  and  seven  to  nine  leagues 
from  east  to  west,  though  only  three  miles  were  of 
use.  Grasshoppers  and  other  insects  did  much  damage 
to  the  cultivated  fields,  yet  the  taxes  on  mission  pro- 
duce amounted  to  about  $880  a  year.  Supplies  to  the 
guards  averaged  about  ^^o  a  month,  and  the  supplies 
furnished  to  the  presidio  during  1821-1830,  except 
1817,  amounted  to  $o,{}90.  On  December  31st,  1S3J, 
the  mission  possessed  3,500  cattle,  5,403  sheep,  and 
140  horses;  at  the  same  time  298  Indians  were  still 
living  at  the  mission.   (7) 

The  mission  Avas  secularized  in  1834-1835  by  Lniacio 


(G)  Banc,  ir,  15l-]r.5;  ;iS7;  025.  Fr.  Marcclino  M.\rquin?z  was  a  nativo  of 
Tievifio,  Vizcaya,  Spain,  whrr*  he  was  born  in  May  177!).  Ho  took  tl;o 
habit  in  November  IT'JS,  and  joined  the  college  of  San  Fernand'-  in  mu. 
After  his  arrival  in  Californi  i  in  July  ISIO,  he  served  as  missionary  at 
San  Luis  Obispo  from  September  of  that  year  to  November  ISll,  and  thrn 
at  Sauta  Crisz  until  May  1S17.  As  late  as  IbU  he  was  still  living  at  tho 
collofi;;.^  ni-healtli  had  boon    tho  reason  for  his  retirement. 

Fr.  Ramon  01b6^  was  born  at  Atoca  in  Arapon,  Spain,  February  Stb, 
ri6C\  he  took  the  the  habit  at  Zdrapoza  January  1st,  1^02;  joined  tlie 
collofie  of  San  Fernando  June  lOth,  ISKI,  and  reached  California  in  1812. 
He  was  .-t  itloned  at  Santa  In6<  in  1812-lSl.J;  at  Santa  Barban  in  1S1:J- 
1816;  at  San  Luis  Key  in  1813-1818 ;  and  at  Santa  Cruz  from  June  1813  to 
November  18*21,  when  ho  went  lo  Mexico  on  account  of  ill-health. 
(7)    Bauc,    II,  G;i5-C2G;     luformes  Oeuerules  del  afio  liSJl. 


—  878  — 


Mission    Santi    Craz. 


~  879  — 

del  Yalle,  the  comisionticlo.  The  value  of  the  property 
when  turned  over  to  the  secular  authorities  at  the 
end  of  1835  >va.s  .$-17,000,  exclusive  of  land  and  tlie 
church  property,  besides  .fl 0,000,  which  had  been  dis- 
tributed to  the  Indians.  There  is  no  record  of  sub- 
sequent distributions,  or  how  the  estate  disappeared; 
but  in  1839  Hartnell  found  only  70  Indian-i,  with  per- 
haps as  many  more  scattered  in  tlie  district,  and  a- 
bout  one  sixth  of  the  liv.  •  tock  mentioned  in  a  for- 
mer inventory. 

The  church  property  in  1835  was  estimated  to  be 
worth  $32,1-12  as  foUows :  Buildings,  $8,050:  orna- 
ments, bells,  etc.,  $23,505;  library  of  152  volumes, 
$380.  The  live-stock  consisted  of  3,700  cattle,  500 
horses,  2,000  sheep,  18  mules,  10  asses,  and  28  swine. 
In  1839  there  were  left  30  cattle,  127  horses,  and 
1,020  sheep.  Lands,  buildings,  and  fruit  trees  were 
valued  at  less  than  $1,000  in  1845.  In  the  same  year 
only  about  40  Indians  lived  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  old  mission. 

In  1833  Fy.  Antonio  Suarez  del  Real  of  the  Zacate- 
cans  succeeded  Fr.  Jimeno,  and  remained  at  Santa 
Cruz  until  about  1844.  Fr.  Anzar  of  San  Juan  Bautis- 
ta  seems  also  to  have  officiated  here  in  1844-1845. 
Thereafter  there  is  no  definite  record  of  any  resident 
Father  at  Santa  Cruz.   (8) 

Fkom  the  time  of  the  opening  of  Mission  Santa 
Cruz  in  1791  down  to  December  31st,  1S31,  the  Fa- 
thers baptized  2,424  persons,  blessed  820  marriages, 
and  buried  1,040  dead.   (9) 


(8)     Banc.    Ill,  G0b'-695;  IV,  602;  V,  012 

(9)  Informes  Gonerales  del  aflo  lt>;i.  Bancroft,  III,  004  pivcs  the  follow- 
ins  statistics  for  the  same  period  down  to  ISHl:  Total  number  of  bapti.-m.s 
2,4CC,  of  which  1,277  Indian  adults,  939  Indian  Children,  six  adults  and  244 
children  de  gente  de  razon.  Marriapes,  847,  of  which  6U  de  razon.  Deaths, 
2,0:i5,  of  which  1,3.')9  Indian  adults,  574  Indian  children,  45  adults  and  47 
children  de  razou.  Larcost  populatioa  over  reached  at  Santa  Cruz,  044  ia 
1798  Largest  number  of  cattle  '.iJVO  in  )S28;  horses  900  in  182S;  mules  92  iu 
1805;  sheep  8,;XX)  in  1820;  swine  150  in  lirlS;  all  kinds  of  animals  J2,502  in 
1827.  Total  product  of  wheat  9,000  bushels;  barley  1;1,180  bushels;  maize  ao- 
500  bushels;  beans  9,250  bushels;  mitcellaneaus  grains  7,C00  bushels, 


3S()  — 


(S^PPTER  X^III. 


LA  SOLEDAD. 

FoiNEixo  Of  The  Mtsfiox— Pkogkess  In  Mispion  Woek— The  Mippiona- 
jjiTCP— Fb.  Tubi  Ketifes— Epidemic— New  Ciirncii— Death  Of  Gov.  Akei- 
LL.\r.A— Death  Of  Fr.  Ibanez -Bidoeapht— yi-!sioxARY  Changes— Items. 
An  Election— Fe.  Sahpia  Starved  To  Death  At  Soledad— Biogea- 
thy—State  Of  The  Mission— UxworTny  Treatment  Of  The  Mission- 
ABY— Secvlaeization— End  Of  The  Mission— Statistics. 

Fr.  President  Lasuen  sel?cted  the  site  for  Mission 
Soledad  early  in  1791,  but  not  till  September  29th 
did  a  party  of  natives  depart  from  San  Carlos  to  e- 
rect  the  necessary  buildings.  On  October  ninth,  with 
the  assistance  of  Fathers  Sitjar  and  Garcia,  and  in 
the  presence  of  Lieutenant  Arguello,  the  guards,  and 
a  number  of  Indian?,  Fr.  Lasuen  blessed  the  place, 
erected  and  blessed  the  mission  cross,  and  thus 
ushered  into  existence  the  mission  of  Our  Lady  of 
Solitude.  The  spot  was  called  Chuttusgelis  by  the  na- 
tives, but  to  the  Spaniards  the  region  had  been 
known  as  Soledad  since  the  first  occupation  of  the 
country. 

The  first  baptism  of  an  Indian  took  place  on  No- 
vember 23d,  1791.  One  other  entry  in  the  mission  re- 
cords deserves  special  mention.  From  them  it  appears 
that  on  May  19th,  1793,  there  was  baptized  a  Nootka 
Indian,  twenty  years  of  age,  "Iquina,  son  of  a  gen-, 
tile  father,  named  Taguasmiki,  who  in  the  year  1789 
was  killed  by  the  American  Gret  (Gray),  cuptain  of 
the  vessel  called  V,^ashington  belonging  to  the  Con- 
gress of  Boston,"   (1) 

(1)    See  bcginniuj;  of  prcceUio^  chapter.  Banc.,  I,  IlUt.  CaJ.  I|  lOir&OO. 


—  381  — 

At  the  end  of  the  first  year  Soledad  oounted  elev- 
en converts,  but  on  December  31st,  1800,  the  books 
showed  70-1  l)nptisms,  164  niarriai2;cs,  and  221  deaths. 
512  Indians  lived  at  the  mission  Avhich,  at  the  same 
time,  possessed  1,000  cattle,  3,000  sheep,  and  04 
horses.   (2) 

Fatiieiis  Die<:::o  Garcia  and  Mariano  Rubi  were  the 
first  missionaries  of  Soledad.  The  former  was  present 
at  the  founding  of  the  mission,  and  the  latter  ar- 
rived soon  after,  but  on  account  of  ill-health  he  left 
the  mission  in  January,  and  the  country  in  February 
or  March  1703.  Fr.  Garcia  also  left  La  Soledad  in 
February  1702,  but  returned  in  December  and  re- 
mained until  March  1790,  when  he  was  transferred  to 
San  Francisco.  Fr.  Gili  succeeded  Fr.  Rubi  and  staid 
at  Soledad  until  the  arrival  of  Fr.  Espi  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  In  1705  Fr.  Espi  gave  way  to  Fr.  Mar- 
tiareno,  who  labored  at  the  mission  for  two  years, 
when  Fr.  Carnicer  took  his  place  until  1798.  At  the 
end  of  the  century  the  missionaries  were  Fathers 
Antonio  Jaime  and  Mariano  Payeras,  since  March 
1700  and  November  first,  1708,  respectively.  In  1803 
Fr.  Ibanez  relieved  Fr.  Payeras.   (3) 

The  epidemic  in  the  spring  of  1802  was  particular- 
ly severe  at  Soledad.  On  February  5th  the  Fathers 
reported  that  the  Indians  througli  fear  were  abandon- 
ing the  mission ;  that  each  day  live  or  six  deaths  oc- 
curred ;  and  that  the  missionaries  were  overworked. 
Yet  three  j'ears  later  the  same  mission  reached  its 
largest  population  with  727  neophytes.  After  that 
date  the  Indian  population  slowly  decreased  until 
1810,  when  it  was  the  smallest  mission  in  the  pro- 
vince, except  San  Carlos.   (4) 

(2)     Informes    Goaorales.    nfio  lWJ(t,  (!J)    Fr,  Mnrlnno   Rubi    was    one    ( f 

(ho  four  Fiitliors  who  arrived  In  California  in  July  1790  sent  expressly  for 
tlie  new  ostablishmonts.  Ho  was  stationed  at  San  Antonio  from  J7P0  to 
Soptembor  17U1,  and  at  Soledad  from  October  1791  to  January  179a,  wlieu 
h«  rotlvod  to  Mexico  on  account  of  ill  hoalth.  Banc,  I,  49&-50Ui  II,  li'i, 
H)       Btiaoroft,  II,  132>1U;  UiiO. 


-  m  - 

A  now  chui-ch  ^vas  begun  in  the  alitnmn  of  1808  to 
lake  the  place  of  the  old  stra^v-covered  adobe  build- 
ing till  then  used  for  a  place  of  worship.  Governor 
Don  Jos^»  Joaquin  de  Arrillaga  died  at  Soledad  on 
July  2J:th,  181-1,  at  the  aji;e  of  sixty- tour.  While  on  a 
tour  of  inspection  he  was  attacked  by  a  serious  ill- 
ness, and  hastened  to  Soledad  in  order  to  put  him- 
self under  the  care  of  his  old  friend  Fr.  Ibanez.  His 
remains  were  interred  in  the  mission  church  by  Fr. 
Ibanez  on  Tuesday  July  26th.  His  will  directed  that 
his  body  be  shrouded  in  the  Franciscan  habit  and 
buried  at  the  mission  where  he  might  chance  to  die. 
One  hun-red  Masses  v.ere  to  be  said  for  his  soul  at 
ISan  Miguel  and  also  at  San  Antonio.   (5) 

Fr.  Ybanez  died  at  Soledad  in  1818,  (0)  and  left 
Fr.  Antonio  Jaime  to  toil  alone  until  Fr.  Juan  Cabot 
came  in  1820.  In  the  following  year  Fr.  Jaime  was 
transferred  to  Santa  Barbara.  Fr.  Cabot    in  turn    was 

(5)  Bancroft,  II,  iry2-ir)3;  2)4-2:5. 

(6)  Ibid.  :^^5-3SiG.  Fr.  Ibaiiez,  or  as  h^  and  others  wrots  it,  Ybafiez,  was 
a  nan  of  larce  and  varied  experience,  and  quite  famous  amonj?  his  bro- 
tlicr  missionaries.  He  was  born  at  Tirrapona  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  on  Oc- 
tober 20th,  1740,  and  became  a  Franciscan  at  tlio  convent  of  Zaragoza  on 
February  Stli,  17j7.  Hera  ho  received  the  several  sacred  Orders,  serving  al- 
so as  master  of  the  choir.  He  arrived  at  the  coUoso  of  San  Fernando  de 
Mexico  in  May  1770,  and  was  attached  to  the  clioir  there  until  1774,  when 
failing  health  induce-)  i^.im  to  obtain  a  transfer  to  a  convent  in  Micho- 
can,  whence  in  17S1  he  was  transferred  to  the  college  of  Santa  Cruz  do 
Quer6taro,  as  a  member  of  which  community  he  served  seventeen  years  in 
Sonora,  chiefly  at  Dolores  del  Saric  He  made  his  journeys  usually  on  foot. 
)n  1800  he  again  joined  the  college  of  San  Fernando,  and  was  sent  in  1801 
to  California.  Until  180:i  he  was  stationed  at  San  Antonio,  and  from  that 
time  until  his  death  on  November  26th,  1818,  he  labored  at  Soledad,  where 
he  was  buried  next  day  by  Fathers  Jaime  and  Sarrla  in  the  mission 
church.  In  person  ho  was  tall,  broad  shouldered,  and  of  great  strength.  In 
character  ha  was  noted  for  his  kindness  t)  all  of  low  estato,  or  whom  ho 
deemed  in  any  way  oppressed.  Ho  was  fond  of  teaching  the  soldiers  of  the 
guard  to  read  and  write,  and  never  tired  of  instructing  the  neophytes  in 
work  and  music.  Governor  Arrillaga  and  Fr.  Ibanez  were  always  firm 
friend.'-.  On  Arrillaga's  second  coming  to  California  he  was  welcomed  by 
the  Father  at  Soledad  with  vocal  and  instrumental  music,  and  with  ver- 
ses composed  by  Fr.  Ibaiiez  himself.  In  his  last  illness  the  Father  refused 
to  excuse  himself  from  any  of  the  duties  imposed  by  the  Church  or  the 
Order.  Fr.  Sarrla.  who  was  serving  as  chaplain  at  the  camp  on  the  Sali- 
nas, hastoned  to  Soledad  to  psrform  tho  last  ofllcos  for  tho  oldmlssioatt' 


-  883  - 

alone  fit  the  mission  until  1824,  wlitn  Fr.  Francisco 
Javier  de  Uria  succeeded  him. 

There  were  several  changes  amonij  the  missionaries 
of  Soledad  in  the  third  decade  of  the  century.  Fr. 
.Jaime  left  the  mission  in  1821,  and  Fr,  .Junn  Cabot 
in  1824;  Fr.  P>ancisco  Javier  de  Uria  served  in  1824- 
28;  Fr.  Tedro  C^ibot  in  1828-20;  and  Fr.  Prefect  «ar- 
ria  came  here  to  live  in  the  middle  of  1829.  On  May 
5th,  1822,  the  Fathers  and  neophytes  met  to  take  the 
oath  of  independence  from  kSpain,  and  on  November 
19th,  1820,  tlie  Indians  formally  elected  one  of  their 
number  to  iio  to  Monterey  to  represent  tliem  in  an 
clecloti  de  partUh).   (7) 

The  mission  furnished  !l!l,loO  to  Monterey  presidio 
in  1829.  Mission  lands  in  1822  extended  9  to  20 
leagues  east  to  vest,  and  3  leagues  north  to  south. 
The  soil  vas  poor  and  yielded  tolerable  crops  only  in 
the  wet  seasons.  There  was  some  irrigation;  but 
frosts  and  locusts  did  much  damage.  On  April  22d, 
1829,  Fr.  Cabot  informed  governor  Echeandia  that  he 
could  not  establish  a  school  for  want  of  a  teacher,  of 
funds,  and  of  ccholars.  The  record  of  an  election  in 
1S2G  is  as  follows:  "At  the  mission  of  Nuestra  Sefio- 
ra  de  la  Soledad,  tliis  day  Sunday  November  19th, 
182G,  I  the  Chief  Alcalde  Geronimo,  last  night  sum- 
moned the  people  all  to  come  to  the  church ;  and  all 
being  aeeemblcd,  we  attended  our  Mass  and  com- 
mended currelves  to  tlie  Virgin  to  give  us  a  good 
heart  tliat  we  might  do  what  the  comandante  of  tlie 
presidio  liad  directed  us  to  do.  After  hearing  the 
Mass  we  went  out  of  the  church,  and  being  together 
with  all  the  people  I  nam.ed  Senor  Simon  Cota,  who 
can  write,  as    my  secretary,  and  chose  two  scrutators 

ry,  aud  to  Icavo  in  tlio  mission  record  a  narrative  of  his  life  anil  virtupF. 
lu  fi'apmonts  of  tlio  old  mission  hoolis  of  Pimoria,  Sonora,  are  the  siprn;.- 
tuios  of  Ibailez  as  Coxminisibo  of  Caborca  in  April  170G;  and  as  mission- 
ary of  Saric  in  17»;3  and  besides  he  often  ofliciated  at  San  rraucitco  del 
Atl   down   to  1711).    {')  Cai.c.,  II,  aSo-iitO;  ^'JL 


—  384  — 

Odilon  Qiiepness  and  Felipe  de  Jesus;  and  out  of  all 
the  people  eleven  were  set  aside  as  the  comandante 
prescribes,  and  then  all  the  people  retired  except  the 
eleven,  and  they  talked  among;  theniselves  whom  of 
all  the  men  of  the  mission  they  would  send  to  Mon- 
terey. Three  wanted  Fernando,  one  was  in  favor  of 
Isidro,  two  preferred  Valentin,  and  four  "Juan  de  Di- 
os;  and  all  the  ten  concluded  that  Juan  de  Dios  was 
the  one  God  desires  to  ji;o  to  the  comandante  of  Mon- 
terey, and  hold  himself  subject  to  his  orders.  And 
this  is  to  be  known  by  all  the  people  and  this  paper 
we  all  that  are  here  present  will  sign,  alli.^anii;  there- 
to a.  cross  because  we  cannot  write;  and  Juan  de  Di- 
os Avill  carry  it  with  him.  {Here  are  the  crosses).  Be- 
fore me,  Simon  Cota,  secretary  of  the  junta."   (8) 

The  venerable  Fr.  Vincente  Francisco  Sarria  for- 
merly comisario  prefecto  of  Fernandinos  died  at  Sole- 
dad  on  May  21th,  1835.  (9)  "Soledad,"'  says  Gleeson, 
(10)  "of  which  Fr.  Sarria  was  pastor  Avas  once  a  flour- 
ishing Christian  settlement,  possessinii;  its  hundreds 
of  converts  and  thousand  of  cattle.  Want  had  never 
been  known  there  from  the  time  of  its  foundation 
up  to  the  moment  of  confiscation.  Immediately  upon 
the  change,  however,  so  great  wa^  the  plunder  and 
devastation  of  everything  belonging  to  the  mission 
that  the  Father  who  remained  at  his  post  with  a  few 
of  the  Indians,  was  unable  to  obtain  the  ordinary 
necessaries  of  life ;  yet  reduced  as  he  was  to  the 
greatest  extremity  he  would  not  abandon  the  rem- 
mint  ol  his  flock.  For  thirty  years  he  had  labored  a: 
mong  them,  and  now,  if  necessary,  he  was  ready  to 
die  in  their  behalf.  Broken  down  by  years  and  ex- 
hausted by  hunger,  one  Sunday  morning  in  the 
month  of  August  of  the  above  mentioned  year,  the 
holy  old  man  assembled  in  his  little    church  the    few 

(8)    Bancroft  II.  022-02:).       (0)    Ibid.  Ill,    683 ;  Qlooson  aa.va  ^Yith  others  it 
was  liiuS.       (10)    Olooson  11,  134-i;jQ. 


convorts  thnt  remained  to  liiin.  It  Avas  the  last  time 
he  Avas  to  appear  before  these  natives.  Hardly  had  he 
comnienced  the  l.ojy  sacrifice  of  the  Mass  when  his 
strenj;th  completely  failed  him ;  he  fell  before  the 
altar  and  expired  in  the  arms  of  his  people,  for 
whom  he  had  so  zealously  and  earnestly  labored. 
Noble  and  Avorthy  death  of  a  Spanish  missionary 
priest!"   (10)  ' 

Thus  he  Avas  the  last  of  the  Fernandinos  in  the 
north,  dying  just  before  the  secularization  Avhich  put 
an  end  to  the  independent  Franciscan  administration 
here  and  else^A•here.  As  from  that  time  the  mission 
had  no  resident  missionary,  Fr.  Mercado  of  San  An- 
tonio had  charge  of  its  spiritual  interests,  and  made 
occasional  visits  from  the  autumn  of  1884.  Fr.  Mer- 
cado declared  that  this  muerte  violenta^  violent  death, 
Avas  due    to  escasez  de  alimentos:  want  of  food. 

(10)  "Fr.  A'incento  Francisco  Sarria  was  a  Biscayan,  born  in  November  17G7 
at  San  E5t6van  de  Ecliibarris,  noar  BllbDa,  at  wliicli  latter  tjwii  I13  ba- 
camo  a  Franciscan  in  Novpmbor  \l&i.  Ho  served  at  his  convent  as  lector 
do  fllosofla  for  laymen,  maestro  do  ostudiantes,  and  lector  de  artes  de  ro- 
ligriosos.  He  left  Cddiz  in  Juno  1824,  aud  after  four  years'  service  at  tlio 
college  of  San  Fernando  he  was  sent  to  California  in  ]S()9.  His  missionary 
service  was  at  San  Carlos  in  1809-20,  and  at  Soledad  in  1829-1835;  that  is 
to  say  these  irissions  wisre  his  headquarters,  for  ho  was  absent  mucli  of 
the  time  on  official  tours.  In  1813-19  Fr.  Sariii  hchl  the  office  of  comisa- 
rio  prefect©  of  the  missions  in  California,  and  au;ain  in  1828-30,  o.'  perhaps 
a  little  longer,  and  he  was  also  president  in  1S2.J-25.  In  the  discharge  of 
his  official  duties  ho  proved  himself  tho  worthy  successoi"  of  Fathers  Sor- 
ra,  Lisuen,  and  Tapis.  He  wroti  several  little  work?,  among  which  was 
also  a  curious  volume  of  manuscript  sermons  in  his  native  Basque.  He  was 
a  scholarly,  dignilipd.  and  amiable  man;  not  prone  to  controversy,  yet 
strong  in  argument,  clear  and  earnest  in  the  expression  of  his  opinions, 
devoted  to  his  faith  and  liis  Order,  strict  in  observing  and  enforcing 
Franciscan  rules  and  conscientious  in  the  performance  of  every  duty ;  yet 
liberal  in  his  views  on  ordinary  matters,  clear-headed  in  business  affairs, 
and  well  liked  by  all  who  came  in  contact  with  him.  A;  prefect  no  Cali- 
fornia friar  could  have  done  better,  since  in  the  misfortuuo  of  his  Order 
he  never  lost  either  tompar  or  courage.  Declining  as  a  loyal  Spaniard  to 
accept  republicanism,  Fr.  Sarrla  was  arrested  in  1825  and  his  exile  or- 
dered; but  his  arrest  wliich  lasted  about  five  years  was  moroly  nominal, 
and  the  order  of  exile,  though  never  withdrawn  and  several  times  re- 
newed, was  never  enforced.  After  183J,  old  and  infirm,  but  still  actively 
engaged  in  local  missionary  duties,  lie  lived  quietly  at  Soledad  wliich  he 
declined  to  leave  in  1831,  when  the  nortliorn  missions  were  given  to  the 
Franciscans  of  Zacatecas,  especially  as  no  resident  missionary  was  as- 
signed to  this  mission."    Banc,  III,  688-89. 


Bancroft  objects  to  this  statcmont  nnd  says:  "I 
do  not  credit  Mercado's  cliarges,  or  believe  that 
tlicrc  was  an  administrnlor  in  California  "who  -would 
liave  maltreated  a  uiiscionary  to  Avidcly  known  and 
loved."  (11)  Bancroft  elsewhere  docs  not  presuppose 
so  much  jiocd  sense  and  human  fcclinji;  in  ti:e  ad- 
ministrators of  otlier  confiscated  missions.  However, 
Mofra«,  an  eyewitness,  according  to  Gleeson  v/rites : 
"We  have  seen  the  Rev.  Father  Gonzalez  obliged  to 
sit  at  the  table  of  the  administrator,  and  to  sulFer  the. 
rudeness  of  cowherds  and  majordomos  who  but  a  few- 
years  before  esteemed  themselves  happy  to  enter  the 
service  of  the  monks  as  domestics."  Speaking-  of  the 
mission  of  San  Antonio,  the  same  writer  says:  "The 
only  religious  Avho  still  inhabits  San  Antonio,  the 
Rev.  Father  Gutierrez,  gave  us  the  most  hospitable 
reception  ;  and  we  saw  with  indignation  that  an  an- 
cient domestic,  who  had  bcccme  administrator  of  the 
mission,  took  advantage  of  tlie  paralytic  state  of  this 
ecclesiastic  to  put  him  on  rations,  and  even  refuse 
him  the  actual  necessaries  of  life."   (12) 

Of  the  reduced  state  of  the  mission  of  San  Luis 
Obispo  he  says:  "In  the  Iniilding,  at  present,  (1842), 
in  ruins,  -\ve  fonnd  reduced  to  the  greatest  misery 
the  oldest  Spanisli  Franciscan  of  all  Californin,  the 
Rev.  Father  Ramon  Abella,  who  saw  the  illustrious 
Peyrouse  in  1787.  The  mission  has  suifercd  su'-h  de- 
vastation that  tliis  i)oor  religious  slept  on  an  ox- 
hide, drank  out  of  a  horn,  ;ind  had  only  for  liis  food 
soiiw  i/tofsc/s  of  i/u'fff  f/r/'cr/  in  the  sint .'  This  venera- 
ble Father  distril)iited  th?  little  that  was  sent  him 
among  the  Indian  children,  who  still  inhal)it  with 
their  families  the  tottering  hovels  attaclied  to  the 
mission.  Several  cliaritable  persons,  as  well  as  Father 
Duran,  have  offered  an  asylum  to  Fr.  Al)ella,  l)ut  he 
always  refuses  and  declares  that  he  Avishes  to    die  at 

(U)    Dane,  III.  OJ'ii-G.H;i.  irj'    0!-?.sou.  II.  r^2-i:jl. 


liis  pest.  Thiri  worthy  man,  who  has  founded  several 
missions  in  the  north,  is  almost  eixty  years  in  the  a- 
postleship,  but  still  spe3ks  cf  going  to  the  conquest 
of  souls,  while  at  the  same  time  in  an  age  so  ad- 
vanced he  supports  without  murmur  the  humiliation 
and    privation    which    poverty  brings." 

The  body  of  the  venerable  Fr.  8arria,  though  he 
died  at  Soledad,  was  taken  to  San  Antonio  and  there 
buried  in  the  mission  church  on  the  epistle  side  of 
the  presbytery,  in  the  sepulchre  nearest  the  wall,  on 
May  27th.  Fr.  Aml)ris  was  told  that  years  later  Fr. 
ISarria's  body  was  found  to  be  intact.   (13) 

There  was  but  a  slight  loss  in  population  or  in 
livestock  down  to  1834,  though  crops  were  very  rmall, 
but  later  Indians,  animals,  and  property  of  all  kinds 
rapidly  disappeared.  The  population  was  about  300  in 
1884,  but  in  1840  it  had  dwindled  down  to  about  70, 
with  perhaps  as  many  more  scattered  in  the  district. 
Baptisms  for  the  years  1831-34,  as  far  as  the  records 
go,  numbered  .  140,  rather  strangely  including  more 
than  half  adults.  Deaths  amounted  to  150.  The  debt 
at  tlie  end  of  1840,  after  C  years  of  secular  rule,  was 
large,  and  there  were  left  only  45  cattle,  2o  liorses, 
and  865  sheep,  though  the  inventory  of  1835  had 
shown  an  estate  valued  at  !f36,000  besides  the  church 
property.  There  was  a  library  at  this  mission  of  51 
volumes  valued  at  $18(5.  Secularization  was  effected 
in  1835  by  Nicolas  Alviso,  and  tlie  successive  admin- 
istrators were  Jose  M.  Aguila,  Salvador  Espinosa,  and 
A-^incente  Cautua.  At  the  end  of  1840  the  establish- 
ment was  on  the  verge  of  dissolution.  On  the  4th  of 
June  1840  S(  kdad  missic  n  was  told  to  Feliciano 
Soberanes     for    $800.    (14) 

The  statistics  for  the  whole  period  of  the  mission 
existence,  1791-1834,  are  as  follows :  Total  of  baptisms, 
2,222,  of  which  1,235  were  Indian  adults,  924    Indian 

(l;Jl     Bancroft    III,  6S0-y:i.     (14)     B  in:ro:t,  IV,  519  ;5r)2;  631;  V,  5G1. 


—  3SU  — 

and  03  cliildren  de  razon ;  annual  average  50.  Total 
of  n^arriagTs,  G82,  of  wliicli  11  Avcrc  do  razon.  Total 
of  deaths,  1,803,  of  which  1,207  were  Indian  adults, 
574  Indian  children,  9  adults  and  13  children  de  gcn- 
te  de  razon;  an  aununl  avenge  of  40.  The  largest 
Indinn  population  ever  reached,  725  Avas  in  1805. 
Tlio  largest  number  of  cattle  possessed  by  the  mission 
at  any  one  time  was  G,5f)9  in  1831;  liorses,  1,257  in 
1821;  mules,  80  in  1S;)7;  sheep,  0,500  in  1808;  swine, 
9;)  in  1814;  all  kinds  of  animals,  16,551  in  1821.  The 
total  product  of  wheat  was  61,254  bushels;  barley, 
13,956  l)ushels;  corn,  18,210  l)ushels;  beans,  2,260 
busliels;  and  miscellaneous  grain,  13,012  bushels.  (15) 
The  "Informes  Gcnerales"  for  1791-1832  give  the 
following  figures:  baptisms,  2,102;  marriages,  636; 
deaths,  1,679. 


GI^ppl^BPJ  XIX. 


SAN  JOSE. 

Mispiox  San  Jose  E-.tablished— Success— M^ssioNAniEs—Fn.  Cl'eva  Re» 
TIRES— Indian  Attack— Description  Of  The  Mission  Bt  Langsdorf?— 
New  Church  Dedicated— State  Of  The  Mission  Iv  1S20— Interesting 
Items— Statistics— Seculariztion-Fathers  Mueo,  Quijas,  And  Guti- 
errez Retires— Temporal  Affair?— Mission  San  Jose   Sjld. 

According  to  an  order  from  Mexico,  one  of  the 
missions  was  to  l)e  dedicated  to  St.  Josepli,  the  fos- 
ter-father of  Our  Lord.  For  this  reason  the  one  next 
established  was  placed  under  his  special  protection, 
and  l)ecame  known  :is  8an  Jose.  Gov.  Borica  sent 
orders  to  the  commandant  of  San  Francisco  to   detail 

115 1     Bancroft    III,     CO.'. 


-  SOD  - 

n  corporal  and  five  men  for  the  mission  of  San  Jose 
to  be  founded  at  llio  Alameda.  On  June  9th  th^ 
troops  under  Amador,  accompanied  hy  Fr.  Lasu- 
en,  started  for  the  spot,  where  next  day  a  temporary 
church,  or  envfwuida,  was  erected.  The  native  name 
of  the  site  was  Oroysom,  or  Oroysoii.  On  June  ILth, 
1797,  Trinity  Sunday,  Uie  reiiular  ceremonies  of 
foundation,  lilessini;;  the  site,  raisin;^-  tlr.^  cross.  Lita- 
ny of  All  Saints,  Holy  Mass,  sermon,  and  Te  Deum 
were  observed  as  usual  l\v  Fr.  Lasuen,  and  the  who 
festivity  concluded  wit!i  th_'  lirin^;  of  guns.  The 
came  day  all  returned  to  Sr.nl a  Clara.  Five  days  later 
Amador  and  his  men  came  back  to  cut  timber 
in  order  to  construct  the  necessary  buildings.  By 
the  28th,  this  work  was  so  far  advanced  that 
the  guard  could  complete  it.  The  same  day  Fa- 
thers Isidoro  Barcenilla  and  Agustin  Merino  ar- 
rived and  took  charge.  The  three  northern  missions 
contributed  12  mules,  30  horses,  12  yoke  of  oxen,  242 
sheep,  and  60  pigs. 

The  first  baptism  was  administered  on  September 
2d  by  Fr.  Catald.  By  the  end  of  1707  there  were  83 
converts,  and  in  1800  the  number  had  increased  to 
286,  the  baptisms  up  to  that  time  having  been  364, 
and  the  burials  88.  Meanwhile  the  large  stock  in- 
creased to  367,  and  sheep  and  goats  to  1,600.  Crops 
in  1800  were  about  1,500  bushels,  chiefly  wheat.  The 
total  for  the  three  years  was  3,000  bushels. 

Fr.  Barcenilla  remained  at  San  Jose  till  after  1800, 
but  Fr.  Merino  was  replaced  in  1709  by  Fr.  Jose  An- 
tonio Uria.  All  three  were  new-comers,  and  none  re- 
mained long  in  the  country.  A  wooden  structure  with 
grass  roof  served  as  a  churcl:.    (1) 

Fr.  Barcenilla  in  April  ]802  was  succeeded  by  Fr. 
Luis  Gil  y  Taboada  until  1804,  when  the  latter's  ijlace 
was  taken  by  Fr.  Pedro  do  la  Cueva,  wdio    retired  in 

(1)    Dancr:>ft  I,  "i5>550. 


—  391  — 

Novemher  1803.  Fr.  J(».;t'  xVutoiiio  Uria,  wlio  liad  been 
stationed  h;n-e  since  n99,  also  left  the  irission  in 
1806.  They  were  succeeded  by  Fathers  Buenaventura 
Fortuni  and  Narciso  Duran,  who  were  new  arrivals 
from  Mexico.   (2) 

TnEKE  ir,  a  vaiiue  record  tliat  a^  early  as  IS  )2  Fr. 
Uria  and  his  escort  were  attacked  by  the  gentiles  of 
the  mountains,  and  that  a  military  force  was  sent  to 
teach  the  savages  a  lesson;  but  i)articulars  are  not 
knowr.  A  subsequent  occurrence  of  the  kind  is  how- 
ever l)eiter  recorded.  Fr.  C'ueva  haviuii;  occasion  to  vis- 
it some  sick  neophytes  at  a  rancheria  ten  or  tifteen 
miles  distant  in  tlie  eastern  hills,  was  escorted  l)y 
Ignccio  Higuera  and  two  soldiers,  besides  a  few- 
Christian  Indians.  This  was  on  the  15th  of  January. 
Arriving  at  the  rancheria  to  which  his  visit  was  direct- 
ed, thL'  natives  instead  of  receiving  him  kindly,  dis- 
charged a  cloud  of  arrows.  Majordomo  Ignacio  Higue- 
ra  was  killed,  Fr.  Cueva  was  struck  in  the  face,  one 
of  the  coldiers  was  badly  wounded,  and  three  neo- 
phytes were  killed  together  with  all  the  horses. 
The  pursuit  was  checked  apparently  by  the  fall  of  a 
gentile,  and  the  survivors  were  enabled  to  reach  the 
mission.  In  retaliation  Sergeant  Peralta  made  a  raid 
and  killed  eleven  gentiles.   (3) 

Early  in  May  1806  Langsdorfi',  a  Russian  navigator, 
visited  the  mission.  He  gives  the  following  description 
of  Mission  San  Jose:  "Although  it  is  only  eight  years 
since  they  were  begun,  the  buildings  and  grounds  are 
already  of  very  considerable  extent;  (he  quantity  of 
corn  in  the  granaries  far  exceeded  my  expectations. 
They  contained  at  that  time  more  than  2,000  meas- 
ures of  wheat,  and  a  proportionate  quantity  of  maize, 
barley,    peas,    beans,  and  other  grain.    The    kitchen- 

(2)  Uincroft  II,  131-13S.  Fr.  Podro  do  la  Cuova,  or  Caevas,  left  Guadala- 
jara  on  April  Sid,  lb04,  and  arrived  ia  Califonia  on  Aupust  1-lth.  Ill-health, 
not    roJiovcd  by  a  fow  months'  stay  at  San  Dio^o,  coinpclbd  him  to  n^tirc  t  • 

Jji.«  ecJi-'Tc,         i;;;    Btiuc,  II,  :3l;  i:ja. 


392 


MiEsicn  San  Jos: 


—  iiOZ  — 

garden  is  oxtramely  vrcll  laid  out,  and  kept  in  very 
good  order;  tin  soil  U  evorywhoro  rlcli  and  fertile, 
and  yields  ample  returns.  The  i'ruit  troe3  arc  still  ver- 
y  young,  hul:.  thoir  produce  ia  as  good  as  could  bo 
expected.  A  small  rivulet  runs  through  the  garden, 
which  preserves  a  constant  moisture.  Some  vineyards 
have  been  planted  within  a  f^w  years,  which  yield 
excellent  wine,  sweet,  and  resembling;;  Malaga.  Tlie 
location  of  the  establishment  is  admiralily  chosen, 
and  according  to  the  universal  opinion  this  mission 
will  in  a  few  years  be  the  richest  and  best  in  Cali- 
fornia. The  only  disadvantage  is,  that  there  ar?  no 
large  trees  very  near.  To  compensate  the  disadvant- 
age, there  are  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  mission 
challv-hills,  and  excellent  brick-earth,  so  that  most 
of  their  buildings  are  of  brick.  Their  stores  of  corn 
are  much  greater  than  of  cattle,  consequently  the 
number  of  oxen  slaughtered  every  week  is  considera- 
bly smaller  than  at  San  Francisco,  but  their  consump- 
tion of  corn  and  pulse  is  much  greater.  The  habita- 
tions of  the  Indians  are  not  yet  finished,  so  that  at 
present  they  live  chielly  in  straw  huts  of  a  coni.'al 
form." 

Meaxwiiile  work  on  tlie  mission  church  was  pressed 
forward,  and  on  April  23d,  1809,  Fr.  Tapis,  superior  of 
the  missions,  came  to  bless  the  new  structure.  Next 
day  he  preached,  and  Fr.  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta  said 
Mass  in  the  presence  of  the  other  Fathers,  of  seven! 
military  officers,  and  ^of  many  people  from  the  ad- 
joining pueblo.  On  the  eighth  of  the  following  July 
the  new  cemetery  was  blessed  with  the  customary 
solemnHies.   (4) 

Fathers  Duran  and  Fortuni  baptized  more   Indians 
at  San  Jose  than  the  missionaries    at  any    other   mis 
sion,  and   buried  a  smaller   percentage    of   their    cmi 
verts  than  did  the    Fathers  at  any  other  mission    cx- 

U)    Bnnc,  II,  i:;S-110. 


-  .^04  - 

CGpt  kSm  Luis  Key.  The  misgicn  ako  Icok  sccor.d  i.lnce 
in  the  list  as  far  as  population  was  concerned,  Mhich 
increased  from  545  in  1830  to  1,7£4  in  182(1.  ISliccp 
raising  and  aii;riculture  Avere  also  prosperous.  In  Jan- 
uary ISll  the  dead  were  removed  from  the  old  to  lli^ 
new  cemetery.  In  1813  there  was  an  expedition  after 
runaways  involvinii;  a  fiji'it  on   the   San  Joacjuin.   (5) 

Fe.  Buenaventura  Fortuni  left  Mission  San  Jose  in 
the  autumn  of  1825,  and  from  that  time  Fr.  Narciso 
Duran  labored  alone.  He  was  also  superior  of  all  the 
missions  in  1825-1827.  The  supplies  furnished  to  tlie 
presidio  at  San  Francif-co  from  1821-1880,  except 
1827,  amounted  to  .$] 5,125.  Tithes  and  taxes  in  1824 
amounted  to  $1,846;  in  1828  they  still  reachad  $1,167. 

In  1827  three  adol)e  rooms  were  erected  for  soap 
making,  tanning,  and  storing  of  hides.  In  April  1829, 
Virmond  ordered  a  bell  of  1,000  lbs,  bearing  the 
name  of  San  Jose  Mission.  Robinson  mentions  a 
large  reservoir  in  the  rear,  pipes  carrying  the  water 
to  the  buildings  and  gardens,  and  a  fountain  with 
conveniences  for  bathing  and  washing  in  front.  In 
1822  the  lands  extended  9  leagues  by  one  to  three 
leagues.   (6) 

Fr.  Duran  was  succeeded  in  1883  by  the  Zacatecnn 
Fr.  Jose  Maria  de  Jesus  Gonzalez  Ilubio,  who  re- 
mained several  years.  The  mission  at  this  time  was 
probably  the  most  prosperous  in  California,  both  be- 
fore and  after  secularization.  Its  highest  popuh> 
tion  of  1,866  souls  was  reached  in  1881,  and  though 
the  number  fell  to  about  1,400  in  1834,  and  580  in 
1840,  with  probably  2C0  scattered  in  the  district,  yet 
crops  were  uniformly  good,  the  yield  being  larger  in 
proportion  to  the  seed  sown  than  elsewhere ;  and  live- 
stock increased  steadily  to  the  end.  The  population 
down  to  1834  decreased  to  1,456.  There  were  360  bap- 
tisms during  the  three  years  1830-1834,    including  293 


io)    Bancroft,  II,    ^75  S70.       (0)    Bancroft,  II,  :,2ii-m. 


—  ovo  — • 

adults  ill  18iM,  wliilst  80;J  perKous  died,  ;Uul  liJO  couj  • 
]es  were  married.  Larije  stock  for  the  same  period 
increased  to  ]J3,710;  horses  and  mules  declined  to  1, 
250;  and  sheep  remained  at  13,000  head.  Crops  a- 
mounted  to  13,000  bushels  each  year.  In  1835,  accord- 
inii;  to  Fr.  Gonzalez,  the  mission  had  18,000  cattle, 
35,000  sheep,  ],100  horses,  and  c  liccts  valued  at  JF20, 
000.  Statistics  for  the  whole  period  of  the  mission's 
existence  1797  to  1831  are  as  follows:  Total  of  bap- 
tisms, 0,737,  of  which  4,182  were  Indian  adults;  2,488 
Indian  children;  and  ()7  cliildren  do  razon ;  an  annual 
average  of  177.  Marriai^es,  1,984  of  which  only  four 
de  razon.  Deaths,  5,109,  of  which  3,524  were  Indian 
adults;  1,554  Indian  children;  and  four  adults  and  27 
children  de  razon ;  an  annual  average  of  134.  The 
largest  number  of  cattle  owned  by  the  mission  was 
18,000  in  1820;  horses,  1,425  in  1834;  mules,  100  in 
1830;  sheep  20,000  in  1826;  all  kinds  of  animals  85, 
000  in  1820.  The  total  product  of  wheat  amounted  to 
13,080  bushels;  barley,  10,750;  corn,  17,290;  beans,  3, 
790;  miscellaneous  grains,  8,800  bushels.  The  *'Infor- 
mes  Generales"  give  the  following  figures  for  tho  i^e- 
riod  1797  to  December  31st,  1831 :  Baptisms,  0,037 ; 
marriages,  1,943;  deaths,  4,045. 

Seculaeization  was  effected  in  183(5-37,  Vallejo 
having  cliarge  as  administrator  until  April  1840, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  Jose  Maria  Amador.  The 
inventory  made  at  the  time  of  the  transfer  showed 
a  total  valuation,  not  including  lands  or  church  pro- 
perty, of  $155,000  over  and  above  the  delfts.   (7) 

Fr.  Jose  Maria  Gonzalez  Rubio  left  San  Jose  in 
1842.  Fr.  Miguel  Muro  then  became  the  missionary  , 
but  left  California  al)out  the  year  1845. 

Fii.  Jose  Lorenzo  Quijas  was  stationed  here  in  184:3- 
44,  or  at  least  officiated  here  during  that  time,  wlien 
he  seems  to  have  left  the  country. 

7j  Bancroft  III,  7W-725, 


—  80C  — 

Fr.  Gutierrez  was  at  8aii  Joso  in  18i5  and  prob.i- 
bly  dsparted  for  M?xico  in  the  sam3  year.  (8) 

In  18-13  San  Jose,  like  eome  of  the  other  missions, 
^vas  restored  lo  the  rraiicifcaiis  lo  Lo  administered 
by  them  a^  guardians  of  the  Indians  as  in  former 
times.  Respe -tinj:;  their  success  Ihcre  is  no  definite 
record.  In  1844  they  made  efforts  to  i-et  l)ack  tl  e 
live-stock  due  the  mission  from  private  citizens;  this 
brought  on  trouble  with  M.  G.  Yallejo.  The  dues 
from  Vallejo  Avere  3,000  sheep ;  from  Antonio  Buelnr, 
since  1840,  one  hundred  and  fifty  heifc^rs ;  from  Mar'- 
ano  Castro  110  heifers  since  1810;  from  Juan  Alvires 
200;  from  Rafael  Estrada  100;  from  Guillermo  Castro 
200  sheep;  from  Santiago  Estrado  100  heifers  and  10 
bull  calves.  In  1845  the  Fathers  asked  to  be  reliev- 
ed of  the  care  cf  the  temporalities.  Mofras  gives  the 
Christian  Indian  population  as  100  in  1842,  and  three 
years  later  there  may  have  been  250  still  living  atcr 
n?ar  the  mission.    (9) 

On    May    5th,  184G,  San   Jose  Mission    was    sold  to 


(8)  Fr.  Mifruel  Muro  was  a  Franciscan  of  the  coUejre  of  Our  Lndy  of  Guada- 
lupo,  Zacatociis,  who  had  been  a  missionary  in  Tex  is.  Sabsoquontly  ho 
served  as  mastar  of  novices  at  tlie  college  in  loS;il-;i7,  and  came  to  Califor- 
nia apparently  in  1812,  from  which  time  his  namo  appears  on  the  records 
at  San  Jos6  Mission  until  May  1815,  and  at  San  Francisco  in  June-Oc 
tober  of  the  same  year.  Having  retired  to  his  college  he  died  of  the 
cholera  in  lJ-50.  He  was  a  religions  of  most  exemplary  life. 

Fr.  Joj4  Lorenzo,  Quijas  an  Indian  and  probably  a  native  of  Ecuador, 
had  been  a  trader  before  he  became  a  Franciscan  and  joined  tlie  Zace- 
tocas  college.  He  came  with  Fr.  Diego  in  1S:«,  and  served  at  San  Francif- 
coin  lS.i;i-M,  at  Solano  and  San  Rafael  in  1834-4S,  and  at  San  Jos6  in  ISHi-U. 
Bancroft  says:  "Unfortunately  Quijas  and  two  or  thrive  other  black  sheep 
of  the  Zacatecan  flock  wore  so  situated  as  to  come  much  in  contact  with 
foreigners,  and  this  fact  did  much  to  discredit  all  the  friars  in  the  opin- 
ion of  the  immigrants.  Dr.  Sandels  found  him  in  1813  a  reformed  man  at 
San  Jos^,  and  the  same  year  came  his  appointment  as  vice-president  of 
the  missions.  He  disappears  from  the  records  in  April  181-1.  -A.  certain 
Charles  Brown  claimed  to  liave  met  him  in  Mexico  in  1857,  when  he  was 
curate  of  Ometepoc." 

Fr.  Jo36  do  Jesus  Maria  Gutierrez  was  also  on-T  of  the  Zacatecan  Fran- 
ciscans who  came  with  Fr.  Garcia  Diego  in  ibSi.  He  was  stationed  at 
San  Francisco  Solano  in  18:!:J':U,  at  San  Francieco  or  Dolores  in  1834-30, 
at  San  Antonio  in  1840-14,  and  at  San  Jo6$  in  August  1845,  which  is  the 
last  record  found  of  him.         Sotomayor  G14.    Banc.  IV,  680.051. 

(9)    Ibid.  XV,  309;  422;  C81-C82. 


Andi-cs  Pico  and  J.  B.  Alvarado  for  $32,000  by  Gov- 
ernoi-  Pico.  The  mission  had  no  resident  missionary, 
but  was  attcMukd  l)y  Fr.  Keal  of  b'anta  Clara.   (11)' 


GI^PPTBII  XX. 


SAN    JUAN    EAUTISTA. 

INSTRCCTIOKS       To     TlIE      Gt'AEDS— MISSIONARY      STATIONS— FOUNDING       Of 

The  Mission— Tee  First  Missionaries— Missionaey  Progress- Indian 
Troubles— Earthquake— Controversy— New  Church— Fai  hers  Lopez, 
Martiarena,  And  Itturate  Eetiee— Death  Of  Fr.  Delanto— Death 
Of  Fr.  Tapis— Biography— Other  Missionaiiy  Changes— Secular- 
ization—IxvEVTORY-SrATisxics— The  Mission  Sold— F^-:.  Axzar  The 
Last     Missionary. 

GovEEKOR  Borica  on  May  19th,  issued  instructions 
to  Corporal  Ballesteros  and  five  men  who  were  de- 
tailed to  act  as  guard  for  the  new  mission  to  be 
placed  under  the  patronage  of  St.  John  the  Baptist. 
The  instructions  were  similar  to  those  given  to  the 
guards  of  other  missions  previously  founded.  It  is  to 
be  noted,  however,  that  the  furnishing  of  escorts  to 
the  Fathers  was  left  more  to  the  corporal's  discretion 
than  before;  the  absence  of  soldiers  at  night  was  de- 
clared inexpedient,  but  not  absolutely  prohibited. 
Sending  soldiers  after  fugitive  neophytes  was,  how- 
ever, still  forlidden.  These  instructions,  though  pre- 
pared especially  for  this  new  mission,  were  ordered 
published  at  all  the  missions. 

The  site  chosen  was  the  southernmost  of  the  two 
that  had  been  examined,  called  by  the  Spaniards  lor 
many  years  past  San  Benito,  but  by  the  natives  Po- 
peloutechom,    or  Popelout.    The  twenty  three  ranche- 

(11)    Banc,  V,  501;  C0C-CG7. 


—  COS  — 

Has  belonging  to  the  mission  thereafter  wore  Onexta- 
co,  Absayruc,  Motsav.ni,  Triitca,  Teboaltac,  Xiscn,  or 
Xixcaca,  Giguny,  Tipisastaf,  Ausaima,  Poytoqiiix, 
Guac'liurronep,  Pngosincs  or  Paycincs,  Cnlcr.danu', 
Asystarca,  Poiixouoina,  Suricuama,  Tainarox,  Thithi- 
rii,  Uiiijaima,  Chapana,  Mitaldcjama,  Ecliantac,  and 
Yelmus. 

As  early  as  June  17th,  Corporal  Ballestcros  had  e- 
rcctcd  a  church,  missionary-house,  granary,  and  guard 
house  upon  the  site  chosen,  and  rn  June  24th,  the 
day  of  the  patron  saint,  Fr.  Lasuen,  superior  of  the 
missions,  assisted  by  Fathers  Catala  and  Martiarena, 
established  tha  now  mission  of  8au  Juan  Baiitista. 
The  name  had  been  given  in  the  orders  of  the  vice- 
roy. Fathers  Manuel  Martiarena  and  Pedro  Adriano 
Martinez  were  the  first  missionaries  stationed  here; 
both  were  new  arrivals  of  1794  and  17C7  respectively. 
The  hitter  served  at  San  Juan  Bautista  until  the  end 
(;f  1800,  the  former  left  the  mission  in  July  1700,  Fr. 
Jacinto  Lopez  taking  his  place  in  August  1800. 

The  first  baptism  took  place  on  July  11th,  1797,  ;ind 
before  the  end  of  the  year  85  had  received  the  sacra- 
ment, and  611  before  the  end  of  1800,  whilst  Qo  died, 
and  51G  remained  as  neophytes.  Large  stock  increased 
to  723,  small  stock  to  2,080  head,  whilst  agricultural 
products  for  1800  amounted  to  about  2,700  bushels.  A 
mud-roofed  structure  was  the  mission  church  before 
3800.  The  Ansaimes,  or  Ansayanies,  Indian?,  who 
lived  in  the  mountains  about  twenty-live  miles  east 
of  San  Juan  caused  somj  trouble.  In  1798  they  are 
said  to  have  surrounded  tlie  mission  by  night,  but 
were  forced  to  retreat  by  certain  prompt  measures 
of  the  governor  not  specified.  In  November  another 
band  known  as  the  Osos  killed  eight  rancheria  In- 
dians, and  Sergeant  Castro  was  sent  to  punish  them. 
They  resisted  and  a  fight  occurred,  in  which  Chief 
Tatillosti  was  killed,  and  another  chief  and  a  soldier 
were    vaunuled.    Two     gentiles     were    captured     and 


—  399  — 

brought  in  to  bo  educated  ii9  interpreter?.  In  1709 
the  Ansaimes  ajjjain  assumed  a  threatening  attitude 
and  killed  live  MoutBoncs,  or  MutBuncs,  mIio  lived 
between  tlieni  and  the  mission.  Acting  under  instruc- 
tions from  Governor  Borica,  Castro  visited  several 
rancherias,  recovered  over  fifty  fugitives,  administered 
a  few  Hoggings  with  some  warnings,  and  brought  in 
a  few  capHvei  for  prj3idio  work.  Ag,ii:i  in  1S90  the 
Ansaimes  killed  two  Mutsunes  at  San  Benito  Creek, 
burned  a  house  and  some  wheat  fields,  and  were 
with  difficulty  kept  from  destroying  the  mission.  Ser- 
geant Gabriel  Moraga  marched  with  ten  men  and 
brought  in  eighteen  captives,  including  tli3  chiefs 
of  the  Ansaime  and  the  Carnadero  rancherias. 

TiiEiiE  were  shocks  of  earthquake  from  the  11th  to 
the  31st  of  October,  1800,  sometimes  six  in  a  day, 
the  most  severe  being  on  the  18tli.  The  Fathers  were 
so  terrified  that  they  spent  the  nights  out  of  doors. 
Several  cracks  appeared  in  the  ground,  and  of  consid- 
erable extent  and  depth  on  the  banks  of  the  Pdjaro, 
and  the  adobe  walls  of  all  the  buildings  were  cracked 
from  top  to  bottom,  and  threatened  to  fall.   (1) 

During  the  first  decade  of  the  nineteenth  century 
there  was  a  controversy  at  San  Juan  Bautista  about 
lands.  Mariano  Castro  had  gone  to  Mexico  in  1801, 
and  had  come  back  in  1802,  with  authority  to  occupy 
the  rancho  of  La  Brea,  where  he  made  some  improve- 
ments. But  the  Fathers  refused  to  remove  their  live- 
stock, and  sent  in  a  protest  to  the  Fr.  Sui)erior,  from 
whom  it  went  to  the  guardian  and  the  viceroy.  After 
a  correspendence  lasting  several  years  it  was  decided 
that  Castro  must  establish  himself  elsewhere. 

On  June  loth,  180JJ,  the  corner-stone  was  laid  for  a 
new  mission  church.  Fr.  Viader  conducted  the  ceremo- 
nies assisted  by  the  missionaries.  On  June  3d,  1809, 
the  image  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  was  i^laced  on  the 


(1)    Bancroft  I,  557-550. 


_  400  — 

altar  in  the  sacristy,  which  served  for  divine  wor- 
ship until  the  main  bnildin**;  conld  be  completed.  Fr. 
Jacinto  Lopez  labored  at  the  mission  until  September 
1801.  when  on  account  of  failinji;  health  he  sailed  for 
Mexico  on  October  9th.  Fr.  Jose  Manuel  de  Martia- 
rena  then  returned  and  was  stationed  here  until  he 
left  the  country  in  1804. 

Fr.  Andres  Delanto  succeeded  him  from  Auijjust 
1804  to  September  1808,  when  he  died  on  the  11th. 
Fr.  Felipe  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta  took  his  place.  Dur- 
ing  all  these  years  Fr.  Domingo  Santiago  de  Itflrrato 
was  associate  missionary  until  he  retired  in  1809.   (2) 

Fr.  Cuesta  continued  to  be  the  senior  missionary 
but  his  associate  Fr.  Ulibarri,  who  had  taken  Fr. 
Iturrate's  place  in  1809,  was  succeeded  in  January 
1815  by  Estevan  Tapis.  Fr.  Saenz  de  Lucio  was  also 
here  for  a  time  in  181G.  The  new  church  was  at  last 
finished  and  dedicated  on  June  23d,  1812,  the  Fathers 
of  Santa  Clara  and  San  Jose  assisting  in  the  ceremo- 
nies. 

In  1818  a  new  altar  was  completed  and  consecrated 
in  November.  The  church  measured,  it  is  said,  60x160 
feet,  was  paved  with  brick,  and  the  ceiling  support- 
ed by  brick  arches.  The  mission  was  still  gaining 
in    neophytes.  In  cattle  it  was  far  in  advance  of  any 

(2)  Fr.  Lopez  had  landed  at  Monterey  on  July  28tli,  1799.  After  being  sta- 
tioned at  San  Antonio  for  about  a  year  he  was  transferred  to  San  Juan 
Bautista. 
Fr.  Martiarena  was  born  at  Ecnteria,  in  Guipilncoa,  Spain,  in  1754.  He 
became  a  Franciscan  at  Zacatecas  in  17f-8,  but  joined  the  college  of  San 
Fernando  in  1791,  and  arrived  in  Californii  in  1794.  After  being  stationed 
at  San  Antonio  from  June  17P4  to  June  1795,  he  was  at  Soledad  until 
May  1797,  at  San  Juan  Bautista  until  July  1800,  at  San  Francisco  until 
August  1801,  and  again  at  San  Juan  until  August  1804.  He  officiated  at 
San  Gabriel  on  October  2Sth,  1804,  when  it  seems  he  departed  for   Mexico. 

Fr.  Andres  Delanto  was  a  native  of  Miranda  de  Ebro,  Castile,  Spain, 
and  camo  to  California  in  1801,  serving  at  San  Juan  Bautista  from  Au. 
gust  of    that  year    continuously   until  his  death. 

Fr.  Domingo  had  left  the  college  on  February  3d,  1800,  and  arrived  in 
California  August  2ad,  since  which  time  he  labored  continuously  at  this 
mission  until  failing  health  compelled  him  to  ask  for  retirement,  He 
sailed   for  Mexico  in  October  1809.       Bancroft  II,  7 ;  153-154. 


-  101  - 


other  mission  in  Ihe  north,  having  as  many  as  11,000 
head  at  the  clo-ie  of  1820.   (3) 


Fe.  Estevan  Tapis  died  in  1825,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Fr.  Buenaventura  Fortuni  in  1825-20;  and  Fr. 
Juan  Moreno  came  here  at  the  end  of  1880.  The  mis- 
sion reached  its  highest  figure  of  population  in  1823 
with  1,248  souls,  and  it  was  the  only    one  of  the    old 

(B)     Bancroft   II,  :38G-387. 


-402  - 

establishments,  except  San  Luis  Rey,  that  gained  in 
population  from  1820-1830.  Durinjr  the  earlier  part  of 
this  period  mony  gentiles  were  l)rought  in  from  the 
eastern  villages.  The  mission  Innds  in  1822  extended 
six  leagues  from  cast  to  west  and  from  north  to 
south.    (4) 

Fr.  Felipe  Arroyo  de  la  Cucsta  remained  here  till 
1832,  when  he  was  transferred  to  San  Miguel.  Fr. 
Juan  Moreno  was  at  San  Juan  from  1830-1833,  when 
it  seems  Fr.  Jos6  Anzar  of  the  Zacatecas  college  ar- 
rived.  The  regular  statistical  reports  cease  in  1882, 
when  there  were  910  Indians  on  the  register.  The 
only  subsequent  record  is  to  the  effect  that  the  num- 
ber of  Indians  "emancipated"  in  1835  was  G3,  ''pre- 
sumably heads  of  families,"  says  Bancroft,  possibly 
representing  250  souls,  but  probably  fewer.  The  po- 
pulation down  to  1834  decreased  to  about  860. 

Secularization  was  effected  in  1835  by  Tiburcio 
Castro.  The  inventory  at  that  time  showed  a  valua- 
tion of  $147,413,  including  church  property,  live  stock, 
lands,  ranches,  etc.  The  library  contained  182  volumes 
valued  at  $591.  There  were  six  bells  valued  at  $1,060. 

^4)  Bancroft  II,  G22-024.  Fr.  Tapis  was  born  on  August  25tli,  1754,  at  Santa 
Coloma  de  Fames  ia  Catalonia  Spain.  He  received  the  habit  of  St.  Fran- 
cis at  Gerona  on  .January  27th,  177S.  Leavini;  CAdiz  on  .June  4th,  1786,  he 
camo  to  California  ia  17{iO.  He  was  stationed  at  San  Luis  Obispo  in  1790- 
93;  at  Santa  Barbara  iu  1793--18O0;  at  San  Carlos  in  1807-11;  at  Purisima 
in  1811-13;  at  Santa  In<5!  in  1813-1  i;  and  at  San  Juan  Bautista  from  January 
1815  to  November  3d,  1825,  the  date  of  liis  death.  At  the  death  of  Fr.  Las- 
uon  Fr.  Tapis  was  elected  president  of  the  California  missions  in  the 
middle  of  1803,  and  held  the  position  until  1812,  having  been  reelected  in 
1809.  Ho  was  also  vicar  for  Cal  fornia  to  the  bisliop  of  Sonora.  He  received 
the  last  sacrmnnt-i  from  Fr.  PrSfact  Sarria,  who  with  Fathers  Viader, 
Fortuni,  and  Gil  was  present  at  his  death.  The  latter  buried  him  on  Nov- 
ember 4th,  in  the  presbytery  on  the  Gospel  side.  The  superiors  bestowed 
the  higliest  praise  in  all  reports  on  Fr.  Tapis.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  the  senior  missionary  in  the  California  service.  He  was  familiar 
with  several  Imiian  lanRuages,  was  noted  for  his  habit  of  studying  the 
individual  peculiarities  of  his  neophytes,  and  fond  of  teaching  boys  to 
road  and  write.  Fr.  Gil  in  the  record  of  his  deatli  speaks  of  him  as  a  tru- 
ly ovangolical  man,  remarkably  prudent  in  his  relations  with  his  follow- 
men.  "particularly  with  the  superior  olFicers  and  govornors  who  lived 
here  during  tho  time  of  his  rule ;  so  that  all,  friars,  soldiers  civilians,  and 
Indians,  loved  him." 


-  40d- 

TliG  mission  existed  from  1797  to  1834,  during  which 
time  4,100  persons  were  baptized,  of  whom  1,898  were 
Indian  adults,  2,015  Indian  children,  and  2  adults 
and  195  children  de  razon  ;  an  annual  average  of  108. 
The  total  number  of  marriages  was  1,028,  of  which 
53  were  de  razon.  3,027  deaths  occurred,  of  which  1, 
708  were  Indian  adults,  1,203  Indian  children,  and  5, 
adults  and  65  children  de  razon;  an  annual  average 
of  79.  The  largest  population  ever  reached,  1,248, 
was  in  1823.  The  largest  number  of  cattle  claimed 
by  the  mission  was  11,000  in  1820;  horses,  1,598  in 
1806;  mules,  85  in  1805;  sheep,  18,000  in  1816;  swine, 
99  in  1803;  and  all  kinds  of  animals,  23,789  in  1816. 
The  total  product  of  wheat  amounted  to  84,633  bush- 
els; barley,  10,830  bushels;  corn,  18,400  bushels; 
beans,  1,871  bushels;  and  miscellaneous  grains,  2,640 
bushels.  There  may  have  been  80-100  Indians  about 
the  mission  as  late  as  1840.  (5) 

Ox  May  4th,  1846,  San  Juan  Bautista  was  sold  to 
O.  Deleiseques  for  a  debt  by  Governor  Pico.  Fr. 
Jose  Antonio  Anzar  continued  as  parish  priest  at  San 
Juan  throughout  these  years  except  in  the  last 
months  of  1845.  His  name  appears  as  curate  on  the 
mission  books  till  1855,  when  he  probably  left  Cali- 
fornia. He  seems  to  have  come  from  Zecatecas  a 
year  before  the  other  Zacatecanos,  if  Bancroft's  sur- 
mise be  correct.   (6) 

(5)  Banouft  III,  353;  691-692;  Bancroft,  IV,  601. 
(6)  Ibid.  V,  561;  Ibid.  I [,  699.  The  Informes  Gonerales  tell  us  that  from 
.June  24th,  1797,  to  December  31st,  ISn,  at  San  Juan  Bautista  3,947  bap- 
tisn  s  took  place,  993  marriages  were  blessed,  aud  2,781  dead  buried ;  and 
on  the  last  day  of  December,  1831,  the  mission  possessed  7,070  cattle,  7,017 
sheep,  and  124  horses. 

Fr.  Antonio  Anzar  was  in  charge  of  a  Sonora  mission  in  1824.  His 
missionary  service  was  at  San  Luis  Key  in  1832,  and  at  Juan  Bautista 
from  1833,  thoupli  in  1844  he  also  had  cliarge  of  Santa  Cruz  and  San 
Carlos.  In  1843  Fr,  Auzar  was  made  president  of  tho  Zacatecas  Fathers  in 
tallurnia. 


-  m  -. 


Gr^pP^ER  XXI, 


SAN  MIGUEL. 

The  Mission-  Site— Ceremony  Of  Foundation— T.ie  BESiNNiNr.—Missior- 
AEY  Changes— Fh,  Conckpcion  De  Hokka— Fk.  Andbiano  Martinez- 
Missionaries  Poisoned— A  Firh— Fe.  Martin's  Death— niooRAPHY- 
Other  Items— Departure  Of  Fr.  Juan  Cabot— oecularization— Invk-\- 
TORY— Statistics— Sale  Of  Tue  Mission. 

Between  San  Antonio  and  S:mi  Luis  Obispo  there 
was  a  spot  called  Las  Pozas  by  tlie  kSpaniards,  and 
Vahia  or  Vaticd  by  the  natives.  "LLere"  says  Fr.  La- 
suen,  "on  July  25th,  17G7,  with  the  assistance  of  Fr. 
Buenaventura  Sitjar,  and  of  the  troops  destined  to 
guard  the  new  establishment,  in  the  presence  of  a 
great  multitude  of  gentiles  of  both  sexes  and  of  all 
ages,  whose  pleasure  and  rejoicing  exceeded  even  our 
expectations,  thanks  be  to  God,  I  blessed  Ihe  water 
and  the  place,  and  a  great  cross,  whicli  we  venera- 
ted and  raised.  Immediately  I  intoned  the  Litany  of 
the  Saints  and  after  it  sang  the  Mass,  during  which  I 
preached,  and  Ave  concluded  the  ceremony  by  solemn- 
ly singing  the  Te  Deum.  May  it  all  be  for  the  great- 
er honor  and  glory  of  God,  Our  Lord.  Amen."  Thus 
was  iounded  the  mission  of  San  Miguel  in  honor  of 
"til 3  most  glorious  prince  of  the  heavenly  militia," 
St.  Michpel,  the  Archangel,  for  which  Fathers  Sitjar 
and  Anto;L>o  de  la  Concepcion  Horra,  a  new-comer  of 
1796,  were  appointed  missionaries. 

A  beginning  of  missionary  work  was  made  by  the 
baptism  of  15  children  on  the  day  of  foundation.  At 
the  end  of  1800  the  number  of  converts  had  increased 


—  405  — 

to  885,  of  whom  53  luul  died,  and  3(32  were  still  on 
the  registers  ris  neophytes.  The  number  of  horses  and 
cattle  was  o72,  Avhile  ^mall  animals  nvmbcred  ],o£2 
head.  The  contributions  from  San  Antonio,  San  Luis 
Obispo,  and  Purisima  had  been  8  mules,  23  horses,  8 
yoke  of  oxen,  128  cattle,  and  181  sheep.  The  crop  of 
1800  was  1,000  l)usliels;  and  the  total  product  of  the 
three  years,  3,700  bushel?. 

Fit.  Sit,  ar  left  San  Miguel  and  returned  to  his  old 
mission  San  Antonio  in  August  1798.  Fr.  Juan  Mar- 
tin began  a  long  term  of  missionary  service  in  Sep- 
tember 1797,  and  Fr.  Ealtasar  Carnicer  a  short  one  in 
May  1799.  Fr.  Horra,  better  known  by  the  name  of 
Concepcion,  served  only  about  two  months,  when  be- 
ing declared  insane  he  uas  sent  to  Mexico  in  Sep- 
tember. "He  is  said  to  have  been  a  very  able  and 
Avorthy  friar  before  he  came  to  California ;  and  in 
proof  of  his  insanity  nothing  more  serious  is  recorded 
than  baptizing  natives  without  sufficient  preparation, 
and  neglecting  to  keep  a  proper  register,"  says  Ban- 
croft. It  proves,  at  all  events,  that  the  Fathers  in 
California  must  have  been  particular  about  admitting 
converts  into  the  Church,  if  one  of  their  number  is 
considered  insane  for  neglecting  to  instruct  the  m - 
fives  before  baptism.  It  is  well  to  bear  this  in  mind 
while  reading   Bancroft. 

The  original  mud-roofed  wooden  church  was  not 
replaced  by  a  better  until  after  1800.   (1) 

During  the  first  decade  of  the  nineteenth  century 
Fr.  Juan  Martin  continued  to  be  the  senior  missiona- 
ry at  San  Miguel,  but  Fr.  Carnicer    left  the    mission 

(1  Banc,  I,  550-561.  Fr.  Antonio  de  la  Concepcion  was  a  Spaniard  who 
liad  come  to  California  in  17P6.  Ilis  only  station  was  San  Mitruel.  After 
liis  leturn  to  tlip  colloRO  of  San  Fernando,  Mexico,  on  July  r2th.  17y;j,  ho 
secretly  made  a  lonp  report  to  the  viceroy  in  which  he  charpsd  the  Cali- 
fornia Fathers  with  rross  mism-imsrrment,  with  cruelty  to  the  native:, 
and  with  inhuman  treatment  of  him-;elf.  This  matter  is  treated  at  some 
lenpth  in  the  precedinij  pacres.  In  the  mission  books  of  San  Miguel  this 
Father's  si  :naturj  appears  but  onco  on  tlao  death  rogister. 


—  400  -- 

in  1801.  Fr.  Adriaiio  Martinet  succeeded  him  from 
1801  to  1804,  when  on  receiving;  permission  he  rotired 
to  Mexico.  Fr.  Pedro  Mui\oz  during  1804.1807  labored 
at  San  Jiuui  Bautistn,  and  Fr.  Juan  Cabot  euccccdcd 
him  for  a  lonjs  term  at  the  bejiinning  of  1807. 

In  February  1801  Fathers  Martin  and  Carnicer  were 
attaelicd  with  violent  pains  in  the  stomach,  supposed 
to  have  been  the  result  of  poisoning  by  tlie  Indians. 
The  two  Fathers  recovered  their  health,  but  Fr. 
Pujol,  Avho  came  down  from  San  Carlos  to  relieve  the 
sick  missionaries,  died  from  a  similar  attack  as  al- 
ready stated  elsewhere  in  the  chapter  on  Mission  San 
Antonio.  Three  Indians  in  1802  boasted  of  having 
poisoned  the  Fathers. 

In  August  1806  a  fire  occurred  which  burned  that 
portion  of  the  mission  buildings  which  was  used  for 
manufacturing  purposes.  It  destroyed  all  the  im- 
plements and  raw  material,  a  large  quantity  of  wool, 
hides,  cloths,  and  6,000  bushels  of  wheat,  and  besides 
damaged  a  portion  of  the  roof  of  the  church.  On  Au- 
gust olst  the  Fr.  Superior  of  the  missicms  in  a  cir- 
cular asked  the  other  missions  to  contribute  for  the 
relief  of  the  burned  mission.   (2) 

The  venerable  missionary  Fr.  Juan  Martin  remained 
at  his  post  during  the  second  decade,  and  so  did 
Fr.  Juan  Cabot  until  1819.  Fr.  Cabot  made  a  trip  of 
exploration  to  the  valley  of  the  Tulares  in  1814,  as 
narrated  in  a  former  chapter.  Fr.  Yincente  Pascual 
Oliva  succeeded  Fr.  Cabot  in  1819-20,  and  during  1820- 
21    Fr.  Tomas    Estenega  was    stationed  here. 

Fe.  Juan  Martin  continued  liis  labors  here  until  his 
death  in  1824,  but  was  succeeded  by  Fr.  Juan  Cabot. 
The    mission    had  but    one    Father,    save    in  1821-22, 


(2)  Bancroft  II,119-l.il.  Fr.  Adiiano  Martiucz  was  one  of  the  fl--st  mlssiona- 
rios  of  Sail  Juan  Bautista,  though  not  personally  prcseut  ar  its  fouurlM- 
tion  on  June  21st,  1797,  and  h"  served  there  until  tin  end  of  ISOO,  and 
then  at  San  Misuel  until  he  sailed  for  Mesico,  wliore  ho  was  chosen 
procurator  of  the   college   iu  ISW. 


—  407  — 

when  Fr.  Tomds  Estunega  and  after  liim  Fr.  Bias  Or- 
daz  were  here,  as  v.-as  Fr.  Uria  in  1824.  A  new 
tiliurch  was  ready  for  roofing  in  181S.  Snn  Miguel 
rencbod  its  largest  population  with  1070  Indiann  in 
1814. 

San  JMiguel  now  was  1)ut  slightly  more  prosptM-ous 
than  its  neiglibor  kSan  Luis  Obispo;  its  herds  and 
flocks  dwindled  rapidly,  death  largely  exceeded  bap- 
tisms, the  soil  was  reported  as  poor  and  the  pastures 
limited,  though  vines  flourished  and  timber  was  a- 
bundanr. 

Robinson  describes  San  Miguel  as  a  poor  establish- 
ment in  1830.  The  heat  was  so  great  as  to  be  almost 
insufferable,  so  that  it  was  jocosely  said  that  the  fleas 
might  be  seen  in  the  heat  of  the  day  gasping  for 
breath  on  the  brick  pavements !  In  1822  the  mission 
lands  were  reported  as  extending  14  leagues  north  to 
south,  and  34  to  36  leagues  east  to  west.  In  1828  the 
boundaries  were  the  Tulares  on  the  east,  25  leagues ; 
the  sea-shore  on  the  west,  12  to  14  leagues;  San  Luis 
Obispo  lands  south,  7  leagues;  and  San  Antonio 
lands  on  the  north.  7  leagues.   (3) 

(HI  Biao..  11,  :MI-8'>;  62J-Gil.  Fr.  Jum  M  irtin  was  a  native  of  Spain, 
having  been  born  at  Villastar,  AraRon,  on  January  12th,  1770.  After  roceiv- 
iuR  the  Franciscan  habit  in  Zaragoza  on  January  16th,  1787,  he  studied  the- 
ology at  Teruel.  On  June  11th,  179:^  he  sailed  from  Cildiz,  and  arrived  at 
San  Fernando  College  in  September,  and  in  California  early  in  1794.  He 
was  stationed  at  San  Gabriel  from  March  1794  to  July  1796  as  supernumer- 
ary, at  Purisima  until  August  1797,  when  he  was  transferred  to  San  Mig- 
uel and  there  toiled  among  the  natives  until  his  death  on  August  29th, 
1824,  after  a  painful  illness  resulting  from  a  dropsical  disease  of  the  chest. 
His  remains  were  buried  in  the  church  on  August  liOth,  on  the  Gospel  side 
of  the  main  altar,  by  the  side  of  Fr.  Cipr^s.  Fr.  Juan  Martin  may  bo  re- 
garded as  the  founder  of  San  Miguel  to  the  advancement  of  whose  inter- 
ests ho  gave  all  his  energy.  He  acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
native  language,  and  was  regarded  by  his  superiors  as  the  right  man  in 
the  right  place.  Fr.  Martin  has  left  a  diary  of  his  visit  to  the  gentile  Tu- 
lares Indians  in  1804.  In  1818  and  again  in  1821  he  accompanied  the  Fr. 
Prefect  as  secretary  on  a  tour  of  inspection  to  the  different  missions. 
Fr.  Urla,  who  recorded  his  death,  certified  to  his  exemplary  devotion 
aad  conformity  to  the  diviao  will  in   his  last  days  and  hours. 


—  40S  — 


—  400  — 

Fr.  Juan  Cabot  romained  at  his  post  until  his  de- 
parture for  Mexico  in  1835,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  Fr.  Juan  Moreno  until  after  1840.  Fr.  Arroyo  de 
la  Guesta  of  San  Luis  spcMit  much  of  liis  time  hero 
in  1880-36;  likewise  Fr.  Abella  in  1839-40. 

As  early  as  1881  Gov.  Echeaiidia's  secularization 
scheme  was  to  be  tried  at  ISan  Miy;uel.  Jose  Castro 
went  to  the  mission,  where  he  read  the  decree  and 
made  a  speech  to  the  asseiiiblod  neophytes.  After'list- 
ening  to  the  speaker,  the  Indians  expressed  a  very 
decided  preference  for  the  missionary  Father  and  the 
old  system.  The  mission  was  nevertheless  ••onfiscatcd 
in  1836,  Ignacio  Coronel  acting  as  comisiouado.  The 
inventory  on  March  1837  showed  a  valuation,  not  in- 
cluding church  property,  of  $82,000,  which  in  the  mid- 
dle of  1819  was  reduced  to  $7r,0C0.  In  1838  Fr.  Mo- 
reno complained  bitterly  of  his  poverty  and  the  dis- 
appearance of  the  mission  property.  As  late  as  1839 
the  Indians  declared  to  Hartnell,  the  government  in- 
spector, that  they  wished  to  have  no  administrator, 
but  desired  to  be  left  with  the  Father.  In  1889  three 
hundred  and  sixty  one  Indians  belonged  to  the  mis- 
sion. At  the  same  time  it  owned  990  cattle,  249 
horses,  3,800  sheep,  80  mules  and  asses,  4G  goats,  44 
swine,  and  700  bushels  of    grain  (4) 

The  statistics  for  the  whole  period  of  the  mission's 

(4)     Banc,    III,  :«7:    68:^G>i5.  Fr.    Juan   Cabot    was     born      at     Bunola 

Isle  of  Malloica,  in  June  ITSl.  He  was  admitted  into  the  Franciscan 
Order  at  Palma  in  179G,  arrived  at  Mexico  in  ISOJ,  and  first  saw  Cali- 
foraix  ia  ISO'i.  Fr.  Juan  served  at  Purisima  in  l.'^t5-06,  at  San  Misuel 
iu  1S07-19,  at  Sati  Francisco  iu  ly!19  to  20,  at  Soledad  in  1S21-21,  and  a- 
ga  n  at  San  Miguel  from  162i  to  ISiS.  Ilis  superiors  regarded  him  as  a 
very  zealous  missionary.  Kobiasou  describes  him  as  a  tall,  robust  man, 
with  the  rougli  frankness  of  a  sailor,  celebrated  for  his  good  humor  and 
hospitality.  Indeed  he  was  known  as  "el  marinero"  in  contrast  with  his 
dignified  brother  Pedro,  "el  caballero."  In  ISU  he  made  a  tour  among 
the  gentQe  tribes  of  the  Tulares,  of  which  the  narrative  still  exists.  In 
1S20-21  he  acted  as  secretary  to  Fr.  Prefect  Payeras  on  his  tour  of  inspec- 
tion; and  in  1»26  he  refused  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Republic  of 
Mexico.  According  to  an  art  c'e  in  the  San  Franci-co  Bulletin  of  April  25th, 
1664,  Fr.  Juan  Cabt>t  was  heard  of  in  Spain  by  Bishop  Amat  in  i;j50, 
but  died  a  little  later. 


—  410  — 

existence  1707  to  1884,  are  as  follows:  Total  of  lap- 
tisms,  2,588,  of  which  1,285  were  those  of  adult  In- 
dians, 1,277  Indian  children,  and  20  children  do  ra;!on ; 
an  annual  avcrajco  of  07.  Total  of  deaths,  2,oas,  of 
which  3,223  were  Indian  adults,  790  Indian  children, 
and  0  adults  and  11  children  de  razon ;  an  annual 
average  of  53.  The  largest  population  ever  reached,  I, 
076,  was  in  1814.  The  largest  number  of  cattle  owned 
by  the  mission  at  any'one  time,  10,558,  was  in  1822; 
horses,  1,560  in  1822;  mules,  140  in  1817;  sheep,  14, 
000  in  1820;  goats,  06  in  1834;  swine,  245  in  1813; 
asses,  59  in  1818;  all  kinds  of  animals,  24,393  in  1822. 
The  total  product  of  wheat  was  72,544  bushels;  bar- 
ley, 9,627  bushels;  corn,  6,417  bushels;  beans,  046 
bushels ;  and  miscellaneous  grains,  1,344  bushels.  The 
Informes  Generales  have  the  following  figures  for 
1797  to  December  31st,  1831:  Baptism?,  2,450;  deaths. 
1,836;  marriages,  751.   (5) 

Fr.  Juan  Moreno  remained  in  charge  of  Mission 
San  Miguel  until  1842,  after  which  date  tlie  establish- 
ment was  under  the  spiritual  care  of  the  Rev.  Miguel 
Gomez  of  San  Luis  Obispo.  When  Inocente  Garcia's 
administratorship  came  to  an  end  does  not  appear. 
He  says  that  for  a  long  time  he  did  his  best  to  pre- 
serve order;  but  finally  reported  to  Governor  Alvara- 
do  his  inability  to  control  the  Indians,  and  was  told 
to  "turn  the  mission  upside  doAvn,  or  to  do  what  lie 
pleased  with  it,"  whereupon  he  gave  up  the  church 
to  the  priest  in  charge,  and  all  property  to  the  In- 
dians. In  1844  the  vineyard  was  restored  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  church.  In  1845  all  property  had  disap- 
peared, except  the  buildings,  valued  at  $5,800,  which 
were  ordered  to  be  sold  at  auction.  The  sale  was  ex- 
ecuted by  Governor  Pico  on  July  4th,  1846.  P.  Rios 
and  Wm.  Reed  purchased  the  property,  but  their  ti- 
tle was  declared  invalid  later  on  by  the  courts.  Many 

(5)    Baacroft,  1H,  6Sa-6S6;    lafj.-mjs  Cenerales,  ISai- 


^  in  — 

of  the  Indians  ran  oif  to  the  Tulares  to  join  the  gen* 
tilep,  when  there  were  no  more  cattle  to  oat.  There 
wore  ftbotit  thirty  Indians  still  at  tl»o  mission  in 
1841.42.   (0) 


GI^PPTER    XXII. 


SAN  FERNANDO. 

"Aciiois  CoMinAvix"— Founding  Of  The  Mission— Mission  Success— Con- 
tributions—Church  Blessed— Fr.  Pedro  Munoz  Retires— Deaths  Of 
Fathers  Lazaro  And  Landaeia— Fr.  Jose  Antonio  Ueia  Retires- 
Death  Of  Fr.  Uvresti— Other  Missionaries— Eakthquake—Death 
Of  Fr.  Ulibarri— Fr.  Ibarra's  Complaint— Mission  Lands— Death  Of 
Fr.  Pedro  Cabot— Inventory— Statistics-Fe.  Blas  Oedaz  Manager 
Of  The  Property- Sale  Of  The  Mission— Last  Missionary. 

In  order  to  establish  a  complete  chain  of  missions 
from  8an  Diejio  north,  one  necessarily  had  to  be 
placed  between  San  Buenaventura  and  San  Gabriel. 
A  fine  rancho,  known  as  Reaves'  rancho,  and  called  by 
the  natives  ''Acliois  Comihavit,"  met  the  approval 
of  the  Fathers  as  a  suitable  site.  Fr.  Superior  Las- 
uen  had  jrone  down  from  San  Miguel  to  Santa  Bar- 
bara, whence  he  started  at  the  end  of  August  with 
an  escort.  On  the  8th,  of  September  1797  assisted  by 
Fr.  Francisco  Dumetz,  and  in  the  presence  of  the 
troops  and  a  large  number  of  natives,  performed  the 
usual  ceremonies,  and  dedicated  the  new  mission  to 
San  Fernando  Rey  de  Espana,  as  required  by  instruc- 
tions from  Mexico.  Fr.  Francisco  Javier  Uria  became 
the  associate  of  Fr.  Dumetz,  and  both  labored  here 
until  after  1800,  Ten  children  were  baptized  the  first 


(0)    Bancroft    IV,  C59-6G>;    V,  5G1; 


—  412  — 

day,  and  thirtsen  adults  were  added  to  tli3  list  early 
in  October.  There  were  55  neophytes  at  the  end  of 
1797,  and  810  at  the  end  of  1800,  baptisms  by  that 
time  having  amounted  to  352,  while  70  deaths  oc- 
curred. The  first  marriage  took  place  on  October  8th, 
1797. 

The  number  of  cattle,  mules,  and  horses  was  526 ; 
and  that  of  sheep  GOO.  The  products  of  the  soil  in 
1800  amounted  to  about  ],C(:0  bi.shels,  and  tlie  total 
yield  lo.-  three  years  was  4,700  bushelp.  The  cjnlrilu- 
tio:is  for  this  mist  ion,  at  its  foundation,  from  Santa 
Barbara,  San  Buenaventura,  San  Gab;-:el,  and  San 
Juan  Capistrano,  were  18  mules,  40  horses,  16  yoke 
of  oxen,  310  cattle,  and  508  sheep.   (1) 

An  adobe  church  with  tile  roof  was  blessed  in  De- 
cember 1808.  Fr.  Dumetz  left  the  mission  in  April 
1802,  thoujih  he  was  back  for  a  time  in  1804-05.  Fr. 
Francisco  Javier  Uria,  the  other  founder  of  the  mis- 
sion, left  the  country  in  1805 ;  but  subsequently  re 
turned  to  California,  though  not  to  this  mission.  In 
1805  there  came  Fr.  Nicolas  Lazaro  and  Fr.  Jose 
Maria  Zalvidea ;  the  latter  was  transferred  to  San 
Gabriel  in  1806,  while  the  former  died  at  San  Diego 
in  August  1807. 

Fathers  Jose  Antonio  Uria  and  Pedro  Muiioz  ar- 
rived here  in  1807.  The  former  retired  in  November 
1808.  Fr.  Martin  de  Landaeta  succeeded  him,  but 
died  in  1816.  Meanwhile  Fr.  Jose  Antonio  Urresti  had 
arrived  in  1809,  and  became  the  associate  of  Fr. 
Muiioz. 

The  neophytes  during  the  first  decade  of  the  centu 
ry  increased  threefold,  from  310  to  955,  whilst  deaths 
were  but  little  more  than  half  the  baptisms.  ],468 
persons  were  baptized,  861  in  1803  being  the  largest 
number  in  any  one  year.  Seven  hundred  and  ninety- 
seven    persons  died  during  the  same  period.    In    1804 


(J)    Bancroft,  I,  561-582. 


—  4l3  — 


Miesicn   San  Fernando. 


—  414  — 

there  Wrts  some  oontt'oversy  about  Innds;  the  Fathers 
protested  successfully  against  the  granting  of  tlie  Ca- 
mulos  Kancho  to  Francisco  Avila.  (2) 

Fr.  Pedro  Munoz  left  California  in  1817,  and  Fr. 
Urresti  died  in  1812.  Fr.  Urresti  was  succeeded  by 
Fr.  Joaquin  Pascual  Nuez  in  1812-14,  and  Fr.  Vin- 
cente  Fascual  Oliva  was  stationed  here  in  181-1-15. 
Fr.  Marcos  Antonio  de  Vitoria  took  Fr.  Munoz  place 
from  1818-20.  Fr.  Ramon  Ulibarri  came  in  January, 
and  Fr.  Francisco  Gonzalez  de  Ibarra  in  October 
1820.  From  1815-20,  it  seems  but  one  missionary  was 
stationed  at  San  Fernando. 

The  earthquake  of  December  21st,  1812,  did  no  fur- 
ther damage  than  to  necessitate  the  introduction  of 
thirty  new  beams  to  support  the  church  wall.  Before 
1818  a  new  chapel  was  completed.  San  Fernando 
gained  slightly  in  population  during  the  whole  period 
of  1810-20;  but  reached  its  highest  figure,  1,080,  in 
1819,    and    then    its    decline    began.   (3) 

(2)  Banc,  II,  115-11(5.  Fr.  LAzaro,  a  native  of  Burgos,  Spain,  arrived  in 
California  on  August  3l9t,  ISU),  aad  sirvod  at  S  m  Fernando  from  S'ip- 
tembe.r  of  tliat  year  until  June  1»07.  He  went  down  to  San  Diego,  lioping 
tliat  a  change  of  climate  might  benefit  his  iiealth,  but  he  lived  only  two 
months,  and  died  on  August  ISth.  He  was  buried  in  the  San  Diego 
ciiurch. 

Fr.  Jos$  Antonio  Uria  cam?  to  Monterey  on  July  28th,  1709.  He  was 
stationed  at  San  Jos6  from  August  of  that  year  until  July  1806;  at  Santa 
Cruz  in  1806-7;  and  nt  San  Fernando  until  November  1808.  In  November 
1809  ho  wrote  from  Mexico  that  he  was  in  good  health  and  hoped  to  re- 
main   attached  to  his  college. 

Fr.  Landaeta  came  to  California  in  1791,  and,  after  a  short  sickness  at 
San  Luis  Obispo,  was  assigned  to  San  Franci-co  where  lie  remained  until 
1798,  when  sickness  compelled  him  to  retire  to  Mexico.  Recovering  his 
health  he  returned  to  California  in  18(X),  and  again  labored  at  San  Fran- 
cisco until  the  end  of  1807.  In  January  1808  he  was  transferred  to  San 
Fernando,  where  he  passed  to  a  better  life  in  1810.  (3)  Banc,  II,  357-:i')8. 
(3)  Bancroft  II,  3.'>7-358.  Fr.  Jos6  Antonio  Urresti  had  come  to  Califor- 
nia in  August  1804  and  was  stationed  at  San  Gabriel  till  Sept<^mber 
1806,  when  he  was  transfered  to  Santa  Barbara,  where  he  remained 
until  August  1809.  after  which  date  he  came  to  San  Fernando  and  la- 
bored there  among  the  Indians  until  his  death  on  January  5th,  1812. 

Fr.  Pedro  Mufloz  was  born  at  Puerto  de  Baflos,  Estremadura,  Spain, 
on  July  19th,  1773.  and  became  a  Franciscan  on  June  10th,  1793.  He 
sailed  from  C4diz  on  Juno  JOth  1803,  and  arrived  at  the  college  of  San 
Fernando  on   September  9th.  After  coming  to  California  in  1804,  he    waj 


-  41S  — 

Fb.  Frftiicisco  Gonzalez  de  Ibarra  was  stationed 
here  alone,  it  seems,  from  182J,  in  which  .year  Fr. 
Ulibarri  died. 

Fr.  Ibarra  complained  that  the  soldiers  of  his 
guard  behaved  l)adly,  and  caused  much  ruin  by  sel- 
ling liciuor  and  lending  horses  to  the  Indians.  In  1825 
he  declared  that  the  presidio  was  a  curse  rather  than 
a  help  to  the  mission,  that  the  soldiers  should  go  to 
work  and  raise  grain,  and  not  live  on  the  toil  of  the 
Indians,  whom  they  robbed  and  deceived  with  talk 
of  liberty  while  in  reality  they  treated  them  as 
slaves.  This  brought  out  a  sharp  reply  from  Captain 
Guerra,  who  advised  the  fearless  Father  to  modify 
his  tone,  or  lie  might  suffer  from  it.  The  amount  of 
supplies  furnished  by  this  mission  to  the  presidio 
from  1822  to  April  1827  was  $21,203. 

The  mission  lands  at  this  time  extended  ten 
leagues  east  to  west  from  Tajunga  Mountains  to  Ata- 
guama  Mountains;  and  live  leagues  north  to  south 
from  ranches  San  Francisco  de  la  Mision  and  Simi 
toward  San  Gabriel  and  Sanja.   (4) 

Fr.  Ibarra  continued  his  hibors  at  San  Fernando 
alone  until  the  middle  of  1885,  when  he  retired  for  a 
time  to    Mexico.  His    successor  was    Fr.  Pedro    Cabot 


stationed  at  San  Miguel  from  October  18()4  to  July  18()7;  aiid  at  Sau 
Fernando  till  November  1817.  He  was  als-o  at  San  Francisco  temporarily 
for  six  months  in  l.s()8.  Fr.  Mufloz  made  several  expeditions  into  tlio  in- 
terior, the  most  important  being  that  with  Lieutenant Moraga  in  IflMj 
into  the  Tularos  Valley,  of  which  he  left  a  diary.  He  retired  on  account 
of  ill-health. 

(1)  Bancroft  II,  5Gt)-.')70.  Fr.  Francisco  Roman  Fernandez  do  Ulibarri 
was  born  February  2stli  177U,  at  AU,  near  Vitoria ;  Spain.  He  leceived 
tlie  Franciscan  liabit  in  171U  at  Victoria,  sailed  from  Cddiz  June  20th, 
18(W,  and  arrived  at  San  Fernando  College  on  September  'Jth.  Hero  he 
worked  with  some  interruption  on  account  of  brolien  liealth  for  about  five 
years,  when  he  volunteered  for  California.  He  arrived  at  Monterey  on  June 
22d,  ISO'J.  His  health  was  better  in  the  now  field,  and  lie  was  stationed  at 
San  Juan  Bautista  till  1815,  at  Santa  In6z  till  1819.  Ho  was  at  Purisima 
temporarily  in  1818-11),  and  at  San  Fernando  till  ibZl.  His  disease  was 
homorrhago  of  tho  lunes  with  which  ho  nearly  died  iu  February  1821.  Ho 
was  thou  urged  to  go  to  San  Qabriol,  but  rcfu.^od.  Ho  must  havo  chanpod 
his  mind  later  for  ho  died  and  was  buried  at  San  Gabriel  on  .fuae  ICth, 


—  41(J  -^ 

from  San  Antonio,  who  was    stntiencd  here  until   his 
death  in  October  1836.  (5) 

FpvOM  this  date  till  August,  1888,  there  is  no  men- 
tion of  a  missionary  at  San  Fernando,  but  Fr.  Ibai- 
ra  may  possibly  have  been  here.  Then  came  Fr.  Bias 
Ordaz,  who  remained  during  the  rest  of  the  decade. 
Down  to  1834  the  decrease  in  neophyte  population 
was  less  than  100;  in  live-stock  there  was  no  falling 
off  whatever;  and  tlie  crops  were  good.  At  the  end 
of  the  period,  1840,  there  were  still  about  400  In- 
dians in  the  secularized  community.  The  mission  Avas 
confiscated  early.  In  October  1834  Antonio  del  Valle 
as  comisionado  took  charge  of  the  mission  estates  by 
inventory  from  Fr.  Ibarra.  San  Fernando  was  to  be 
a  parish  of  the  second  class  with  $1,000  salary.  Fr. 
Ibarra  delivered  to  the  comisionado  $'20,000  in  hides, 
tallow,  etc.,  and  $5,000  in  coin.  The  inventory  in 
1835  showed  a  valuation  of  $41,714.  The  church  was 
40xG  varas  or  yards,  tile-roofed,  had  a  board  ceiling, 
a  brick  lun.r,  adobe  walls,  three  dcors,  and  seven 
windows  with  wooden  bars.  The  sacristy  was  eight 
varas  square,  with  one  door  and  window.  There  were 
other  buildings  valued  at  $15,511;  32,000  vines  worth 
$1G,C00;  1,G00  fruit  trees  valued  at  $2,400;  a  library 
of  191  volumes  worth  $417;  and  credits  $5,786.  The 
population  from  1830-1834  decreased  to  792.  There 
were  89  persons  baptized,  and  124  burials  took  place. 
Large  stock  remained  at  6,000  head,  while  horses  and 
mules    decreased    to    520;    but   sheep    still    numbered 

(5)  Bacc,  III,  645-6^6.  He  was  the  brother  of  Fr.  Juan  Cabot,  and  was 
born  at  Riinola,  Mallorca,  on  Soptember  9th,  1777.  He  was  admitted  into 
the  Franciscan  Order  on  December  '22d,  1796;  came  to  Mexico  in  lS03;and 
to  California  in  1804.  His  missionary  service  was  at  San  Antonio  in  1804- 
28;  at  Soled  ad  in  1828-29:  again  at  San  Antonio  in  1829-34;  and  at  San 
Femantlo  finally  in  1.35  and  36.  Fr.  Pedro  was  known  as  a  dignified, 
scholarly,  courteous  man  who  was  known  as  "El  Caballero"  in  contradis- 
tinction to  his  rougher  brother  Fr.  Juan,  called  "El  Marinero,"  but  he 
was  hardly  loss  popular  than  his  brother.  He  gave  much  attention  to  the 
iantruape  of  the  nccp'iytos.  In  1825-29  ho  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  the  republic  of  Mexico.  His  remains  were  interred  in  the  mis- 
sion cemetery  on  October  12th  b;  Fr.  Ibarra. 


_  417  - 

8,000  head.  The  nvernge  crop  was  l,cCO  hiishels,  of 
which  040  were  wlicat,  470  corn,  and  45  beans. 

During  tlio  whole  period  of  the  mission's  existence 
2,880  persons  were  baptized,  of  whom  1,4-] 5  were  In- 
dian adults,  1,307  Indian  children,  and  57  children 
de  razon ;  an  annual  average  of  74.  Deaths  numbered 
2,028,  of  which  1,030  were  Indian  adults,  965  Indian 
children,  and  12  adults  and  15  children  dc  razon;  an 
annual  avcrago  of  51.  During  the  same  period  848 
marriages  took  place,  of  which  15  were  de  razon.  The 
largest  number  of  cattle  owned  by  the  mission  in 
one  year  was  12,800  in  1819;  horses,  1,820  in  1822; 
mules,  340  in  1S12;  sheep,  7,800  in  1819;  goats,  000 
in  1816;  swine  250  in  1814;  and  all  kinds  of  animals, 
21,745  in  1819.  The  total  product  cf  wheat  was  119, 
000  bushels;  barley,  3,070  bushels;  corn,  27,750  bush- 
els ;  and  beans,  3,624  bushals.  According  to  the  In- 
formes  Generales,  from  1797  to  December  31st,  1831, 
as  many  as  2,768  baptisms  took  place,  1,813  marria- 
ges were  blessed,  and  1,938  deaths  occurred. 

The  inventory  of  the  property  in  1840  showed  4  130 
cattle,  2,637  horses,  2,500  sheep,  60  mules,  83  asses, 
30  hogs  (6) 

Fii.  Bias  Ordaz  managad  the  estate  after  its  resto- 
ration to  the  Fathers  in  1843.  There  were  probably 
800  Indians  about  the  mission  at  that  time.  In  May 
1845  Fr.  Ordaz  sliowed  that  the  mission  had  prospered 
under  his  short  magement.  He  had  paid  oil"  all  the 
debts,  and  purchased  120  head  of  live-stock,  besides 
making  other  improvements.  Nevertheless,  the  mis- 
sion was  taken  out  of  his  hands  by  Gov.  Pico  and 
leased  to  Andres  Pico  and  Juan  Manso  in  December 
1845  at  an  annual  rental  of  $],]20.    (7) 

Finally,  on  June  17tli,  1846,  Governor  Pico  sold 
the  mission  to  Eulogio  de  Cells  for  $14,000.  Cells  was 
bound  to  support  the  missionary  and  provide  the   ne- 

(U)    Paacroft  III.  645-64S.  (7;    Bancroft  IV,  552 ;   C<ki. 


—  -118  — 

CGeEnries  fcr  divii^c  v,-orship,  niul  nlro  to  give  ilie  In- 
dians the  use  of  the  lands  they  occupied  during  their 
life-time.  Fr.  Bhxs  was  still  here  at  the  time,  and  he 
remained  until  Miiy  1847.  the  Inst  of  the  Franciscans. 
112  diod  at  San  CJn1)ricl  in  1850.   (8) 


GBpP^Erx    XXIII. 

SAN  LUIS  EEY. 

ExPLOnATiox  For.  A  ^'issrox  Site— Mission  EsTABi.isnnr— Success— Fe. 
Peybi— New  Chukch— Various  Missoxahies— Fatuers  Oaecia  And  Cae- 
EANZA  Retire— iTATisTicAL— San  Axtoxio  Db  Faea— A  ]Iospital— Mis- 
RiONAEi  Changes— SUEPEISE  Of  Fr.  Peyei— Peosfekity— Exaggebation 
—White  Population— Fe.  Peyei  Eetires— His  Eiogbapiiy— Other  Mis- 
rion'abies—Statistics-Secueaeization—Inventoey— Death  Of  Fr.  I- 
BARRA— Biocraphy— Last  Missionary— Death  Of  Fe.  Zaevidea— Bk- 
GRAPHY  — oALlC  O?  TflE  MISSION— Mo3E;i\  San  Luis  Eey— Feeemasonry— 
A  Novitiate  For  Mexico— Se-Dedication—Eeceition  Of  Novices— Tee 
Community  A  Present. 

In  October  1797  a  new  exploration  vras  made  of 
the  district  between  San  Ju:in  C'apistrr-r.o  and  8au 
Diego  by  Fatlicrs  Lasncn  and  Snnti:ig()  from  San 
Juan  in  company  oT  8  s(;]diers  and  five  Indians.  Dur- 
i;ig  LVccmbe'r  ihere  was  a  correspondence  between 
(JoverPior  Forica  ar.d  Fr.  Snperior  Lasnen  on  tlic  sub- 
ject of  the  nev>'  mif-iaon,  from  v^liieli  it  appears  that 
the  large  number  of  docile  natives  was  tlie  chirf  in- 
ducement to  found  a  mission  in  this  region,  but  that 
agricultural  ar.d  olher  advantages  v.'ere  believed  to 
be  lacking. 

The  governor  issued  orders  on  February  27tli,  1798, 
to  the  commandant  of  San  Diei;o,  who  v»as  to  furnish 


(SI  Banc,  V,  G2'?.  HI  tory  ofllieNativo  Bjicos,  p.  075. 
Tlie  '■Qui-  Fathor"  in  ths  laucaape  of  tlie  Kizli  at  San  Fernando  runs 
thus:  "Y  yorac  yona  taray  tucilpunia  sapour6  motoaniau  majarmi  mom 
main  mono  muisrai  miojor  yiacti^cuprr.  Panyyogin  pimiimerin,  majarmi 
mifema  coy  6  tifrarnd  yio  mamainay  mil,  yiaimA  ogOnug  y  yonfi  y  yo  oca- 
ynoa  ccilianr.ca  main  ytomo    mojag  cciyamd  liuermi.  Parima. 


a  guard  and  to  require  from  the  soldiers  personal  la- 
bor in  erecting  the  necessary  buildings,  without  mur- 
muring at  site  or  work,  and  witli  implicit  obedience 
to  Fr.  Lasuen.  Kothir.g  i^ccms  to  have  been  dene, 
however,  until  the  IJjlh  of  June.  On  that  date  Fr. 
Lasuen  in  the  presence  of  the  guard,  a  few  neophytes 
from  8an  Juan  Capistrano  and  a  multitude  of  gen- 
tiles, and  assisted  by  Fathers  Santiago  and  Peyri, 
founded  the  new  mission  amid  the  usual  ceremonies, 
at  the  spot  called  by  the  natives  Taca^me,  and  by 
the  Spaniards  in  the  first  expedition  of  1769  San 
Juan  Capistrano,  or  later  Capistrano  el  Viejo.  The 
new  mission  was  placed  under  the  patronage  of  San 
Luis,  Rey  de  Francia,  to  distinguish  it  from  San 
Luis  Obispo.  The  baptizing  of  fifty-four  children  im- 
parted an  especial  solemnity  to  the  day. 

The  mission  prospered  from  the  first.  Li  a  week 
Fr.  Antonio  Peyri,  the  energetic  founder,  had  seven- 
ty-seven baptized  children,  besides  twenty-three  cate- 
chumens who  were  under  instruction.  By  the  first  of 
July  he  had  six  thousand  adobes  made  for  the  mis- 
sion building?.  In  July  he  was  joined  by  Fr.  Jose 
Faura,  who  was  succeded  in  the  autumn  of  1800  by 
Fr.  Jose  Garcia.  Fr.  Jose  Panella,  too,  was  assigned 
to  this  mission,  and  served  for  a  short  time  in  1798, 
during  the  absence  of  one  of  the  missionaries  who 
had  gone  to  San  Juan  Capistrano  for  his  health.  Fr. 
Panella  made  himself  disliked,  however,  and  Fr.  La- 
suen was  compelled  to  recall  the  other  Father,  per- 
haps Fr.  Peyri,  who  was  greatly  beloved. 

In  1798  two  hundred  and  fourteen  persons  vrerc 
baptized,  and  before  tlie  end  of  1800  there  were  Co7 
neophytes.  Since  tlie  founding  of  the  mission  baj)- 
tisms  numbered  o7],  and  deaths  50.  There  were  C)]7 
horses,  mule?,  and  cattle  in  1800,  besides  3, COO  head 
of  sheep;  the  products  of  the  soil  amounted  to  2,(100 
bushels  of  wlieat,  120  bushels  barley,  and  six  bushels 


—  420  — 

of  maize;  the  liittcr  ^vr.s  just  the  air.cunt  sov/n,  ^vllIle 
eight  busheh  of  boini  produced  nothing. 

Fb.  Peyti  continued  to  direct  iSan  Luis  Key  during 
the  first  decade  of  the  lOlii  century.  He  was  very 
popuhir;  and,  being  posseseed  of  ^vonderful  adminis- 
trative abilities  and  consuming  zeal,  he  reared  the 
grandesi:  adobe  edifice  that  was  ever  dedicated  in  Al- 
ta  California  to  the  glory  of  God.  He  completed  tlie 
structure  in  1802.  Plis  companion  was  Fr  Jose  Garcia 
who  left  California  in  1808.  Fr.  Domingo  Carranza 
succeeded  Fr.  Garcia,  but  he,  too,  retired  late  in 
1810.  Fe.  Tapis  now  came  to  San  Luis  Ecy  to  aid  Fr. 
Peyri  for  a  time. 

Under  these  various  shepherds  the  neophyte  flock 
increased  from  337  in  1800  to  1,519  in  1810,\a  larger 
gain  than  that  of  any  other  mission,  with  by  far 
the  lowest  death  rate,  28  per  cent.  In  population 
San  Luis  Rey  was  now  second  only  to  San  Diego,  in 
cattle  third  on  the  list,  and  on  a  tie  with  San  Gabri- 
el in  agriculture;  its  best  crop  was  exceeded  only  by 
that  of  San  Fernando.  One  thousand  four  hundred 
and  fifty  one  persons  received  baptism  during  the  de- 
cade, the  highest  numbc^r  in  one  year,  432,  being  in 
1810.  Deaths  numbered  only  411.  Large  stock  gained 
from  619  to  10,576;  small  stock  increased  from  1,600 
to  9,710  head;  and  horses  in  ]810  numbered  776.  The 
average  yield  of  grain  was  5,250  bushels,  though  in 
1808  as  many  as  10,875  bisliels  Avere  raised.   (1) 

DuRmo  the  second  decade  Fr.  Peyri  still  toiled   on, 

(1)  Banc,  I,  5C2-64;  II,  107-108;  'Old  Missions"  p.  97-98.  Fr.  Dominso  had 
arrived  at  Santa  Barbara  from  Mexico  on  May  7th,  1798,  with  seven  com- 
panions. He  was  tlien  stationed  at  Santa  Cruz  from  November  1798  till 
August  1808,  when  he  was  transferred  to  San  Luis  Re.v,  and  remained 
there  until  lat«  in  1810,  having  served  his  term  and  longer,  ho  retired,  but 
on  his  way  to  Mexico  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  rebels  at  San  Bias.  By 
them  he  is  said  to  have  been  condemned  to  death,  though  the  soutenco 
was  never  executed. 

Fr.  Jos6  Garcia  had  been  assigned  to  California  on  February  od,  IfCO, 
and  arrived  at  Monterey  in  August  of  tho  same  year.  His  only  regular 
station  was  San  Luis  Key,  where  he  resided  from  1800  to  Jt>CS  wlien  he 
Was  allowed  to  retire  on  account  of  impaired  health. 


—  421  — 


42i2  

but  ^vith  frequent  cliau(2;es  of  compauious.  Fr.  Es- 
t^van  Tapis  served  in  1811,  Fr.  Geromino  Boscana  in 
181 2-] 3,  Fr.  Francisco  Suncr  in  1814-lG,  Fr.  Ramon 
Olbes  in  1816-18,  and  Fr.  Jaime  Escude  from  1818. 
The  mission  was  now  by  i"ar  the  most  x^opulous  in 
the  province,  with  a  death-rate  of  only  forty-four 
per  cent  of  the  baptisms  and  twenty-lour  per  cent  of 
the  total  population.  In  agriculture,  but  not  in  live- 
stock, except  horses,  San  Luis  Key  stood  at  the  head. 
In  1817  so  many  sheep  died  that  the  Fathers  had  to 
ji;o  north  as  far  as  San  Juan  Eautista  for  wool  to 
clothe  their  neophytes. 

In  1810  Fr.  Peyri  founded  a  branch  establishment 
under  the  invocation  of  San  Antonio  at  Fala,  six 
or  seven  leagues  from  San  Luis  Key.  A  chapel  was 
built,  and  one  of  the  Fathers  was  generally  stationed 
there.  Within  a  year  or  two  about  a  thousand  con- 
verts Avere  gathered  to  meet  for  Christian  instruction 
and  till  the  soil  at  Pala.  San  Luis  Hey  also  had  a 
hospital  where  every  effort  was  made  to  stay  the  rav- 
ages of  syphilis  and  dysentery  among  the  neophytes; 
in  the  hospital  was  a  special  chapel  and  altar.   (2) 

The  mission  was  still  under  the  care  of  its  venera- 
ble and  energetic  founder,  Fr.  Antonio  Feyri,  during 
the  whole  of  the  next  decade.  Fr.  Jaime  Escud6  re- 
mained as  associate  until  the  end  of  1821;  Fr.  Jos6 
Joaquin  Jimeno,  a  new-comer,  served  from  1827  to 
1830;  and  Fr.  Jose  Barona  also  lived  here  in  retire- 
ment in  the  infirmity  of  old  age  after  1827.  Peyri 
was,  unlike  most  of  the  Fathers,  an  enthusiastic 
friend  of  the  Mexican  republic  after  it  was  estab- 
lished, and  he  took  the  oath  of  allegiance.  His  com- 
panions, however,  were  not  disappointed  at  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  new  government,  but  Fr.  Peyri  Avas 
so  surprised  and  offended  at  the  law  of  expulsion  in 
1829  that  ho  tried  unsuccessfully  to  obtain  apassport. 

(2)     Bancroft  II,  mZil. 


-  4^:5  - 

In  every  clement  of  material  prosperity  San  Luis 
Hey  wiis  now  far  in  advance  of  any  other  mission. 
There  is  no  record  that  a  new  church  was  l)uilt,  as 
liad  been  proposed  in  ISll,  but  the  cl.urch  and  other 
buildinii's,  the  same  now  stnndinir  in  ruins  to  a  iireat 
extent,  were  tlie  larii;est  and  in  son.e  respects  the 
finest  in  California.  ISan  Luis  alone  of  the  old  n.is- 
sions,  except  iSan  Juan  Bautista,  j2;ained  in  poiiula- 
tion ;  baptienis  outnumbered  the  deaths,  l)ut  it  b.ad 
reached  its  maxium  of  2,869  neophytes  in  182G,  and 
then  started  en  its  decline,  though  herds  and  Hecks 
had  doul)lcd  in  ten  yer.rs.  Slieep  had  reached  the 
liighcst  number  of  28,C<:0  in  15^28,  but  cattle  Avcre  still 
inc leasing,  thouiih  the  figures  have  Ijcen  grossly  ex- 
aggerated in  current  newspaper  reports,  (Jne  writer, 
Taylor,  speaks  of  8(),(]00  head  of  cattle,  4,000  horses, 
and  70,000  sheep!  There  are  many  similar  exaggera- 
tions afloat  concerning  the  old  missions  and  mission- 
aries. The  averajie  crop  of  grain,  12,660  bushels,  was 
noAvhere  surpassed,  though  both  &v.n  Diego  and  San 
Gabriel  produced  larger  single  crops. 

The  white  population  in  1828  was  35.  Tlie  mission 
lands  in  1822  extended  eleven  leagues  from  north  to 
south,  and  15  leagues  from  east  to  west,  besides  a 
rancho  15  leagues  off  in  tlie  northeast.  Squirrels,  lo- 
custs, and  crows  were  very  troublesome  at  times,  and 
the  soil  rather  sterile;  but  the  branch  establishment 
of  San  Antonio  at  Pala,  seven  leagues  northeast  of 
San  Luis  Key,  was  still  in  a  licnirishing  condition.    (3) 

Fr.  Antonio  I'eyri  at  the  end  of  1881  left  San  Luis 
Key,  the  mission  which  he  had  founded  and  in  thirty 
three  years  of  faithful  service  had  brought  to  the 
front  rank  of  the  California  establishments.  He  quit 
the  country  in  company  with  the  exiled  Gov.  Victor- 
ia. Fr.  Peyri  was  unwilling  to  remain  and  witness  the 
overthrow  of  all  his  plans,  and  therefore  tore  himself 


13)     liaucrtlt  II,  5'):i- 


— .  424  — 

from  his  beloved  mission  to  return  to  his  mother 
country.  (4) 

Fe.  JosC'  Antonio  Anzar,  a  new  comer,  succeeded 
Fr.  Peyri  in  1832.  Fr.  Buenaventura  Fortuni  was 
stationed  at  San  Luis  Rey  1838-36 ;  but  for  1837-1839 
there  is  no  record,  except  of  Fatliers  Oliva  and  Abol- 
la  as  visiting  missionaries.  In  July  1839  Fr.  Francis- 
co Gonzalez  de  Ibarra  took  charge. 

Sax  Luis  Rey  was  the  only  mission  that  showed  a 
gain  in  population  for  1880-34,  and  at  the  end  of 
that  period,  with  2,844  neophytes  on  the  register,  it 
stood  at  the  head  of  the  list;  but  also  in  the  number 
of  its  live-stock  it  eurpasscd  all  the  missions.  Bap- 
tisms even  during  this  short  time  amounted  to  885, 
whilst  there  were  161  marriages,  and  324  deaths. 

During  the  existence  of  the  mission,  1798  to  1831, 
the  total  number  of  baptisms  was  5,561,  of  which    3, 

(4)  Fr.  Antonio  Poyri  was  bom  on  January  lOtU,  1735  or  porlaaps  1769,  at 
Porera,  Catalonia,  Spain,  and  received  the  habit  of  St.  Francis  in  tho  con 
vent  at  Reus  on  October  2.ith,  17bT.  lie  sailed  from  Cddiz  on  May  Sth,  17',)3 
and  left  tho  college  of  San  Fernando  for  California  on  March  Itt,  1700.  ar 
riving  in  July.  He  was  first  stationed  at  San  Luis  Obispo  for  two  years 
and  in  1798  was  one  of  tho  founders  of  San  Luis  Roy,  where,  and  at  the 
branch  establishment  of  San  Antonio  do  Pala,  he  labored  continuously 
thereafter.  Fr.  Peyri  was  less  unfriendly  to  the  Mexican  republic  than 
most  of  the  Spanish  friars,  and  he  took  the  required  oath  in  1S2C:  but  in 
tho  same  year  he  petitioned  the  president  of  Mexico  to  relievo  him  of  tho 
administration  of  the  mission,  In  1^20,  moreover,  he  demanded  his  pass- 
ports, being  as  a  Spaniard  included  in  tho  expulsion  law  of  March  20ih, 
and  thouph  exemption  was  offered  to  him,  he  insisted,  as.'ertinff  that  ho 
was  an  old  man  no  longer  fit  for  service.  He  tlicreupon  obtained  permis- 
sion from  the  Mexican  authorities  to  letire  with  full  jjayment  of  tho  past 
.•-tipcuds,  air.ountiug  to  5:^,(Lt).  Fr.  Antonio  .'ailed  ficm  San  Diepo  for  Ma- 
zatlan  on  his  way  to  Mexico  ou  January  I7th,  1832.  Tho  tradition  is  that 
he  had  to  leave  San  Luis  Rey  .secretly  left  the  neophytes  should  stop  him, 
and  that  his  Indians,  510  .'■tronf,  hastened  to  San  Diego  to  prevent  his- 
departure,  but  they  arrived  only  in  time  to  receive  his  blessing  from  tho 
receding  ship.  One  of  the  Indians  who  aideil  the  departing  missionary  re- 
lates that  as  his  last  act  Fr.  Peyri  knelt  on  the  hill  and  prayed  for  tho 
mission.  Ho  left  Mexico  in  February  1831,  and  by  way  of  New  York  and 
France  reached  Barcelona  in  June.  Instead  of  tho  tranquillity  lio  had  ex- 
pected for  his  old  age,  ho  found  only  turmoil  and  strife.  It  was  not  oveii 
safe  to  visit  his  native  town.  IIo  bitterly  regretted  having  left  California, 
and  confessed  it  was  a  mistake.  Ho  had  brouplit  from  California  two 
young  neophytes,  Pablo  and  Agapito,  whom  ho  placed  in  tho  Propaganda 
College  at  Rome.  Ono  of  them  is  said  to  have  becomo  a  priest,  but  noth- 
iag  definite  is  known.    Bancroft  III,  621-C22, 


—  426  — 

589  were  thofo  of  hidiaii  adults  1,SC2  Iiuliaii  children, 
and  l'J2  children  de  gente  de  razon ;  an  annual  aver- 
age of  151.  The  lotal  number  of  marriages  Mas  1,4-5, 
of  which  0  were  de  razon.  Deaths  numbered  2,859,  of 
which  1,445  were  of  Indian  adults,  1,8G7  Indian  chil- 
dren, and  12  adults  and  35  children  de  razon.  The 
largest  Indian  population  at  San  Luis  Rev  at  any 
time  2,8G9  was  in  1826.  There  were  generally  from  20 
to  50  persons  de  razon  or  settlers  living  at  the  mis- 
sion. The  largest  number  of  cattle  ever  possessed  by 
the  mission,  27,  500,  was  in  1882;  largest  number  of 
horses,  2,226  in  1828;  mules,  345  in  1828;  sheep,  28, 
913  in  1828:  goats,  1,800  in  1832;  swine,  272  in  1819; 
and  all  kinds  of  animals,  58,767  in  1828.  The  total 
product  of  wheat  amounted  to  114,528  bushels;  bar- 
ley, 94,600  bushels;  corn,  101,442  bushels;  and  beans, 
10,215  bushels. (5) 

Seculahization  began  here  as  at  San  Diego  with 
Governor  Figueroa's  experimental  "emancipation"  in 
1833,  which  resulted  in  the  forming  of  an  Indian 
pueblo  at  Las  Flores,  with  but  a  small  population. 
The  final  confiscation  was  accomplished  in  November 
1834  by  Captian  Portilla  as  comisionado.  According 
to  the  accounts  rcnde^-ed  by  Father  Fortuni  to  Por- 
tilla in  1834,  the  assets  were  $46,613,  and  the  debts 
^-14,429.  The  inventory  taken  August  22d,  1835, 
.showed  a  valuation  of  ^•20o,737,  and  a  debt  of  i?93, 
000.  The  church  64x10  varas,  or  yards,  of  adobes, 
tile-roofed,  lloor  of  clay,  board  ceiling,  9  doors,  18 
windows,  4  adjoining  rooms,  all  valued  at  .$30,000, 
was  included  in  the  total  amount,  as  were  also  the  6 
ranches  valued  at  $40,437,  the  most  valuable  being 
Tala,  Santa  Margarita,  and  San  Jacinto.  After  the 
secularization  tlie  decline  in  Indian  population  was 
more  rapid    than  in    wealth,  the    Indians   succeeding 

(5>  IJancroft  III,  W1-C25.  The  "Informos  Goncrales"  report  tho  followinir 
flcurrs  for  tho  poriod  179S  to  December  31st,  1831;  Baptisms,  5,298;  mar- 
rjagos,  l,oOi;   deaths,  2.  086, 


—  426  — 


Sen    Luis    Rey    in    Er.n^     L'ry,;, 


ill  retaining  partial  control  of  the  mission  ranchos  of 
Santa  Margarita,  San  Antonio  de  Pala,  Santa  Isabel, 
Temecula,  and  San  Jacinto  down  to  IS-iO,  or  perhaps 
a  little  later,  In  1(S40  there  were  about  1,000  Indians 
left  at  the  mission  and  ranchoe.  (G) 

Fr.  Francisco  Gonzalez  de  Ibarra  continued  to  Ir- 
bor  at  San  Luis  Key  until  his  death  in  1842  at  the 
age  of  sixty  years. 

Afteh  Fr.  Ibarra's  death  Fr.  Zalvidea  came  from 
San  Juan  Capistrano  to  take  his  place,  and  lie  served 
until  1846.  The  mission  had  G50  Indians  in  1842  and 
400  in  1844;  but  the  establishment  at  Las  Flores  was 
included  in  both  cases.  Jose  A.  Estudillo  acted  as  ma- 
jordomo  until  April  1843,  when  he  was  required 
under  Governor  Micheltorena's  order  to  turn  over  the 
property  to  Fr.  Zalvidea;  but  the  Father  immediately 
put  everything  in  charge  of  a  new  nuijordomo  in  the 
person  of  Joaquin  Ortega,  who  in  turn  was  succeeded 
l)y  Juan  M.  Marron  in  July  1845.  The  inventory  then 
showed  the  following  property:  279  horses,  20  mules, 
61  asses,  196  cattle,  27  yoke  of  oxen,  7(0  sheep, 
some  implements,  and  other  effects  of  slight  value. 
Meanwhile  all  the  mission  ranchos  passed  into  pri- 
vate ownership.   (7) 

Fr.  Zalvidea,  the  senior  of  the  little  band  of  Fer- 
nandinos,  died  early  in  1846. 

Mission  San  Luis  Iley  had    no    resident    missionary 

(G)     Bancroft    III,  6-^1  025. 

(7)  Baucrolt  IV,  022-624.  Fr.  Ibarra  wa.s  a  native  of  Viana,  Spain,  whoro 
he  was  born  in  17ts2.  lie  became  a  Franciscan  in  the  province  of  Blirgos, 
and  arrived  in  California  by  way  of  Mexico  in  1S20.  After  visiting  San 
Luis  Obispo  he  was  stationed  at  San  Fernando,  wliere  ho  served  from 
1S20  to  l»i,  when  he  retired  to  Mexico,  but  he  returned  in  time  to  per- 
form the  burial  service  for  Fr.  Cabot  in  October  1»;:J0.  Nothing  further  is 
known  of  Fr.  Ibarra  till  ISiS,  from  whicli  dat«  ho  resided  at  San  Luis 
Hey  until  his  sudden  death  in  1812  resulting  from  apoplexy.  Mofras 
speaks  of  the  deplorable  condition  of  this  Fatlier  whom  he  saw  forced  to 
sit  at  the  administrator'^  table  and  listen  to  the  ribaldry  of  majordomos 
and  vaqueros  who  would  have  thouglit  thoni.selves  lucky  a  few  years  be- 
fore to  bo  the  Father's  servants.  Uo  was  well  liked  by  the  Indians  at  San 
Luis  Rey,  and  was  called  by  them  Tequodouma,  indicating  a  plain,  un- 
assuming man. 


-  4^$  - 

after  Fr.  Zalvidea's  dcatli,  except  perhaps  Fr.  Vin- 
cente  Pasciial  Oliva  for  a  short  time  after  August, 
25th,  1846.  The  San  Luis  estate  Avas  sold  by  the  gov- 
ernor on  May  18th,  to  Jose  A.  Cot  and  Jose  a  Pico 
for  !f.2,4oT;  but  their  agent  was  dispossessed  by  Gen. 
Fremont,  and  they  failed  to  regain  possession.  Some 
doubts  were  expressed,  then  and  later,  about  gen- 
uineness of  the  sale;  but  the  title  was  finally  reject- 
ed on  the  ground  that  the  governor  had  no  power  to 
sell  the  missions.  A  garrison  of  Mormon  soldiers  held 
the  place  during  the  greater  part  of  1847;  and  from 
August  of  that  year  Captain  Hunter  as  Indian  sub- 
agent  for  the  south  took  charge  of  the  mission.  He 
was  succeeded  temporarily  by  William  Williams  at 
the  end  of  184?.  Hunter  found  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  Indians  remaining  about  the  mission.   (8) 

(S)  Bancroft  V,  620-623.  Fr.  Josc^  Maria  de  Zalvidea  was  born  at  Rilbao, 
Vizcaya,  Spain,  on  March  2d,  17tfl.  Ho  received  the  habit  of  St.  Francis 
on  December  13th,  1798,  and  camo  to  the  college  of  San  Fernando,  Mexi- 
co, in  September  1804.  Ho  arrived  in  California  in  Aupust  ISO.'),  and  was 
.stationed  successively  at  San  Fernando  in  180.')-6,  at  San  Gabriel  in  1806- 
26,  at  San  Juan  Capistrauo  in  1826-42,  and  at  San  Luis  Roy  in  U42-1846, 
From  the  first  he  was  regarded  by  his  superiors  as  one  (t  the  best  or 
most  zealous  of  the  Fathers,  as  priest,  teacher,  and  manager  of  tempor- 
alios.  Fr.  Zalvidea's  great  field  of  labor  was  at  San  San  Gabriel,  where  ho 
toiled  incessantly  for  twenty  years,  and  with  the  greatest  success,  to 
build  up  the  temporal  interests  of  tho  mission,  but  ho  never  thereby  neg- 
lected spiritual  affairs.  "He  was  doubtless  in  those  days  a  model  mission- 
ary, says  Bancroft,  and  then  and  later  was  regarded  by  the  common  peo- 
ple as  a  saint."  He  gave  much  attention  to  viticulture  at  San  Gabriel, 
being  the  first  to  introduce  this  industry  on  a  large  scale.  He  wrote  a 
diary  of  an  exploration  in  1806,  and  in  1827  a  petition  in  behalf  of  the 
Indians. 

In  political  controversies  he  took  no  part;  but  in  1829  he  expressed 
his  willingness  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  Mexican  republic  so  far 
as  was  consistent  with  his  .state  of  life.  In  1,S;J8  he  declined  a  passport 
to  retire,  on  tho  ground  that  there  was  none  to  take  his  place.  Fr.  Zal- 
videa was  well  versed  in  the  native  tongue  in  which  he  was  accus- 
tomed to  preach  at  San  Gabriel.  There  is  no  evidence  that  he  ever 
had  an  enemy,  or  said  an  unkind  word  of  any  man.  He  refused  to  quit 
San  Luis  Rey,  where  ho  believed  his  services  to  be  needed ;  but  f  nally  it 
was  thought  best  to  remove  him  to  San  Juan.  A  cart  was  prepared 
with  all  possible  conveniences,  by  ad  vice  of  I'r.  Oliva  and  Apollinaria 
Lorenzana,  who  had  nursed  him  for  some  days.  Tho  night  before  his 
journey  was  to  be  made  Fr.  Zalvidea  died.  He  was  buried  in  the  mis- 
sion church  at  the  loft  side  of  the  altar,  Tho  date  is  not  known,  but  it 
was  apparently  early  in  1846, 


Tliiis  cndsjhc  liislory  of  the  most  bonutiful  of  nil 
tho  Cnlifornia  mis^sions,  8an  Luis  Rcy,  ns  nn  Inclinn 
mission.  It  is  still  in  a  splondid  stato  of  proscrvation, 
but  each  year  sttimped  its  Avork  of  destruction  upon 
it.  For  over  half  a  century  the  rnau;nificent  structure 
lias  stood  mournfully  awaiting  its  inevitable  destruc- 
tion. But  behold  a  friendly  liand  lias  at  last  been 
extended  in  its  behalf;  and  ere  lonj;,  please  God, 
San  Luis  Rey  de  Francia  will  bo  restored  to  its  for- 
mer  beauty,  though  not  toformer  activity,  a  living 
moi\ument  to  the  noblest  band  of  men  tliat  have 
graced  the  pages  of  modern  history.  The  Indians  have 
nearly  all  disappeared;  but  the  sacred  edifice  lias 
again  be  devoted  to  sacred  purposes  in  our  day.  (9) 

Fr.EEMASONRY,  Bver  the  implacable  enemy  of  reli- 
gious Orders,  in  which  it  recognizes  its  strongest  foe, 
has  made  community  life  in  Mexico  impossible.  Not 
contented  with  having  closed  up  the  convents  and 
monasteries  of  the  first  and  foremost  civilizers  of 
that  land,  the  anti-Christian  sect  has  determined  to 
exterminate  relgious  Orders  by  forbidding  them  to 
accept  recruits  to  fill  up  the  decimated  ranks.  There 
is  a  desire  for  perfe(  tion,  however,  among  souls  lov- 
ing God,  and  what  the  liberty-hating  Freemason 
government  of  Mexico  denies,  that  the  sons  of  St. 
Francis  find  in  the  free  republic  of  the  L'nited 
iStates.  To  prevent  the  Order  from  dying  out  in  Mex- 
ico, the  authorities  decided  to  move  the  novitiate  for 
the  Mexican  Fathers  to  the  United  States.  A  l.ouse 
had  been  planned  for  Texas  at  one  tims,  but  finally 
San  Luis  Rey  was  chosen.  Accordingly,  througli  tlie 
intercession  of  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Mora  of  Los  Angeles, 

(9)    Tho  "Our  Father"  in  tho  language  of  tho  Ketchi   abcut    San  Luis  Rey 
is   as  follows  according  to  Mofras: 

"Cham  na  cham  mig  tu  panga  auc  onan  Moquiz  cham  to  gai  ha  cua  cho 
nag  oirreina  IL  vi  hicho  ca  noc  yba  heg  ga  y  vi  uu  qui  ga  to  panga. 
Cham  ua  cholono  mim  cha  pan  pituo  mag  na  jau  pohi  cala  cai  gui  cha 
me  halloto  gai  torn  chamo,  o  gui  chag  cay  no  cho  cal  mo  tua  so  Hi  olo 
calmc  alia  Jinoo  charao  cham  cho  aivo." 


—  4S0  — 

permission  was  obtained  from  Rome  to  establish  a 
novitiate  at  tliis  mission  for  tlie  Franciscans  of  Mex- 
ico. 

The  old  br.ildings  in  part  liave  been  rendered  habi- 
table, and  on  May  12tl),  1808,  the  ceremonies  of  re- 
dedication  took  place.  By  ten  o'clock  fully  800  inter- 
ested spectators  gathered  in  the  church.  At  that 
hour  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  Mora,  Bishop  of  Monterey  nnd 
Los  Anii-3les  Very  Rev.  Joaquin  Adam,  vicar  general 
of  the  diocese.  Very  Rev.  Louis  J.  Meier,  superior 
of  the  Lazarist  College,  Los  Angeles;  and  Rev.  W. 
L.  Dye,  secretary  to  tlie  bishop,  entered  through  the 
the  wide  doors  of  the  church.  Three  wrinkled  old  Li- 
dian  women  crouched  at  the  doorway,  looking  won- 
deringly  on  the  scene  that  brought  back  memories  of 
their  youth,  when  the  mission  was  rich  and  populous. 

At  the  doorway  the  bishop  was  received  by  Ihe 
community  of  Franciscans  in  their  somber  gray  habit 
who  had  come  from  Zacatecas,  Mexico,  to  open  a 
novitiate  for  their  province.  These  religious  were  the 
Very  Rev.  Father  Alba,  comissary  general  of  the 
Franciscan  Order  in  Mexico;  Rev.  F.  Ambrose  Malr,- 
behar,  who  was  to  remain  as  superior  of  the  covent; 
Fr.  Tiscareno,  secretary  of  the  commissioner-general; 
and  Fr.  Martinez.  The  Fathers  brought  with  them  as 
pupils  from  Zacatecas  tliree  Mexican  youtlis,  Jesus  de 
la  IIos,  Manuel  Rizo,  and  Andres  Luerrerow,  who  all 
received  the  habit  of  St.  Francis  on  that  same  day, 
December  12th, 

Solemn  High  Mass  was  celebrated  l)y  Very  Rev. 
T.  Adam,  assisted  by  Fathers  Alba  and  Dye  as  dec- 
con  and  subdecon  respectively.  Fr.  Meier  acted  as 
master  of  ceremonies.  After  Mass  followed  the  read- 
ing of  the  patent  from  Rome  and  the  proclamation 
of  the  patron  saints:  San  Luis  Rey,  as  patron  of  the 
mission  church,  and  Nuestra  Seiiora  de  Guadalupe,  as 
patroness  of  the  novitiate.  "Veni  Creator"  was   then 


-IGl  — 


Ccrndors    Of    San    jluis    itey. 


—  432  -- 

sung,  whereupon  the  three  young  pupils  of  the  Fa- 
thers knelt  before  the  nltar  and  were  invested  with 
the  habit  of  tlie  Franciscan  Order.  The  ceremonies 
closed  with  the  "Te  Dcuni."  Father  O'Kcefe  of  San- 
ta Barbara  was  permitted  to  stay  with  the  Mexican 
brethern  for  some  time  in  order  to  acquaint  thytu 
with  the  manners  of  the  country,  and  to  lend  his  ad- 
vice ia  the  reconstruction  of  the  mission. 

The  community  at  the  beginning  of  1897  was  com- 
posed as  follows:  Fr.  J.  J.  O'lveefe,  superior;  Fr. 
Rapliael  Hernandez,  master  of  novices;  Fr.  Francisco 
Alvarez;  Fr.  Jo&6  Caballero;  Fr.  Pedro  Ocegueda; 
Fr.  Luis  Palacios;  Fr.  B.  Aleman;  six  fratres  cleri' 
ci,  and  four  lay-brothers.  Fr.  Alvarez  is  now  82 
years  of  age,  but  very  feeble. 


GI^PP'TE^  XXIU. 


SANTA    INEZ. 

The  Mission  Site— Founding  Of  Tre  Mission— The  First  Missionaries— 
Fk.  Gutierrez  Retires -Mission  Success— Earthquake-New  Church— 
Missionaries- Death  Of  Fr.  Calzada— Revolt— Buildings  And  Lands. 
lEATHs  Of  Fathers  Victoria  And  La  Cuesta— Secularization— In- 
ventory-Statistics—Death  Of  Fr.  Moreno— Founding  Of  X  Semina' 
by-SaleOfThe  Mission— The  College  Abandoned— The  "Our  Fa^ 
thie"  In  Indian. 

The  number  of  missions  was  increased  in  1804  to 
nineteen  l)y  the  founding  of  Santa  Inez.  Explora- 
tions for  a  site  in  this  region  had  begun  in  1795  and 
were  completed  in  1798  by  Father  Tapis.  The  spot 
selected  was  called  by  the  natives  Alajulapa,  or  Maj- 
alapu,  and  the  order  of  the  viceroy  for  founding  the 
mission  was   dated   in  February  1803,  The  name  Sau* 


—  4CI5  — 

ti  In^z,  virgin  and  martyr,  Saint  Agnes  in  Eng- 
lish, often  written  Santa  Yncz  or  Ines,  seems  also 
to  have  been  selected  by  "NMceroy  Iliirrij;aray.  A 
sergeant  and  nine  men  haviiii;-  been  assigned  as  a 
guard,  and  duly  instrv.ctcd  l)y  the  commandant  of 
Santa  Barbara,  the  mission  was  established  with  the 
usual  ceremonies  on  September  17th,  1804,  Fr.  Tapis 
preached  on  the  occasion,  and  was  assisted  in  the 
ceremonies  by  Fathers  Cipres,  Calzada,  and  Gutier- 
rez. Commandant  Carrillo  was  present  and  large 
numbers  of  neophytes  had  come  from  Santa  Barbara 
aid  La  Purisima,  some  of  them  to  remain.  A  begin- 
ning of  mission  work  was  made  by  the  baptism  of 
twenty-seven  children  and  the  enrolling  of  many  ca- 
techumens, including  three  chieftains. 

TuE  first  missionaries  of  Santa  Inez  were  the  Fa- 
thers Jose  Antonio  Calzala  and  Jose  Komualdo  Gu- 
tierrez. The  latter  left  California  in  180G,    (1) 

Fr.  Gutierrez  was  succeeded  by  Fr.  Liii's  Gil  y 
Taboada.  Fr.  Gil's  place  was  taken  in  1810  by  Fr. 
Francisco  Javier  de  Uria,  who  had  been  at  the  mis- 
sion as  a  supernumerary  since  1808.  By  the  end 
of  the  first  year  Santa  Inez  had  225  neophytes,  but 
over  half  of  them  had  come  already  baptized  from 
the  adjoining  missions. 

In  1810  the  number  was  (528;  there  had  been  510 
baptisms  and  245  deaths.  Live-stock  in  1810  numbered 
3,200  cattle,  420  horses,  Gl  mules,  11  asses,  and 
2,300  sheep.  Crops  varied  from  000  bushels  in  1S07  to 
4,500  bushels  in  1810.  In  1805,  and  probal)ly  later, 
Santa  Inez  had  but  a  poor  church,  though  it  was  al- 
ready   roofed   with    tiles.  In  1810  as  many    as    12,508 

(I)  Bancroft  II,  27-29.  Fr.  Gutierrez  had  come  to  CaliforniM  probably  in 
1S02,  or  accordinc  to  another  record,  in  Ausrupt  l^'04.  He  served  at  Santa 
In(5z  from  September  17th,  ISW,  to  July  1S()(5,  when  he  was  transferred 
to  San  IJuenavontura  in  tlie  liope  of  beneflttinK  his  health;  but  grow 
inp  worse  ho  obtained  permission  to  retire,  and  sailed  for  tian  Bias  iu 
Novoi'il»er. 


ibs  of  hemp  wero  chipped  to  Mexico  from  Santa 
In^^z.  (2) 

The  eartliquakc  of  December  Slst,  1812,  two  shocks 
fifteen  minutes  apart,  brought  clown  a  corner  of  the 
church  at  Santa  ln67.,  destroyed  one  fourth  of  the 
new  houses  near  <-he  church,  ruined  all  the  mission 
roofs,  and  cracked  many  walls;  but  the  Fntliers  did 
not  deem  the  damajA'Q  irreparable.  In  18155  the  little 
convent  was  completed,  and  a  granary  was  built 
Avhich  temporarily  served  for  divine  vrorship ;  but  in 
1815  a  new  church  was  be<2;un  of  adobes  lined  with 
bricks,  which  was  dedicated  on  July  ^Ith,  1817. 

The  neophyte  population  reached  its  highest  num- 
ber of  7G8  souls  in  1816,  from  which  time  it  steadi- 
ly declined.  On  November  lOth,  1814,  the  first  bap- 
tism of  an  islenn,  or  Indian  from  the  Island  of  Le- 
mu,  took  place;  such  baptisms  were  frequent  after 
April  1815. 

Fk.  Uria  was  in  charge  of  Santa  Inez  continuously 
during  this  period;  but  his  associate  Fr.  Antonio  Cal- 
zada,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  mission,  died  in 
1814,  and  there  were  several  other  changer. 

Fk.  Ramon  Olbes  served  here  in  1812-14.  Fr.  Es- 
tevan  Tapis  was  at  Santa  Inez  in  1813-14,  Fr.  Ro- 
man Fernandez  de  Ullibarri  in  1815-19,  and  Fr.  An- 
tonio Catarino  Rodriguez,  apparently  in  1820-21.   (3) 

Fk.  Uria  continued  here  until  1824;  he  had   worked 

(2)    Bancroft.  II,  27-2P;  ISO. 

(8)      Ba-jcroft     II,    36S-:!Ca.  Fr.    Calzada     was    born      In    Florida     on 

November  24tli,  1700;  but  rccehcd  iLe  liabit  of  St.  Francis  at  tlio 
convent  of  Pari~i:ni  Concepcioa  in  Ilabana  on  February  Bd,  1780. 
Ho  was  ordained  priest  ii  Mexico  on  December  ISth,  17S4,  and  arrived 
in  Califoni  I  durintr  October  1787.  Ho  wis  first  st  itionod  at  San  Gabriel 
from  1788  to  1792;  then  at  Purisima  until  lb04,  tlioupli  absent  in  Mexico 
on  account  of  ill  lieaJtli  from  August  179G  to  May  1798.  When  Santa  In6z 
Was  fou'idcd  he  was  transferred  to  the  new  mission  in  September  1804, 
and  labored  there,  amons  the  Indians  until  a  .'troke  of  paralysis  in  1813 
rendered  him  helpless.  A  second  stroke  put  an  end  to  his  life  on  Decem- 
ber 2:ld,  1814.  His  remains  were  interred  in  the  church,  and  on  July  4th, 
1817,  thoy  were  transferred  to  the  new  church,  which  had  been  dedicated 
that  day,  and  burled  outside  th^  prasbyt^ry  near  the  raUiuE  on  tho  Gos- 
tol  side. 


-  425  - 

alone  it  seems  from  1S21  to  1S23,  when  Fr.  Bins  Or- 
el az  nrrived.  After  Fr.  Uria's  departure,  Fr.  Bias  was 
alone  at  the  mission. 

In  the  revolt  of  1821,  which  first  broke  out  at  lliis 
mission  on  Sunday  February  21st,  a  larf:;e  part  of  the 
buildinfjB  is  said  to  have  been  destroyed;  but  there 
is  no  record  of  repairs  or  rebuilding.  The  soldiers  de- 
fended themselves  and  Fr.  Uria ;  but  it  does  not 
clearly  appear  that  anybody  was  killed.  Early  the 
next  day  Sergeant  Carrillo  arrived  with  a  small  force, 
and  the  hostile  Indians  seem  to  have  fled  to  Purisi- 
ma.  Carrillo  remained  for  some  time  at  Santa  Inez, 
which  it  appears  had  not  been  abandoned. 

The  buildings  in  1820  were  similar  to  those  of  San- 
ta Barbara.  In  front  was  a  large  brick  enclosure 
nsed  for  bathing  and  washing;  to  the  right  Avere 
gardens  and  orchards;  to  the  left  were  the  Indian 
huts  and  tiled  houses.  The  mission  lands  in  1822,  be- 
tween two  branch  ranges  of  the  sierra,  extended  7-9 
leagues  from  north  to  south,  and  5-13  leagues  from 
east  to  west.  From  1822-1827  Santa  Inez  furnished 
$10,7G7  worth  of  supplies  to  the  Santa  Barbara  presi- 
dio.  (4) 

Fe.  Bias  Ordaz  continued  liis  labors  at  Mission 
Santa  Inez  till  1888,  when  Fr.  Jose  Joaquin  Jimeno 
came  from  the  north.  He  was  assisted  1)y  Fr.  Mar- 
cos Antonio  Saizar  de  Victoria  in  1835-36,  and  Fr. 
Felipe  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta  in  183()-40.  Both,  Fr. 
Victoria  and  Fr.  Arroyo,  died  at  this  mission.   (5) 

(4)     Bancroft  II,  52.S;  riM-ns'i.  (5)     Banc,   V,  7G4.    Ibid.  III.  GG1-GG4 ; 

Fr.  Vitoria.  or  Victoria,  was  a  native  of  the  province  of  Alava,  Spain, 
Lavinpr  been  born  tliore  in  17GU.  Ho  became  a  Franciscan  in  177G,  and 
arrived  in  Mexico  in  1804.  Ecachinp;  California  in  18C5  he  was  first 
stationed  at  Santa  Barbara  ISO.d-IS.C;  tlien  at  San  Buenaventura  from 
18(;G-17,  and  aRain  18'J0-1824;  at  San  Fernando  during;  1818-20;  at  Purisi- 
ma  fi-om  1>24-1S:J5,  and  finally  at  Santa  InOz  in  18i!5-o6.  H's  death  occurred 
on  July  25tli,  18Ji3. ,  Fr.  Victoria  wis  a  most  virtuous  and  exemplary 
min,  but  always  ia  feeble  hoaltli,  yet  beloved  by  his  neophytes. 
Fr.  Cuei-ta,  who  also  died  at  Santa  In(5z,  was  born  at  the  viUa  of  Cubo, 
Castilla  la  Vieja,  on  April  :,'()th,  11^0,  and  was  received  into  the  Fran- 
ciscan   Ortlpr    on     Aucu^t    M,    179G,    at    Evirgos.    Ho     sailed  from  C6dia 


-  480  — 

TriE  Indian  population  decreased  from  408  at  Iho 
end  of  1880  to  044  in  1884.  At  tlio  end  of  the  decode 
only  180  of  the  800  remaining'  Indiana  \vere  living  in 
conuiuniity.  The  number  of  baptipnis  for  Uig  tln-ee 
years  down  to  1831  was  03,  but    death    carried    away 

ioo. 

The  blight  of  secularization  fell  upon  the  mispion 
in  1886.  The  inventory  taken  August  1st,  1880, 
showed  a  valuaHon  of  $50,437,  or  $46,180  besides 
church  property,  which  was  valued  at  about  $11,000. 
The  church  buildings  measured  4Sf  by  9  varas,  had 
v/alls  of  adobe,  4  doors  and  S  windows;  the  sacristy 
was  9x0  varas  with  three  doors,  one  window,  a  tile 
root,  board  ceiling,  and  a  brick  floor.  The  ornaments 
were  valued  at  $0,251,  and  the  library  of  60  volumes 
at  $188. 

Hahtnel's  inventory  of  July  1880,  mentions  9,720 
cattle,  2.180  sheep,  382  horses,  82  mules,  4  asses,  50 
hogs,  790  fanegas  of  grain,  448  arrobas  of  tallovv,  75 
arr.  lard,  87  hides,  50  arr.  wool,  200  arr.  $30  worth 
of  soap,  etc.,  and  a  population  of  183  souls.   (6) 

The  whole  number  of  baptisms  during  the  existence 

for  Mexico  on  Septombnr  2(1,  tSOi,  and  left  tho  collcco  of  San  Fer- 
Uiinlo  oa  Decambor  Uth,  IbOT,  for  CaliforniM,  whoic  he?  arrived  early  in 
ijiOS.  Ho  w;ie  succossivply  stationed  at  San  Juan  Bautista  in  lb()S-.'W,  at 
San  Mi?Tuel  in  ls:i:i-3l,  at  Sin  Luis  Obispo  in  ItCU-;'."!,  at  Purisima  in  18;i5- 
ot>,  and  at  Santa  Infis  from  lS;iS-40,  tlioudi  it  was  only  at  San  Juan  tliatliis 
bodily  infirmities  permitted  him  to  woik.  His  superiors  regarded  liim  as 
a  mail  of  preut  merit,  ability,  and  zoal.  Sinco  1813  he  suifored  almo.rt  con- 
tinually from  rheumatism,  and  he  was  repeatedly  at  the  point  of  death.  In 
ISOJ  In  Slid  tha  lifdt  Miss  in  tho  now  e!iui-ch  of  Mission  S  m  Jo.^6.  In  1820, 
lhTUi?h  malntiiainc;  liis  alle.srianco  to  the  kinp  of  Spain,  he  took  a  modi 
lied  o  itli  to  tho  now  Rovernmont  of  Mexico.  Fr.  Arroyo  was  a  scholar  and 
always  a  student,  friviiT  e-ip'>cial  atteiitioa  to  tin  linfraicro  of  tho  In- 
dians of  the  S  in  .T\riii  rocriou  of  wliinh  he  had  already  prepared  a  pram- 
mar  before  1817.  This  grammar  and  the  Father's  skill  in  tlio  native  idiom 
nre  ri>entionod  in  Fr.  Sarria's  report  of  tli.t  year.  His  Grammar  of  the 
Mutsun  Lanpuape  and  l.i-i  Vocabulary  or  Phrase-book  wore  publislied 
by  Dl-.  She  I,  Noiv  York,  hi  isril.  Robinson  describes  him  as  closely  conflnod 
to  his  room  in  study;  when  tired  of  readiuK  he  would  call  the  children  to 
play  before  him.  Lat«r  his  leps  were  paralyzed,  and  ho  was  moved  about 
in  a  wheeled  chair.  Fr,  Arroyo  de  la  Cuosta  died  on  September  20th,  1840, 
at  the  apo  of  CO  years,  and  his  body  was  buried  on  tho  2-d,  by  Fr,  Jime* 
no  iu  the  mission  church  on  the  Gospel  side  near  the  prosbjtery. 
(6)    Arroba  —  Z^)  Us  or  1^2  pints  Uquid  iBcc\suro. 


-.  437  - 

of  the  mission,  lS04-183i,  was  1,.372,  of  wliich  oG6 
-wore  Indian  adults,  757  Indian  cliildren,  one  adult 
and  48  cliildren  de  i;ente  de  razon:  an  annual  aver- 
age of  -io.  The  number  of  marriages  was  400,  of 
which  9  were  de  razon.  Deaths  amounted  to  1,271, 
of  which  730  were  Indian  adults,  519  Indian  cliildren, 
and  three  adults  and  13  children  de  razon;  an  an  uil 
average  of  42.  The  largest  number  of  cattle  owned 
by  the  mission  in  any  one  year  was  7,000  in  1831; 
horses,  800  in  1816;  mules,  124  in  1822;  sheep,  0,000 
in  LS21;  goat?,  130  in  1818;  swine,  250  in  1810;  and 
all  kinds  of  animals,  12,320  in  3820.  The  total  yield  of 
wheat  was  03,250  l)usliels;  barley,  4,024  bushels,  corn, 
89,850  bushels;  and  l)eans,  4,340  bushels.  The  Infor- 
mes  Generales,  or  official  reports  of  the  Fathers,  give 
the  following  figures  for  the  period  1804  to  December 
31st,  ]831:  Baptisms,  1,330;  marriages,  390;  and 
deaths,  1,190. 

Fr.  Jose  Joaquin  Jimcno  remained  in  charge  of 
Santa  Ines,  with  Fr.  Juan  Moreno  as  associate  from 
1842,  and  Fr.  Fran<-isco  de  Jesus  Sanchez  from  1844. 
Fr.  Juan  Moreno  died  at  the  end  of  1845.  (7) 

The  leading  event  of  the  period  was  the  foundaticn 
of  liie  "Colegio  Seminario  de  Maria  Santisima  de 
Guadalupe  de  Santa  Inez  de  Californias"  in  1844,  as 
recorded  elsewhere.  In  1843  the  management  of  the 
temporalities  of  the  mission  was  restored  to  the  Fa- 
thers. The  Indian  population  in  1845  still  amounted 
to  270  souls,  but  the  estate  was  rented  in  December 
1-^45  to  Jose  Maria  Covarrubias  and    Joaquin  Carrillo 

(7)  Bancroft  IV,  645-047.  Fr.  Juan  Moreno  was  bora  on  January  2Ttli, 
1799,  at  Montenecro,  la  Rioja,  Old  Castile;  but  became  a  Francu-can 
ia  Mexico.  Arriving  in  California  durinpr  the  year  1S27,  ho  was  stationed 
at  Santa  Barbara  until  1829 :  at  Santa  Cruz  in  1S29-30 ;  at  San  Juan  Bau- 
tista  in  18:W-:K  at  San  Mipruel  in  I83;i-I2;  and  finally  at  Santa  In6z  in  1842- 
45,  duriuK  which  latter  period  ho  also  had  charpo  of  Purisima,  ami  per- 
haps lived  there  a  part  of  the  time.  Very  little  is  known  about  him,  ex- 
cept that  he  was  a  quiet,  patient  man,  well  liked  by  all.  He  acted  as 
professor  in  the  Santa  laiz  Beminary,  Hie  remains  wore  buried  oa 
December  2iith.  1S45. 


-  408  - 


LHjii  Mwkii.t.'Ck  X^O^ 


—  439  — 

for  ^680  per  year,  llie  mission  was  finally  sold  to 
the  lessees,  Cavarrubias  and  Carrillo,  for  $7,000  on 
June  15tli,  1840,  but  their  title  later  on  Avas  declared 
invalid.  Fr.  Joaquin  Jimeno  continued  in  charjie  of 
the  mission,  and  was  also  rector  of  the  ecclesiastical 
college,  an  institution  wliich,  with  Fr.  Sanchez  as 
vice-rector,  still  maintained  a  precarious  existence 
until  1850,  after  Avhich  date  it  seems  to  have  been 
abandoned,  the  Fathers  Avithdrawing  to  Santa  Barba- 
ra.  (8) 


G^PPTER    XX^. 


SAN  RAFAEL,  (*) 

MoKTALiTY  At  Sam  Franc" sco— Founding  Of  The  Mission— San  Ra-^.til 
A  Branch  Of  San  Francisco— Transfer  Of  Indians— Explorations— 
Progress— Statistical— Mission  Lands— Death  Of  Fr.  Amoros— The 
Zacatecans— Statistical— Fr.  Merc  ado  Slandered— Secularization— 
Inventory— Sale  Of  The  Mission— Statistics— The  Lord's  Prayer  In 
Indian. 

It  Avas  not  until  1817  that  the  missionaries  crossei 
San  Francisco  Bay  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a 
permanent  mission  furl  her  north.  The  mortality  at 
San  Francisco  had  been  frightful  for  some  time ;  a 
panic  was  almost  imminent,  when  Lieutenant  Sola 
suggested    to  the    disheartened    Father  a    transfer  of 

(8)  H.ir croft  IV,  645-G17;  V,  635;  710.  Tlio  "Our  Fathor,"  as  recited  by 
tli:i  Indians  at  Santi  l\i6z  runs  as  follows  according  to  Mofras: 
"Di65  caquicoco  upalequen  alapa  quiae  micho  opte :  paguininigug  «[uique 
cccuet  upalacs  huatahuc  itimisshup  canecho  alapa.  Ulamuhu  ilahulalisa- 
huo  Picsiyus  cquepe  ginsucutaniyug  uquiyagmagin,  canechequique  isagin 
sucutanagun  utiyagmayiyug  poux  hoyug  guie  utic  lex  ulechop  santequi- 
yug  ilautochop.  Amen   Jesus" 

(*)    Tho  author  was  unable  to  obtain  an  illustration  of  this  mission. 


-  440  — 

the  neophytes  across  tlie  bny.  Seme  vrere  sent  ovfir 
as  an  experiment,  ji;reat]y  to  the  benefit  of  their 
health;  but  at  first  tlie  Father  Superior  of  the  mis- 
sions, while  approving  tho  phxn,  hesitated  about  the 
formal  transfer  for  v>ant  of  priests,  and  bacause  of 
the  difficulties  of  communication.  At  last,  when  sever- 
al neophytes  had  died  on  the  other  side  Avithout  the 
sacraments,  Fr.  Luis  Gil  y  Taboada,  late  of  Purisi- 
ma,  consented  to  become  a  supernumerary  of  San 
Francisco,  and  to  take  charge  of  the  branch  establish- 
ment. The  intention  was  to  found  "a  kind  of  rancho 
with  its  chapel,  baptistry,  and  cemetery,  Avith  the 
title  of  San  Rafael  Arcangel,  in  order  that  this  most 
glorious  prince,  whoso  name  signifies  the  healing  of 
God,  might  care  for  the  bodies  and  the  souls."  Sola 
gives  the  same  reason  for  the  new  foundation  in  his 
letter  of  April  3d,  1818  to  the  viceroy.  On  December 
10th,  1817,  Father  Sarria  vrrote  to  Sola  that  on  Satur- 
day next  he  would  go  over  with  Fr,  Duran. 

In  passing  over  the  bay  from  San  Francisco  Fr. 
Gil  was  accompanied  by  Fathers  Duran,  Abella,  and 
Sarria.  On  December  14th,  Fr.  Sarria  with  the  same 
ceremonies  that  usually  attended  the  dedication  of  a 
regular  mission  founded  the  asslsteneia  of  San  Ka- 
fsel  Arcangel  on  the  spot  called  by  the  natives 
Nanaguani.  Though  the  establishment  was  at  first 
only  a  branch  of  San  Francisco,  an  assisteiicia  and 
not  a  mission,  with  a  chapel  instead  of  a  church,  un- 
der a  supernumerary  Father  of  San  PVancisco;  yet 
there  was  no  real  difFerence  between  its  management 
and  that  of  the  other  missions. 

The  number  of  neophytes  transferred  at  first  may 
have  been  230,  but  there  is  very  little  evidence  on 
the  subject,  and  subsequent  transfers,  if  any  were 
made  either  from  or  to  San  Rafiiel,  are  not  recorded. 
By  the  end  of  1820  the  Indian  population  had  in- 
creased to  590.  In   1818   an    adobe    building   87    feet 


—  441  — 

long,  42  feet  wide,  and  18  feet  high  hiid  been  errect- 
ed,  divided  by  partitions  into  chapel,  priest's  hou;-e, 
and  all  other  apartments  required,  and  furnished  be- 
sides with  a  corridor  of  tules.  Fr.  Gil  y  Taboada  re- 
mained in  charge  of  San  Eafasl  until  the  summer  of 
1819,  wlien  he  was  succeeded   by  P>.  Juan  Amor6s. 

In  May  1818  Fr.  President  Fay  eras  with  Ooman- 
dante  Arguello  made  a  trip  by  water  to  San  Rafael. 
On  his  way  he  made  a  careful  examination  of  the 
surrounding  country.  From  the  top  of  a  liill  near  the 
new  mission  they  looked  upon  the  Canada  de  los 
Olampalies  and  the  Llano  de  los  Petalumas.  In  his 
diary  of  the  trip  a  small  island  near  San  Ilafad  is 
called  Del  Oro.  A  place  called  Gallinan,  two  leagues 
away,  and  another  called  Aranjuez  are  mentioned. 
Petaluma  was  12  leagues  and  Olompali  6  leagues 
distant.  38  degrees  and  15  minutes  was  the  estimated 
latitude  of  San  Kafasl.  Fr.  Payeras  recommended 
that  a  presidio  be  erected  at  Bodega  and  a  mission 
at  Petaluma  and  Suisun.  His  opinion  of  the  mission 
site  was  not  a  favorable  one.  In  his  general  remarks 
on  mission  sites  Fr.  Payeras  mentions  by  their  pre- 
sent names  the  Sonoma  Creek,  the  Sacramento,  and 
the  San  Joaquin.   (1) 

San  Rafa?l,  under  the  care  of  Fr.  Juan  Amor6s, 
was  in  every  respect,  save  in  the  item  of  sheep, 
prosperous  though  not  on  a  very  large  scale,  through- 
out the  decade  ending  with  1830.  Baptisms  outnum- 
bered deatlis  by  more  tlian  two  to  one,  and  the  In- 
dian population,  notwithstanding  the  92  neophytes 
sent  to  Solano,  was  nearly  doubled,  reaching  its 
highest  number  of  1,110  souls  in  1828.  It  appears 
that  even  a  house  was  built  and  a  beginning  made 
to  convert  the  Indians  in  the  far  north,  between  Pe- 
taluma and  Santa  Rosa  perhaps.  The  population  in- 
creased from  590  to  970,  though,  as  was  said    before, 

(I)    Bancroft  II,  329-^31,. 


—  442  — 

tht^re  Were  a8  many  as  1,150  Indians  at  the  mission 
in  1828.  As  many  as  1,182  baptisms  were  conferred 
during  these  ten  years,  tlie  liighest  number,  228  be- 
ing in  1824.  Deaths  numbered  504.  Large  stock 
increased  from  504  to  1,548;  horses  and  mules  from 
104  to  448;  but  sheep  decreased  from  2,000  to  1,852. 
The  average  crop  was  2,454  bushels,  of  which  1,1G5 
were  wheat;  837,  barley;  and  219,  corn.  San  Rafael 
supplied  the  San  Francisco  presidio  with  $1,311  worth 
of  goods  during  182G-1830. 

The  lands  in  1828  were  described  as  follows:  In  the 
west  beyond  the  the  range  of  hills  is  an  estero  from 
the  port  of  Bodega,  called  Tamales.  The  range  ex- 
tends north  nine  leagues,  then  the  plains  of  Livan- 
tonome,  where  the  gentiles  are  being  civilized,  a 
house  having  been  built  and  lands  marked  out  (Sta 
Rose  to  Petaluma  region).  Other  mission  lands  are  at 
ther  ancheria  of  Annamus  or  San  Pedro  Alcdntara  in 
the  corte  de  Madero,  and  the  Rinconada  del  Tiburon. 
Live-stock  feeds  northward  to  the  rancheria  of  01am- 
pali,  or  Santisimo  Rosario.  The  chief  is  a  Christian 
and  farmer.  Cattle  graze  in  the  canadas  of  Las  Galli- 
nas,  Arroyo  de  San  Jose,  Novato,  Colomache,  Eclia- 
tanial,  and  Olompali;  the  horses  go  farther  to  01c- 
mochoe,  or  San  Antonio;  the  stream,  dry  in  summer, 
rises  in  the  laguna  of  Ocolom,  or  San  Antonio,  the 
lands  of  which  join  those  of  Novato,  Colomache,  and 
Echatamal,  "going  round  the  hill."  The  laguna  of 
Ocolom  seems  to  belong  to  the  mission,  but  the  na- 
tives are  warlike.  In  December  1822  the  oath  of  al- 
lecciance  to  the  national  congress,  the  only  instance  of 
the  kind  recorded  in  California,  was  taken  by  the 
Fathers  and  the  neophytes.   (2) 

Fii.  Amoros  died  at  San  Rafael  in  1832  on  July 
14th,  at  three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  was  bur- 
ied   in  the  mission  church  on  the    16th  by  Fr.  Fortu- 


(2)     l^^ncroft  It,  596-597, 


—  44S  — 

iii,  who  had  known  him  since  1792,  and  declared  him 
a  saiiir.   (3) 

After  tlia  death  of  Fr.  Amor63,  Fr.  Est6ne!;a  of 
San  Francisco  was  pnt  in  charge  of  San  Rafa?l  until 
the  Zacatecan  Fr.  Jose  Maria  Vasquez  del  Mercado 
came  in  1833.  Fr.  Mercado  in  turn  was  rephiced  in 
1831  by  Fr.  Jose  Lorenzo  de  hi  Coneepcion  Quijas, 
also  a  Zacatecan  Franciscan,  Avho  from  that  year  had 
charge  of  both  San  Rafti?l  and  Solano,  but  he  lived 
at  the  former  place  chiefly.  Statistics  of  the  last 
years  of  this  mission  are  for  the  most  part  wanting, 
but  the  numl)er  of  neophytes  in  1834  must  have  been 
about  500,  a  decrease  of  470  since  1830.  In  1840  there 
were  190  Indians  living  in  the  community,  Avith  pro- 
bably 150  more  scattered  about  the  district. 

Baptisms  for  the  years  1831  and  1832  amount- 
ed to  155,  including  110  adults  in  1831,  and  15  in 
1832.  There  are  no  figures  for  1833-34.  Deaths  for  the 
same  two  years  numbered  QQ.  Large  stock  increased 
from  1,548  to  something  over  2,000 ;  horses  and  mules 
decreased  from  448  to  372;  sheep  increased  from  1,852 
to  3,000.  Crops  in  1831  amounted  to  1,990  bushels; 
in   1832  to  1,770  bushels. 

During  1833  there  was  considerable  trouble  be- 
tween Fr.  Mercado  and  the  soldiery.  At  the  instance 
of  Gov.  Figueroa  Fr.  Prefect  Garcia  Diego  suspended 
Fr.  Mercado  for  an  alleged  outrage  against  the  In- 
dians, summoned  him  to  Santa  Clara,  and  announced 
his  intention  to  send  him  to  his  college  for    trial.  In 

(:i)  Bancroft  II,  5%-597.  Fr.  Juan  Amor6s  was  a  (Catalan,  born  at  Porre- 
ra  October  Kith,  I'T.i.  He  became  a  Franciscan  at  Gcrona  iu  1791  and  w  is 
ordained  in  1797.  IIo  reached  Mexico  in  1S03,  and  arrived  in  California 
during  the  year  180i.  IIo  served  as  a  missionary  at  San  Carlos  in  1S04-19, 
and  at  San  Rafii'l  in  1819-32 .  Fr.  Amor6i  was  noted  for  the  zeal  with 
which  ho  undertook  every  t:isl£  whitlior  temporal  or  spiritual.  IIo  was  a 
successful  bnsiuos.-i  manager,  a  mechanic  of  more  than  ordinary  skill,  and 
a  kind  missionary  well  liked  by  liis  neophytes.  IIo  was  always  in  good 
health,  and  never  could  And  too  raiicli  work  to  do.  Thj  tradition  is  that 
once  when  the  mission  was  attacked  by  savages  ho  crossed  the  bay  ,of 
San  Francisco  oo  4  tulp  balsa  or  raft  with  a  woman  and  several  childroa. 


_>  444  -^ 

the  middle  of  the  next  year,  Fr.  Mercado  Was  freed 
from  arrest  and  restored  to  San  Kafasl ;  for  the  two 
fathers,  Avho  had  lieen  sent  to  make  an  investigation, 
learned  from  fourteen  witnesses  that  the  Father  had 
notliing  to  do  with  the  outrage.  Alt'.  Vallejo,  as  usu- 
al, showed  liimself  antagonistic  to  the    missionary. 

The  mission  was  secularized  in  1834,  and  v.n  inven- 
tory taken  in  Septemler.  The  pueldo  was  marked  out 
in  October  by  Ignacio  Martinez,  who  was  probably 
the  comisionado,  and  the  stock  distributed  in  Decem- 
ber. The  inventory  of  September  31st,  1834,  showed 
the  following  items:  church  property,  building,  .$192; 
ornaments,  etc.,  $777;  library  of  75  volumes  $108;  to- 
tal 3,077;  mission  buildings  $1,123;  garden  or  orchard 
$968;  boats,  etc.,  $500;  live-stock  $1,339;  Nicasio  ran- 
cho  $7,256;  credits  $170;  total  $18,475;  debts  $3,448; 
balance  $15,025. 

llartnelPs  inventory  of  September  18th,  1839,  gave 
a  population  of  195  Indians  at  the  mission ;  474  hor- 
ses, 2G  yoke  of  oxen,  3  mules,  417  fanegas  of  grain, 
42  hides,  72  deer  skins,  and  GO  arrs.  of  tallow.  The 
accounts  were  in  a  bad  condition  as  the  administra- 
tor could  neither  read  nor  write.  The  old  Christians 
desired  their  liberty  and  the  distribution  of  the 
property.  All  complained  to  Hartnell  that  scarcely 
any  land  remained  to  them,  and  that  for  two  years 
no  clothing:;  had  been  distributed.   (4) 

Fr.  Quijas  attended  San  liafkd  and  all  the  north- 
ern country  until  1843,  after  which  date  there  was 
no  resident  missionary  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay. 
The  community  was  entirely  broken  up  before  1845, 
though  about  200  Christian  Indians  nuiy  have  re- 
mained in  the  district.  After  the  formality  of  notify- 
ing the  Indians  to  reoccupy  the  mission,  its  sale  at 
auction  was  ordered  in  October  1845.   (5) 

On  June  8th,  1846,  the  mission  estate    was   sold   to 

(*)    Banc,  III,  324:  346:  715-718.       (5)    Banc.  IV,  652;  070. 


—  415  -« 

Antonio  Suuol  nnil  A.  M.  Pico  for  $S,000,  but  the 
purclifisers  failed  to  secure  possoision,  and  their  titles 
were  later  on  declared  invnlid.  (0) 

Durinj;  the  existence  of  the  mission,  or  as  far  as 
th.e  records  nre  cxtnnt,  3 8] 7-34,  the  total  number  of 
baptisms  was  3,870,  of  which  J,ODG  were  those  of  In- 
dian adults,  7G8  Indian  children,  and  2  adults  and  7 
children  de  razon;  an  annual  nveraga  of  103.  Deaths 
amounted  to  09S,  of  which  453  were  Indian  adults, 
209  Indian  children,  and  one  adult  de  razon ;  an 
annual  average  cf  C8.  Marriages  numbered  540,  of 
which  8  were  de  razon.  The  largest  Indian  population 
ever  reached,  1.140  was  in  1828.  The  largest  number 
of  cattle  held,  if  the  figures  are  correct,  2,] 20  was 
in  1832;  horses,  450  in  1801;  sheep,  4,000  in  1822-20; 
swine,  thirty  in  1823;  and  all  kinds  of  animals, 
5,508  in  1832.  The  total  product  of  wheat  was  17,905 
bushels;  barley,  12,309  bushels;  maize,  0,657  bushels; 
beans,  1,300  bushels;  and  miscellaneous  grains,  412 
(7)  bushels. 

(C)  Bnncroft  V,  5C1.  C70.  (7)  Bancroft.,  Ill,  7]6.  The  Informps  Genrralps 
report  ),7'J5  I  apt  urns,  .141  marriarcs-t  and  CIG  deaths  for  the  period  1J17 
to  Dpccmber  31st,  IK!!. 

The  "Our  Father"    in  tho   lanpuapc    of   the    Chocojom    spoken    in    Marin 
County  upar  Mission  Kafipl  and  Eal  Rivor  is  as  follows: 

"Api  maco  su  lilccoc  ma  nenas  mi  aucs  omai  niAcono  nii  t-.ucuchs 
oy6pa  mi  tauct)  chaquenit  oi>(i  neyatto  chaqiTiiit  opu  liletto.  Tu  maco 
muye  pemnn  ji  naya  macono  sucuji  suUa  macono  masocto,  chaguo  mat 
opu  ma  suli  mayaco.  Macoi  yanpuia  umo  omutto,  ulemi  macouo  omu  in- 
capo.  Nette  esa  Josus."    Baucroft  Hist,  Native  Race:,  III. 


—  44C 


GI^PP^BR    XXUI. 


SAN    FFvANCISOO    SOLANO. 

ExrLOBATioxs~FouNDi\o  Of  The  Mission— DisArrrovAL  Of  The  Scfer. 
lona— Fh.  Altimira— a  Co.mphomise— Ciiuncii  DEnoATED— The  Name  Of 
The  Mission—Santa  Eclalia  Mission  Station— The  Biildings— In. 
DusTRiEs— Statistical— CoNTHiBrTioNa  From  San  Feancirco— Cokver- 
pioNfi— Indian  Tribes  P.elonging  To  The  Mission—Missionary  CnANOEf. 
Statistics— The  "Our  Father"  In   Guiluco. 

Under  somowhat  singular  circumstances  a  new  mis- 
sion, the  twentj'-first  and  last  on  the  list  of  Francis- 
can missions,  was  begun  in  1823.  For  the  purpose  of 
finding  a  suitable  site,  Fr.  Jose  Altimira,  accompan- 
ied by  Francisco  Castro  and  an  escort  of  20  soldiers, 
embarked  at  Francisco  on  the  25tli  of  June,  and 
spent  the  nijdit  at  San  Eafael.  Fr.  Altimira  kept  a 
diary  of  the  trip.  Leaving  San  Raff^l  on  the  26th, 
the  party  travelled  five  leagues  north  to  Olompali 
and  continued  to  the  head  of  the  creek  at  the  point 
called  Chocuaj',  where  the  city  of  Fetaluma  now 
st;inds.  On  the  27th  the  Father  and  his  escort 
marched  over  plains  and  hills,  eastward  and  north- 
eastward, past  a  small  tule  lake  of  50  by  100  yards, 
thence  ;i  little  farther  to  the  large  lake  of  Tolay, 
thence  northeastward  to  the  plain  on  which  is  the 
place  called  Sonoma.  They  camped  on  the  stream 
r.eir  the  main  creek,  where  a  boat  arrived  the  same 
day  from  San  Francisco.  On  June  28th,  in  the  after- 
noon, they  crossed  over  the  hills;  northeastward  to 
the  plain,  or  valley,  of  Napa,  and  encamped  on  the 
stream,  Napa  Creek,  which  the  party  named  San  Pe- 


_  447  - 

flro  for  the  day.  On  Juno  20th,  the  explorers  crossed 
over  another  range  of  hills  into  the  plain  of  the  Sui- 
san  aud  campinl  on  the  main  stream  live  leagues  from 
Napa,  ten  leagues  from  iSonoma,  and  five  leagues 
southwest  of  the  rancheria  of  the  Ilulatos.  On  July 
1st  the  party  went  back  to  Napa  and  Sonoma,  mak- 
ing additioal  explorations  of  the  latter  valley.  On 
July  2d  they  went  up  the  valley  and  over  the  hills 
by  a  more  northern  route  than  before,  past  a  tulo 
lake,  into  the  plain  of  the  Petalumas  and  to  the  old 
camping  ground  on  the  Arroyo  de  Lema ;  and  July 
3d  saw  them  back  by  a  direc't  course  of  two  leagues 
to  Sonoma,  where  after  new  explorations  a  site  was 
chosen.  On  July  4th  a  cross  was  blessed  and  set  up 
on  the  spot  of  a  former  rancheria,  and  then  formally 
named  New  San  Francisco.  A  volley  of  musketry 
was  fired,  sacred  song 5  were  sung,  and  Holy  Mass 
was  offered  up.  July  4th  might  therefore  with  great- 
er propriety  than  any  other  date  be  celebrated  as  the 
anniversary  of  the  foundation,  though  the  place  was 
for  a  little  time  abandoned;  on  the  sixth  all  were 
back  at  Old  San  Francisco. 

Only  the  approbation  of  the  Fr.  Superior  was  now 
wanting.  Nothing  being  lieard  from  Fr.  Seiian,  Fr. 
Altimira  wrote  to  him  again  on  the  subject  in  very 
earnest  terms,  explaining  what  had  been  done  and  on 
what  authority,  which  was  simply  the  approval  of 
the  governor,  justifying  the  proposed  measures  on 
the  ground  that  San  Francisco  was  in  its  last  stage, 
and  San  Rafael  could  not  subsist  alone. 

Fe.  Altimira  was  advised  by  Governor  Arguello 
not  to  wait  for  his  superior's  orders,  but  to  make  a 
beginning  at  once.  The  Father  allowed  liimself  to  be 
persuaded,  and  started  on  the  23d  of  August  for  So- 
noma with  an  escort  of  twelve  men,  including  an  ar- 
tilleryman to  manage  a  canon  of  two  pound  calibre, 
and    a    force   of  neophyte    laborers.    They  arrived  at 


—  us  — 

New  San  Francisco  on  the  25tli  of  August,  and  nt 
once  began  granary,  ditch,  corral,  and  other  need- 
ed structures.  There  U  no  record  of  any  formal 
ceremony  on  August  25th,  though  that  ia  generally 
given  as  the  date  of  foundation.  Good  progress  was 
made  fo?  a  week. 

Meanwhile  Fr.  Prefect  Sefnin  on  August  23d,  just 
before  his  death,  had  written  to  Fr.  Sarria  on  the 
subject.  lie  was  strongly  opposed  to  the  suppression 
of  so  flourisliing  an  establishment  as  San  Rafael, 
which  Fr.  Altimira  advocated,  and  while  he  did  not 
altogether  disapprove  of  the  transfer  of  San  Francisco, 
he  was  astounded  at  the  summary  and  illegal  man- 
ner in  which  the  secular  authorities  had  disposed  of 
the  subject  without  consulting  the  supreme  govern- 
ment. On  receipt  of  this  communication,  Fr.  President 
Sarria  wrote  to  Fr.  Altimira  and  refused  to  autho- 
riz3  the  change.  By  this  latter  of  the  31st  of  Au- 
gust the  Father  at  New  San  Francisco  was  interrupt- 
ed in  the  work,  much  to  his  regret.  If  Bancroft  m:iy 
be  believed,  in  a  letter  to  the  governor  Fr.  Altimira 
used  language  not  at  all  commendable.  A  correspon- 
dence followed  between  Fr.  Sarria  and  Governor  Au- 
guello.  The  governor  declared  that  the  new  establish- 
ment would  be  sustained  with  its  guard  under  a  ma- 
jordomo,  and  the  Fr.  Superior's  refusal  to  authorize 
Fr.  Altimira  to  care  for  its  spiritual  needs  would  be 
reported  to  the  authorities  in  Mexico. 

Yet  positive  as  was  the  governor's  tone  in  general, 
he  declared  tliat  he  would  not  insist  on  the  suppres- 
sion of  San  Rafcel.  It  seems  that  he  consented  read- 
ily enough  to  a  compromise  which  had  been  suggested 
by  the  Fr.  Prefect.  Fr.  Altimira  also  seems  to  have 
approved  of  the  compromise.  By  the  terms  of  this  a- 
greement  New  San  Francisco  was  to  remain  a  mis- 
sion in  regular  standing,  and  Fr.  Altimira  was  ap- 
pointed its  missionary,  subject  to  the  decision  of  the 


—  449  — 

college;  but  neither  Old  San  Francisco  nor  San  Ra- 
fael was  to  be  suppressed,  and  Fr.  Altiniira  was  to 
continue  associate  missionary  of  the  former. 

Neophytes  were  free  to  go  from  Old  San  Francisco 
to  the  new  cstablislimcnt,  and  also  from  San  Jose 
and  San  Rafjvl,  provided  tliey  came  orii^inally  from 
the  Sonoma  region.  In  regard  (o  Indians  coming  from 
San  Kafjiel,  it  was  provided  that  they  could  return  if 
they  wished  at  any  time  of  the  year.  Nev/  converts 
might  come  in  from  any  direction  to  tlie  mission 
they  preferred,  but  no  force  was  to  bo  used. 

Finally  on  Passion  Sunday,  April  4th,  1824,  the 
mission  churcli  was  dedicated  in  honor  of  San  Fran- 
cisco Solano,  which  from  this  date  became  the  name 
of  the  mission  to  distinguish  it  from  San  Francisco 
de  Assisi  across  the  bay.  To  avoid  further  confusion 
the  usage  arose  of  calling  the  missions  Dolores  and 
San  Solano,  or  Solano.  The  church  was  a  somewhat 
rude  structure  24  by  105  feet,  built  of  boards,  but 
well  furnished  and  decorated  in  the  interior;  many 
articles  were  donated  by  the  Russians. 

Beyond  the  fact  that  Fr.  Buenaventura  Fortuni 
took  Fr.  Altimira's  place  in  September  182G,  the  only 
information  extant  respecting  the  annals  of  Sola- 
no for  the  rest  of  the  decade,  not  of  a  statistical  nat- 
ure, is  to  the  elTect  that  a  mission  rancho  in  honor 
of  Santa  Eulalia  had  been  established  at  Suisun  l)e- 
fore  the  end  of  1824;  that  a  house  for  the  visiting 
missionary  and  a  corral  for  horses  had  been  built; 
and  that  a  neophyte  alcalde  was  in  charge  of  the 
rancho.  In  March  1824  the  mission  already  had  a 
granary,  e  priest's  house,  and  seven  houses  for  the 
guards,  besides  the  chapel,  all  of  wood.  By  the  end  of 
the  year  one  large  adobe  house  30  by  120  feet  and 
seven  feet  high,  with  tiled  roof  and  corridor,  had 
been  completed,  and  two  other  structures  had  been 
made  ready  for  roofing  when  an  unusually  heavy  rain 
destroved  them.  A  loom  had  been  set  up  and  a  begin- 


4o0  - 


-  4ol  - 

nin{:  made  of  weaving.  A  garden  fenced  with  willows 
contained  from  150  to  300  fruit  trees,  and  in  the 
vineyard  from  1,000  lo  8,000  vines  were  growing.  Be- 
tween 182-1  and  1880  cattle  increased  from  1,100  to 
2,000;  horses  from  400  to  725;  and  sheep  remained  at 
4,000,  though  there  were  as  few  as  1,500  in  1826. 
Crops  amounted  to  ],875  bushels  per  year  on  an  a- 
verage,  the  largest  yield  being  8,945  in  1826,  and  the 
smallest  510  in  1829,  when  wheat  and  barley  failed 
completely. 

At  the  end  of  1824  the  mission  had  693  neophytes, 
of  whom  322  had  come  from  San  Francisco,  153  from 
San  Jose,  92  from  San  Rafad,  and  96  had  been  bap- 
tized at  the  mission.  By  ISoO,  six  hundred  and  fifty 
Indians  had  been  baptized  and  875  buried;  Init  the 
number  of  neophytes  had  reached  only  7G0.  At  its 
foundation  the  mission  received  from  San  Francisco 
20  yoke  of  oxen,  25  bulls,  50  cows,  60  horses,  and  3, 
000  "^heep,  besides  some  implements.  The  first  bap- 
tisms were  those  of  26  children  of  both  neophyte  and 
rentile  parents  on  April  4th,  1824;  then  again  13 
adult  Petalumas  were  baptized  on  April  16tli ;  and 
on  the  3d  of  the  following  month  23  Ululatos  were 
received  into  the  Church.  The  first  burial  was  that  of 
a  woman  on  December  26th,  1823,  the  only  death  in 
the  year.  The  last  baptism  on  October  1st,  LS39,  was 
numbered  1,494;  and  the  last  burial,  October  7th, 
1839,  was  numbered  875  in  the  registers. 

The  diirerent  tribes  of  Indians  that  furnished  con- 
verts, were  tli3  Aloquiomi,  Atenomac,  Conoma,  Gar- 
quin,  Canijolmano,  Cayinus,  Chemoco,  Chiehoyoni, 
Chocuyem,  Coyayomi,  or  Joyayomi,  Huiluc,  Huymen, 
Lacatiut,  Loaquiomi,  Linayto  or  Libayto,  Locnoma, 
Mayacma,  Muticulmo,  Malaca,  Napato,  Oleomi,  Putto 
or  Putato,  Palnomanoc,  Paque,  Petaluma,  Suisun, 
Satayomi,  Soi:eto,  Tolen,  Tlayacma,  Tamal,  Topayte, 
Llula'o,  Zaclom,  Utinomanoc. 


-  45^  - 

Fr.  Fortnni  served  at  San  FranoiFco  Solr-^no  until 
1833,  when  his  plncc  was  taken  by  llie  Zacntecan 
Franciscan  Fr.  Jose  de  Jesus  T^laria  Outierve/,  v.  ho  in 
turn  chani!;Gd  phiees  with  Fr.  Lorenzo  Quijas  of  San 
Francisco  in  March  1834.  Fr.  Quijas  remnined  iu 
charge  of  the  place  throujjjtiout  the  decade,  but  re- 
sided for  the  most  part  at  San  Rafael.  Thougli  the 
neophyte  population,  as  shown  by  the  reports,  de- 
creased from  760  to  050  in  1834,  and  to  550  by  June 
4th,  1835,  yet  there  was  a  ^ain  in  live-stock  and  but 
slight  falling  off  in  crops.  Hence  the  establishment 
must  be  regarded  as  having  nourished  down  to  the 
date  of  secularization.  Mariano  G.  \^allejo  was  made 
comisionado  in  1834,  and  in  1835-30,  with  Antonio 
Ortega  as  majordomo,  completed  the  secularization. 
Movable  property  was  distributed  to  the  Indians, 
many  of  whom  retired  to  their  old  ranclierias. 

During  the  years  1831-34,  inclusive,  a  great  num- 
ber of  Indians  Avere  baptized,  as  many  as  555;  the 
largest  number,  232,  of  whom  109  were  adults,  were 
received  in  1831.  Death  carried  away  272.  Largo-stock 
increased  from  2,729  to  6,015  in  1833.  There  are  no 
figures  for  1834.  Horses  and  mules  gained  from  729 
to  1,164;  and  sheep  from  4,000  to  7,114.  The  average 
crop  amounted  to  2,750  bushels,  of  which  1,414  were 
Avheat;  917,  barley;  328,  corn;  36,  beans;  and  39, 
miscellaneous  grains.  Perhaps  100  Christian  Indians 
still  lived  at  Sonoma  toward  the  end  of  1840,  with 
possibly  500  more  in  the  neighboring  districts. 

DuEiisCr  the  entire  existence  of  San  Francisco  Sola- 
no as  a  mission,  1823-35,  as  many  as  1,815  persons 
were  baptized,  of  whom  641  were  Indian  adults, 
671  Indian  children,  and  three  children  de  razon ;  an 
annual  average  of  101.  Marriages  down  to  1833  num- 
bered 278,  of  which  one  was  de  razon.  Death  carried 
off  651  persons,  of  whom  462  were  Indian  adults,  187 
Indian  children,  and  one  child  de  razon ;  an  annual 
average  of  54.  San  Francisco  Solano    enjoyed  its    lar- 


—  453  — 

Sest  population,  OfiG  in  1832;  its  largest  number  of 
cattle,  1,849  in  1888;  horses  1,148  in  1833;  mules,  18 
in  1888;  sheep,  7,114  in  1883;  s-^ine,  80  in  182G-27; 
and  all  kinds  of  animals,  ]8,193  in  1833.  The  total 
product  of  Avheat  was  13,450  busliels;  barley,  5,970 
bushel:^;  corn,  8,270  bushels:  beans,  80G  bushels;  and 
miscellaneous  .i;Tain,  C40  bushels.  After  the  secuhiri- 
zation  of  Solano  the  pue])lo  of  Sonoma  was  founded 
in  1885.   (]) 

San  Francico  Solano  no  lonjier  had  any  existence 
as  a  mission  community  after  ]810,  and  there  is  nolh- 
ing  to  be  eaid  of  it  during  the  period  beginning 
with  18-10,  except  that  Fr.  Quijas  occasionally  visit- 
ed the  place  and,  administered  to  the  spiritual  wnnts 
of  the  Indiana,  nnd  perhrps  resided  here  for  a  time 
in  1813.  There  also  exists  an  imperfect  list  of  bniiM- 
ings,  utensils,  and  i-hnrch  jjroperty,  apparently  n.iade 
in  conr.oction  "\^•it]l  the  order  of  ?ale  in  1815,  tliough 
in  the  tlnal  order  of  ()clo!)er  this  establishment  was 
not  named.  There  were  probal^ly  200  Indians  resid- 
in  r  at  Sonoma  or  in  the  vicinity  at  that  time.   (2) 

Ot  another  page  the  reader  will  find  the  official 
rep  )rt  of  the  Fathers  for  the  year  ending  D3ceml)er 
81st,  1831.  The  table  si  ows  the  date  of  foundation  of 
each  mission,  and  the  whole  number  of  baptisms, 
marriages,  and  deaths  of  each  mission  from  its  foun- 
dation to  December  31st,  1881,  besides  the  number 
of    Indians    and  livc-sto -k  at    the  close    of    1831. 

(1)  Bancroft  II,  49G-50G.  "I  havo  iu  my  collection",  says  Bancroft  the 
original  rcfri.st<!rs  of  baptisms  and  burials  witli  the  alphabetical  index  of 
neophytes,  from  the  beerinnins  down  to  1839,  three  quaint  old  leather- 
obtdu  nomes,  types  of  similar  r.^rords  at  all  the  missions." 

Bancroft  HI,  719-721.  The  Informo.s  Genoralos  report  the  following 
fiffures  for  the  period  1823  to  Decambor  31st,  1.831:  Baptisms,  881;  marria- 
pes,  220;  deaths,  4130;  and  the  number  of  Indians  at  the  mission  at  the 
close  of  18:n  was   9:». 

(2'  Banc,  IV,  677.  Tho  "Our  Fathir"  in  tho  Ouiluco  of  San  Francis- 
co Solano  and  Solano    County  accordinsr  to    Mofras    reads  as  follows: 

AllJi  ipam6  mutryocu?6  mi  zahuA  om  mi  yahuatail  clio  usqui  etra  shou 
miir  tzecali  ziam  pac  onjinta  mul  zlnilfre  nasoyate  chelegua  mul  znai- 
zoitzo  tzecali  zicmatan  zcliiitiilaa  chalahua  mesqui  pihuatzito  ytoima 
omahua.  Emqui  Jesus.    Banc,   Eist.  Nat.    Races.  Ill,  650. 


—  454 


/4  \ 


Fr.  Antonio  Peyri.     (Sec  page  424). 


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~  450 


PART  III 

MODERN  HISTORY. 
GI^PP^-BR  I. 

SANTA  BARBARA. 

The  modern  history  of  the  Franciscans  in  Califor- 
nia dates  hack  to  July  15th,  1885,  when  Old  Santa 
Barhara  Miesion  was  formally  incorporated  into  the 
Province  of  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus  by  the  elec- 
tion of  Fr.  Ferdinand  Bergmeier  as  guardian  of  the 
monastery.  To  avoid  repetitions  the  reader  is  referred 
to  chapters  21  and  22,  Part  I,  and  to  chapters  11 
and  15,  Part  II,  for  further  particulars.   (1) 

Thep.e  is  little  more  to  put  on  record  regarding  the 
Santa  Barbara  community.  No  parish  is  connected 
with  11)0  monastery.  The  Fathers  are  occupied  in  con- 
ducting a  school  for  young  men  that  wish  to  prepare 
themselves  for  the  priesthood,  in  preaching  missions 
and  retreats,  and  in  visiting  a  few  outside  stations. 
Thus  they  are  in  charge  of  Montecito  where  in  the 
past  year  Ihey  administered  twenty-one  baptisms; 
Oarpintcria  where  eight  persons  v/ere  baptized  dur- 
ing   (he    same    period;    and  Goleta    where   only    one 


(1)  Some  f  mo  after  tlio  chapters  on  Santa  Barbara  had  been  printed  I 
obtained  a  few  notes  from  the  'Libro  do  Difuntcs"  of  this  mission.  From 
those  wo  loarn  that  Fr.  .lofC  .J'^aquin  Jimono  (see  pape  200)  was  born  in 
the  City  of  Mexico  on  November  at/th,  1S04.  Ho  made  his  profession  at  the 
apostolic  coUepe  of  San  T'einando  in  tlio  same  city  in  1824,  and  was  or- 
dainod  priest  in  1827.  He  was  sent  to  California  in  1S2S.  He  died  on  March 
15th,  1856,  after  a  painful  sicknoss-l  isting  six  mouths,  and  was  buried  in 
OLe  of  tlio  vaults  under  the  missijn  church. 


".  457  — 


Fronb    and    Garden    of    Santa  Barbara  Monast'  ry. 


-  45S  — 

^baptism  took  place.  Montecito  has  a  church,  but  at 
Carpinleria  and  Goleta  Holy  Mass  is  said  in  private 
houses. 

Fr.  Bonaventure  Fox  died  at  Santa  Barbara  mon- 
astery on  Decern l)er  2d,  1896,  and  was  buried  in  tlie 
vaults  on  December  5th.  (2)  Fr.  Aloysius  AViewers 
fell  from  a  scalFolding  on  July  1-tth,  1897.  His  inju- 
ries were  such  that  ho  had  to  be  annointed  on  the 
IStb. 


(2)  Fr.  Boiiaventure  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  where  he  was  born  at  Kil- 
connel  on  October  ISth  18:i7.  It  is  n  r^t  known  when  he  camo  to  America, 
but  ho  received  t!ie  Franciscan  habit  on  April  IGth,  1857,  and  made  hia 
solemn  vows  at  Santa  Barbara  on  April  18th,  18G1.  He  was  ordained 
priest  on  December  21st,  18G4,  and  thereafter  was  stationed  at  the  "Old 
Mission;"  but  ho  also  did  missionary  work  amons  his  countrymen  and 
the  Mexicans  in  various  parts  of  the  State.  In  1879  and  1880  he  visited  St. 
Turibius  in  company  with  Fr.  Ubaldo  da  Rietti. 

Fr.  Jos6  Maria  de  Jesus  Alcina,  after  suffering  from  a  disease  of  th?  liver 
with  much  resipraation  for  two  years,  died  on  .Vuirust  28th,  18:);J,  and  was 
buried  on  the  :i()th  in  tlie  mission  vaults.  Fr.  Alcina  was  born  at  Moya, 
Villa  de  Catalunia,  on  December  1st,  18:51.  Ha  was  received  into  tlie  Or- 
der at  Santa  Barbara  on  July  2;id,  1854,  and  made  his  profession  there 
on  July  VA)th,  1855.  Fr.  Alcina  was  elevated  to  the  priesthood  in  August 
18G0.  (O'Koefe  ;'1-:K;  Libro  de  Difuntos,    Santa  Barbara,) 

In  addition  to  the  note  on  papro  2i)2  the  Libro  de  Difuntos  tells  us  that 
Fr.  Gonzalez  died  on  November  2d,  1875.  After  Fr.  Antonio  Jimeno  had  left 
California,  in  18.59,  Fr.  Gonzalez  became  superior  of  the  mission  and  held 
the  office  until  June  1872,  when  Fr.  Romo  was  appointed  first  pruardian 
of  the  monastery  by  the  Superior  General,  the  Mos'.  Rov.  Fr.   Bernardino. 

Fr.  Francisco  Sanchez,  (see  pape  362)  entered  the  Franciscan  Order  as 
deacon  in  February  1837  at  the  college  of  Guadalupe.  Ho  made  his 
solemn  profession  and  became  priest  in  the  followinir  yeai.  He  came 
to  California  in  1812.  (not  in  183:1  as  stated  on  page  362,  on  the  autho- 
rity of  Bancroft).  While  at  Santa  Barbara  Fr.  Sanchez  held  the  office  of 
Master  of  Novices. 

On  May  15th,  1851,  a  Communio  SufTragiorum  Dofunctorum  was  form?d 
between  Santa  Barbara  college  and  the  Dominican  Fathers  of  Be- 
nicia,  California.  The  praj.ers  to  be  said,  and  the  Holy  Masses  which  wore 
to  be  offered  up  at  the  death  of  a  member  of  either  community,  are 
mentioned   in  the  Libro  de  Difuntos. 

In  1872  Fr.  .\lvarez,  now  of  San  Luis  Roy,  came  to  Santa  Barbara  from 
Guatemala  in  the  fall  of  1871.  Though  not  incorporated  into  the  commun- 
ity ho  romiinod  at  the  mission  until  1874,  when  ho  was  sent  to  P4jaro. 

In  the  Catholic  Directory  of  1878  pages  310  and  477,  a  Fr.  Frederic 
Schots  is  mentioned  as  belonging  to  the  community.  Nothing  further  is 
known  of  him. 

Fr.  Francisco  Arbondin  (the  name  is  French  and  is  pronounced  Arbon- 
dan),  whose  name  occurs  in  a  former  chapter,  studied  at  Santa  Barbara, 
was  professed   and  ordained  there  in  1878.    He  is  at  present  in  Guatemala. 


-  450  - 


SRPPJP-ER    II. 

PAJARO. 

Boys'    Orphan  Asylum. 


The  Franciscan  Fathers  Francisco  Codina  and  Jose 
Sanchez,  together  with  Brother  Joseph  O'Malley,  all 
of  Santa  Barbara,  took  charge  of  St.  Francis'.s  Or- 
phanage for  l)oys  at  Pajaro  near  Watson ville  on  Jan- 
uary Tih,  1874.  The  place  or  neighborhood  had  l)een 
hallowed  l)y  the  footsteps  of  Fathers  Crespi  and  Go- 
mez more  than  a  century  before.    (1) 

When  the  Fathers  arrived  at  Pajaro  the  establish- 
ment was  in  debt  and  sheltered  between  50  and  GO 
boys.  The  tirst  baptism  after  that  occurred  on  April 
4th,  1874.  Fr.  Francisco  Alvarez,  now  at  San  Lnis 
Key,  joined  the  little  commnnity  and  remained  seve- 
ral years  down  to  1884,  when  he  was  recalled  to  San 
Fernando  college,  Mexico,  by  the  Most  Kev.  Superior 
General.  Fr.  Sanchez  returned  to  Santa  Barbara  in 
1879.   (2) 

After  Santa  Barbara  had  l)een  incorporated  into  tiie 
Province  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  Fr.  Victor  Aertker  was 
made  assistant  to  Fr.  Codina  iii  December  1885;  but, 
at  his  own  request,  Fr.  Codina  was  relieved  from  of- 
fice, and  Fr.  Clementin  Deymann  of  the  province  was 
appointed  rector  of  the    orphanage  on  July  7th,  1886. 


(1)     Seo  page  48.        (2)    The  Catholic  Directory  erroneously  assigns   him  to 
PAjaro  as  lato  as  ISbS. 


m 


He  arrivetl  at  llie  asylum  on  July  24tli.  Fr.  Coclina 
left  tlie  coinmuuity  aiul  probably  the  country  I'or  the 
O.'iont  about  two  mouths  after.   (3) 

In  January  1887  Fr.  Victor  was  transferred  to  San 
Francisco,  and  Fr.  Jos^  Godiol  took  his  place.  As  the 
buildings  were  found  much  too  small  to  accommod- 
ate  the  growinii  number  of  orphan  boys,  they  were 
enlarged  after  some  years,  and  many  improvements 
made  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  age. 

The  average  number  of  boys  at  the  institution  for 
the  year  1835-1893  was  300.  The  asylum  is  situated  on 
a  farm  of  about  200  acres,  and  now  gives  shelter  to 
about  140  children  between  the  ages  of  six  and  four- 
teen years.  The  establishment  is  partly  supported  by 
the  State  of  California. 

Fr.  Herman  Wirz  of  St.  Louis  was  added  to  the 
community  at  Pajaro  on  October  18th,  1892,  and  has 
remained  there  ever  since.  Fr.  Ubaldo  da  Rietti  was 
here  and  at  several  other  liouses  of  the  coast  for  a 
short  time,  but  never  incorporated  into  the  province. 
When  tiie  writer  saw  him  in  1890,  Fr.  Ul)aldo  was 
collecting  material  for  some  literary  work  by  permis- 
sion of  the  Most  Rev.  Supel'ior  General  until  recalled 
to  Europe. 

In  July  189G  Fr.  Jose  Godiol  was  transferred  to 
the  new  residence  establised  at  Phoenix,  Arizona; 
but  after  a  few  months  he  returned  to  Pajaro  on  ac- 
count of  ill-health. 

At  the  intermediate  chapter  of  the  province,  held 
in  St.  Louis  on  July  22d,  1896,  Fr.  Clementin  of  tiie 
orphanage  was  appointed  commissary  provincial  for 
the  new  commissariat  composed  of  tlie  Franciscan 
houses  on  the  Pacific  coast,  not  including  San  Luis 
Rev  which  is  the    novitiate  for    a  Mexican    province. 


(3)  Fr.  Francisco  Codina  was  a  native  of  Catalonia,  Spain.  No  particu- 
lars about  this  Father  could  bo  obtained.  He  died  at  Alexandria,  Egypt, 
as   a  member  of  the  Custody  of  the  Holy  Land. 


m  - 


It.    Clementin    Deymann. 


—  4ca  — 

The  new  commissan',  however,  soon  died  of  Bright's 
disease  at  Phoenix,  Arizcuin,  whither  he  lind  gone  in 
liopes  of  rc{;;ninninsi;  his  health.  His  remains  were  in- 
terred in  the  vaults  of  the  mission  church  at  Santa 
Barbara  on  December  Uth,  181)().    (4) 

Fr.  James  Nolte  of  St.  Turibius  wns  appointed  to 
succeed  Fr.  Olcmentin  as  rector  of  the  asylum;  but 
soon  had  to  be  relieved  from  duty  on  account  of  a 
louii  and  serious  illness.  Fr.  Seraphin  Lampe  of  Fruit- 
vale  was  then  put  in  charge  of  Fajaro,  and  holds  the 
office  at  this  writing,  July  1897. 

(4)  Fr.  Clemeutin  De.vmann  was  born  at  Klein  Navern,  Hanover,  Germany, 
and  came  to  America  in  I860,  Aftt^r  conipletinsr  his  classical  studies  at  St. 
Joseph's  coUet'e  Teutopolis,  III.,  he  was  received  into  the  Order  on  De- 
cember 8tli,  1867,  and  made  his  solemn  vows  on  December  2Gth,  1871,  at  St, 
Louis,  Mo.,  whore  ho  was  also  ordained  priest  on  March  19tli,  1872.  He  was 
stationed  at  Teutopoli-i,  Quincy,  and  Joliet,  where  ho  was  superior,  and 
also  spiritual  director  of  the  mother  house  of  the  Franciscan  Sisters  from 
the  fall  1873-1882,  when  he  became  superior  at  Chillicothe,  Mo.  There  he 
remained  until  ho  was  appointed  rector  of  the  orphanage  at  Pdjaro.  Fr, 
Clci'ieutin  is  the  autlior  f)f  several  devotional  woriiS,  among  which  the 
most  noted  are  the  followinpr  translations  from  the  German:  1)  The  Sera- 
ph'.c  Octave.  2)Life  of  t!ie  Venerable  Crescentia  Hcbss.  3)  The  Seraphic 
Manual.  4)  Life  of  St.  Francis  Solanus.  5)  Manual  for  the  Sisterhoods  of 
tlie  Third  Order  of  St.  Francis.  Fr.  Clementin  also  wrote  many  articles  of 
instruction  and  history  for  various  weekly  papers.  In  the  last  year  of  his 
busy  life  Fr.  Clementin  was  euRasred  on  a  life  of  the  Venerable  Fr.  Mar- 
pil,  apostle  of  Texas,  and  he  had  just  completed  a  sketch  of  the  life  of 
Fr.  Catahl  of  Santa  Clara  when  death  called  him  to  his  reward.  The  lat- 
,  tor  work,  tosothor  with  many  unfinished  sketches,  are  in  the  possession 
of  the  write  r. 


m  — 


Sr^flPTEn  III. 


SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Sf.   Boiilface\   Golden   Gate  Avenue. 

At  llie  request  of  the  Most  Kev.  Pn trick  ruordaii, 
Archbishop  of  Sail  Francisco,  Fathers  Gerard  Bccher, 
Victor  Af^rtker,  and  Paulir.us  Tolksdorf  took  cliarge 
of  the  only  German  parish  in  the  city  of  San  Fran- 
cisco on  February  16th,  1887.  They  were  accompanied 
by  Brothers  Beatus  Struewer,  Kilian  Rothbert,  and 
Onesimus  Ehrliardt.  Thes3  religious  came  from  kSt. 
Louis  during  that  year  or  llie  year  before.  Tlicy 
took  possession  of  a  house  vacated  by  the  Dominican 
Sisters,  and  have  occupied  it  ever  since. 

TuE  congregation,  dedicated  to  St.  Boniface,  had 
been  organized  for  the  Germans  in  ISGO,  and  its  first 
pastor  was  the  Rev.  S.  Wolf, 

The  Fathers  soon  found  the  church  mucli  too  small. 
It  was  therefore  enlarged  and  took  its  present  shape 
in  the  summer  of  1S87.  After  some  lime  the  Third 
Order  of  St.  Francis  v^-as  introduced,  and  nov/  num- 
bers about  60U  members  who  belong  to  the  various 
parishes  of  the  city.  The  Society  of  Ohrislian  Mothers, 
the  Young  Men's  Society,  St.  Lcmis  Boys  Society,  the 
Sodality  for  Young  Ladies  and  Girls,  and  the  Confra- 
ternity for  the  Conversion  of  Sinners  are  other  fruits 
of  the  vsork  of  the  Fathers. 

The    parish    school,    the    pet    child    of  the    Fatlicrs 


—  405  — 

everywhere,  of  course  received  Kpeci.al  attention.  More 
tenchers  were  employed  nmong  >vhrni  wre  a  male 
teaclier  for  the  larger  boys.  The  girls  are  in  charge 
of  tlio  Dominican  Sisters. 

Another  aim  of  the  Falhevp,  here  ns  elsewhere,  in 
obedience  to  the  direction  of  tbo  Holy  See,  was  the 
introduction  of  edifying  music  during;  divine  service. 
Hence  it  is  not  strange  that  in  St.  Boniface'  church 
the  liturgical  regulations  of  Mother  Church  are  ob- 
served. 

Nothing  remarkable,  nor  anything  else  deserving 
special  mention  in  a  mcM-e  historical  sketch,  occurred 
at  St.  Boniface'  during  these  years,  and  it  only  re- 
mains to  enumerate  the  different  religious  that  were 
connected  with  the  residerce  attached  to  the  parish. 

Fr.  Gerard  was  the  superior  of  the  residence  and 
rector  of  the  parish  until  trani^ferred  to  Santa  Barba- 
ra on  July  c:th,  j891.  Fr.  Victor  meanwhile  had 
gone  to  St.  Turibius  Mission  in  August  1887,  and  Fr. 
Eugene  Puers  took  his  pla:^e.  Fr.  Paulinus  was  re- 
called to  St.  Louis  in  the  summ2r  of  1887,  and  Fr 
Cornelius  Schoenwielder  replaced  him.  Fr.  Isidor  Gey 
of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  was  added  to  the  community 
about  the  same  lime. 

On  January  20th,  1890,  Fr.  Zephyrin  Engelhardt 
was  transferred  from  St.  Turibius  to  St.  Boniface', 
to  attend  Ukiah  and  the  Indian  missions  of  Men- 
docino County.  This  he  did  until  the  latter  part  of 
July,  when  he  was  removed  to  Cleveland,  O.  He 
was  succeeded  at  St.  Boniface'  and  in  the  missions  by 
Fr.  Placidus  Krekeler  of  Harbor  Springs,  Michigan. 

The  provincial  chapter  held  at  St.  Louis  on  July 
8th,  1891,  transferred  Fr.  Gerard  to  Santa  Barbara, 
and  appointed  Fr.  Paulinus  Tolksdorf  superior  and 
rector  at  St.  Boniface';  Fr.  Eugene  Puers  was  as- 
signed  to  St.  Mary's  Memphis,  Tenn.,  where  he  died 
a  month  later  on  August  8th. 


—  iGQ 


St.    Boniface'    Church. 


—  ■Li:>7  - 

At  the  same  time  Fr.  Clatus  Gicrscliewski  was 
placed  here,  whilst  Fathers  Cornelius  and  Isidor  con- 
tinned  in  their  positions.  (]) 

On  August  ITth,  ie92,  Fathers  Plncidus  of  St.  Bo- 
niface' and  Grejiory  KncpiKr  of  St.  Turibius  changed 
places. 

At  the  intermediate  chapter  h?ld  December  28th, 
1892,  Fr.  Paulinus  was  trand'erred  to  Chicago,  Ills., 
and  Fr.  Leo  Bruener  of  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  appointed 
superior  and  rector  of  St.  Boniface'.  Fathers  Augustin 
Hcnseler  of  Indianapolis  and  Seraphin  Lampe  were 
assigned  to  St.  Boniface'  on  the  same  occasion,  whilst 
Fr.  Isidor  was  called  to  Chicago. 

The  provincial  chapter  which  convened  at  St. 
Louis  in  August  1891  appointed  Fr.  Lso  pastor  of 
the  newly  organized  parisli  of  St.  Anthony  in  tlie 
southern  part  of  the  city,  with  Fr.  Celtus  as  assist- 
ant. Fr.  Maximilian  Neumau  of  Chicago  then  be- 
came rector  and  superior  of  St.  Boniface'.  Fr.  Sera- 
phin was  chosen  superior  of  tlie  new  German  parish 
at  Fruitvale,  California,  and  Fr.  Augustin  Henseler 
was  recalled  to  the  east,  v.hence  lie  returned  to  Ger- 
many. Fr.  Titus  Hugger  of  St.  Louis  Avas  assigned  to 
St.  Boniface'  ;  likewise  Fr.  Pius  Niciman  of  Sacra- 
mento. 

Ox  January  1st,  1895,  Fr.  Gregory  was  changed  to 
St.  Turil)ius,  Ukiali  and  missions  luiving  l)ccn  surren- 
dered to  the  archl)ish,oi;. 

At  the  intermediate  chapter    liold    in    SL  Louis    on 


(1)  Fr.  Fuf^reue  Puers  was  born  at  Milte,  Prussia,  on  December  25th,  1835. 
He  was  recsived  into  the  Order  on  May  1st,  1S50,  and  ordained  priest  on 
December  2ath,  18C0,  He  arrived  at  Teutopclis,  Ills.,  from  Germany  in 
1861,  and  was  professor  in  the  coUcpe  until  1871,  when  ho  returned  to 
Gormmy,  whore  he  was  puardian  of  the  monastery  at  Werl  from  1872  to 
1875.  Wlien  th3  reliffious  were  expelled  fro.n  Prussia  in  187.J  he  witli  a 
number  of  his  brethern  went  to  America,  where  ho  was  stationed  at  Teu- 
topolis,  Memphis,  and  JolLet  until  1888  when  he  was  nssisncd  to  San 
Boniface.  He  died  of  congestion  of  tlie  brain  after  an  illness  lastlnpr  only 
three  hours.  The  remains  of  Fr.  Eusono  woro  interred  at  Calvary  ceme- 
tery Memphis,  on  August  ICtb. 


—  4G8  — 

July  22(1,  1800,  Fr.  Titus  was  nppninted  superior 
j\ikI  rector  ot  St.  Frnncis'  church  8acvnmento,  Ooli- 
lornin,  iu  plnce  of  Tr.  Auguatiu  McClory,  viio  was 
assigned  to  SL  Boniface'.  At  the  snnie  time  Fr. 
Jnnies  NoUe  of  St.  Turibius,  and  Fr.  Vitalis  Feldnmu 
of  St.  Louis,  were  stationed  liero.  On  April  2d,  J897, 
the  latter  went  (o  St,  Turibius  Mission,  and  his  place 
was  filled  by  Fr.  Romuald  ReinsdorfF  of  St.  Louis. 

During  all  lliis  years  Fr.  Cornelius  continued  here, 
except  for  a  short  time,  when  on  account  of  ill-jiealth 
he  Avas  Fcnt  to  Los  Angeles.  From  ISOO  to  lSi)7  Fr. 
Athanasius  Gojtlc,  formerly  a  missionary  iu  China, 
was  raucli  of  the  time  at  St.  Boniface',  thouich  gen- 
erally at  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  on  occount  of  ill- 
health.  Early  in  3697,  having-  sufficiently  recovered, 
he  returned  to  China. 

Only  two  deaths  occured  among  the  religious  of  St. 
Boniface'.  Brother  Aloysius  Nauer  died  here  in  Feb- 
ruary 1S90.  He  had  come  from  Santa  Barbara,  but 
on  account  of  ill-healtii  he  was  sent  to  St.  Turibius 
mission.  The  change  not  proving  beneficial,  Br.  Aloy- 
sius was  sent  to  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  iu  charge  of 
the  Franciscan  Sisters.  There  he  died  of  consumption 
in  the  2Sih  year  of  his  age,  and  the  fifth  of  liis  reli- 
gious profession.  His  remains  were  buried  at  Watson- 
ville. 

On  July  8d,  1SS9,  Fr.  Gabriel  llieman  died  at  St. 
Boniface's  convent.  The  body  was  taken  to  the  new 
Catholic  cemetery  outside  the  city  on  July  Gth.   (2) 

(2)  Fr.  Gabriel  Rir>niiin  was  a  native  of  Wir^consin.  He  had  entered  tlio 
Order  at  Teutopolis  in  IXS?,  and  wi*  ordained  priest  at  St.  Louis  on 
March  r»tli,  1^S7.  Soo  i  aftor  h\  wa>  transferred  to  S  inta  Barbara,  as  even 
then  his  health  bejrari  U>  decline.  In  July  1SS8  ho  was  removed  to  St.  Tu- 
ribius, but  the  chanpe  pnv  np  inetl-.^ctual,  lie  was  allowed  to  n^main 
for  several  mouths  at  the  Mercy  I!ospitaI  until  a  few  days  before  his 
doath.  Ho  had  reached  the  32d    year  of  his  ago. 


-  400  - 


ST.    TURIBIUS    MISSION. 

Missiox  St.  Turibius  on  the  south  side  of  Cleu- 
Lake,  Lake  County,  California,  two  miles  north  of 
Kelseyville,  was  founded  for  the  Indians  by  the  zeal- 
ous missionary  Rev.  Luciano  Osuna  in  1870.  In  that 
year  the  worthy  priest  bought  160  acres  of  land,  bor- 
dering on  Clear  Lake,  from  a  Mr.  O'Brian.  The  land 
subsequently  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Most  Rev. 
Archbishop  of  San  Francisco. 

Fr.  Luciano  was  a  very  active  man  and  withal  a 
most  pious  priest.  He  was  frequently  seen  in  san- 
dals, and  in  some  kind  of  religious  dress  unknown  to 
the  good  Protestants  of  Lake  and  Mendocino  counties, 
where  scarcely  any  Catholics  could  be  found  in  those 
days.  Upon  the  complaint  of  some  citizens  the  good 
missionary  was  arrested  as  non  compos  mentis,  ;ind 
brought  before  the  judge  for  examination.  The  case 
appeared  somewhat  unfavorable  for  the  priest,  as  he 
had  MO  friends  and  no  attorney.  At  last  one  of  the 
lawyers,  a  Protestant,  was  moved  to  pity  and  offered 
to  plead  the  case  for  Father  Luciano.  He  had  read 
something  about  the  monks  in  Europe  and  therefore 
thought  he  could  assist  the  priest.  The  attorney  re- 
minded the  judge  that  in  Europe  in  old  times  there 
lived  men  called  Benedictines.  He  had  read  of  them. 
They  were  accustomed  to  go  about  in  just  such  a 
garb  as  Fr.  Luciano  wore,  because  that  was  their 
rule,    and   that    therefore    there    was    not     sufficient 


—    470  — 

reason  to  consign  tlie  priest  lo  the  luntilic  asylum. 
This  pleading  seemed  to  liave  made  an  impression  on 
the  worthy  judge,  for  on  putting  the  singularly  blunt 
question  to  Father  Luciar.o:  "Are  you  crazy?"  and 
rocaiving  the  reply:  '-That  is  for  yoar  honor  to  de- 
cide,"' tlie  reprosc-iitalivc  of  the  majesty  of  the  law 
smilingly  let  the  i)riest  g>)  his  ^va^ .   (1) 

Rev.  Luciano  Osuna  from  July  1S70  until  Novcn:- 
ber  1S79,  presumably  all  over  Lal^e  and  Mendocino 
countie.':',  1  aptizcd  tC7  iciscr.s,  of  v. l(.m  very  fcv/ 
vere  vhite. 

WiiEX  "Father  Luciano,''  by  which  name  ho  was 
l;nown,  left  St.  Turibius,  the  Franciscan  Fathers  Bo- 
]v<\  venture  Fox  and  Ubaldo  da  Kietti  of  Santa  Bar- 
l)ara  atteiuled  th9  missions  in  Lake  County,  from  De- 
cember 1879    until  December  1S80. 

The  Rev.  E.  D.  Geverno  luul  charge  until  Octo- 
bLU-  5th,  18S1,  when  the  Fathers  of  the  Holy  Cross  of 
South  Bend,  Indiana,  accepted  the  naission.  Fathers 
I  auth  and  Kolopp,  togetlier  with  Brother  Cleinens, 
formed  the  little  religious  community  from  October 
1881  until  October  Sth!^,  1882,  when  Rev.  P.  J.  Rcis- 
doi'fer,  S.  M.,  succeeded  them.  Tie  was  seconded  in 
his  efforts  for  the  Indians  by  tlie  Rev.  William  Dem- 
pflin,  "Father  William",  as  the  Indians  familiarly 
called  him,  a  Dominican  from  Benicia,  California, 
These  two  priests  from  October  1S82  until  March 
1883  baptized  271  Indians. 

Aeout  this  time  the  Most  Rev.  J.  S.  Alemany,  O. 
P.,  Archbishop  of  San  Fra:  else  ),  petitioned  the  So- 
ciety for  the  Propagation  of  tlie  Faith  to  take 
charge  of  Mission  St.  Turibius.  The  request  was 
granted,  and  Revds  C.  de  Romanis  and  A.  Petinelli 
of  the  same  Society,  arrived    in    October    1883.  From 

U1  Tho  writer  had  this  storj'  frcm  tho  lawyer  himself.  I  rorrct  my  inabi- 
lity to  recall  his  namo,  for  it  shoald  bo  porpotuatod.  Whether  Fr.  Lucia- 
no was  a  member  of  a  religious  Order,  or  not,  I  could  not  ascertain. 


—  471  — 


Indian  Sweathouse. 


—  472  — 

March  of  that  year  till  their  arrival  the  Kev.  Wil. 
liam  Brsnaii  attended  to  tho  spiritual  wants  of  the 
people. 

Fatiiehs  do  Ronianis  and  Petinelli  remained  until 
Augupt  ]887.  During  these  years  Fr.  AVilliam  Denip- 
llin,  0.  P.,  visited  the  n:i.^;iciis  amcng  the  Indians 
and  baptized  232  of  them. 

In  August  1887  the  Franciscan  Fathers  took  charge 
at  tho  request  of  Most  Rev.  P.  Riordan,  Archbishop 
of  San  Francisco.  Fr.  h'tani  laus  Riemann,  till  then  at 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  and  Fr.  Victor  Aertker  of  San 
Francisco,  together  with  Brothers  Erasmus  Beier  and 
Nicolaus  Uhrmacher,  arrived  on  August  20th.  They 
found  a  small  dwelling  and  a  little  church  used  also 
for  a  school.  The  whole  was  surrounded  by  a  large 
farm,  in  one  corner  of  which  ihere  was  the  ranche- 
ria  of  Digger  Indians  (2)  composed  of  about  100 
souls. 

It  may  interest  the  reader  to  know  something  of  a 
peculiar  institution,  which  is  found  in  every  settle- 
ment of  pagan  Indians  in  northern  California.  This 
is  the  tcmescal  (3)  or  sweathouse.  It  is  usually  built 
near  a  stream  and  consists  of  a  hole  dug  in  the 
ground,  roofed  over  with  heavy  timber  and  earth  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  render  it  almost  air-tight.  En- 
trance is  made  through  a  small  hole  on  one  side. 
There  is  another  hole  in  the  top  of  the  structure,  di- 
rectly over  the  (ire-place,    which  ail'ords  free    passage 

(2)  Diggers  is  the  name  applied  indiscriminately  to  the  Indians  of 
northern  and  middle  California,  and  is  probably  derived  from  dipjjins 
roots.  Their  main  reliance  is  on  acorns,  roots,  prass-seeds,  berries  and 
the  like.  Those  are  eaten  both  r  iw  and  prepared.  The  acorns  are  shelled, 
dried  in  tlie  sun,  and  then  pounded  into  a  powder  with  large  stones. 
From  tliis  flour  a  species  of  co:irse  bread  is  made,  which  is  sometimes 
flavored  with  various  kinds  of  berries  or  herbs."  Bancroft  Hist.    Nat, 

Races,  I,  373. 

(3}  "Temescal  is  an  Aztec  word  meaning  "Camilla  como  estufa,  adonde 
se  bafian  y  sudan."  The  word  was  brought  to  this  region  and  applied  to 
the  native  sweathouses  by  the  FrancifeCftn  Fathers."  Turner,  Pacific  R. 
R.  Rep.  Ill,  72. 


-  473  - 

to  the  smoke.  The  fire  is  started  in  the  centre  of  tlie 
temescal ;  the  Indian  men,  absolutely  naked,  crawl 
into  the  small  hole  below,  and  lie  or  squat  around 
the  fire  until  a  state  of  profuse  perspiration  sets  in, 
when  they  rush  out  and  plunjre  into  Hie  water.  The 
writer  saw  no  women  or  children  taking  part.  Nor 
does  the  custom  continue  when  the  Indians  liave 
been  baptized.  Tluis  it  is  that  at  every  Indian  str- 
tion  visited  by  the  Fathers  tlie  sweathouse  is  found 
in    ruin?. 

As  the  mission  had  to  support  itself,  farming  and 
stock  raising  became  an  imi:ortant  part  of  the  work 
assigned  to  tln^  community.  A  lay-teacher  was  em- 
ployed to  conduct  the  school  for  twenty  Indian  chil- 
dren. The  Fathers  with  government  aid  later  on  ar- 
ranged suitable  quarters  to  keep  the  little  ones  from 
the  baneful  inlhxr.ce  cf  their  equalid  homes,  and 
placed  a  lay-brother  at  the  head  of  the  establishment 
which  continues  to  this  day. 

The  missions  in  Lake  County  still  attended  by  the 
Fathers  are :  St.  Turibius,  Lakeport,  Kelsey  ville, 
and  Lower  Lake,  at  which  places  there  are  small 
churches.  Middlolown  in  later  years  has  been  added 
to  the  list,  but  Holy  Mass  is  said  there  in  a  private 
house.  Except  St.  Turibius,  thefc  stations  or  white 
settlements. 

MoiiEovER  the  Fathers  occasionally  visit  the  Indian 
rancherias  of  Sulphur  Banks,  Upper  Lake,  Hastings, 
Scott's  Valley,  Coyote  Valley,  and  Cash  Creek. 

Mendocino  County,  east  of  the  Coast  Range  Mount- 
ains, was  also  attended  from  St.  Turibius  until  Janu- 
ary 20th,  189.3.  This  was  an  immense  district  of  which 
Ukiah  was  the  central  point.  Besides  Ukiah  42  miles 
from  St.  Turibius,  which  the  Father  in  charge 
reached  by  means  of  a  private  conveyance,  a  ranche- 
ria  of  Digger  Indians  called  Ukiahs,  7  miles  south  of 
the  county  seat,  was  attended.  Here  Fr.  Victor  aided 
by  the  Most  Kev,  Archbishop  erected  a    small  church 


—  ITi  — 


Mission  St.  Turlbius. 


—  4To  -^ 

upon  a  lofty  eminence  overlookinj;  the  valley.  A  day 
echool  wns  opened  there  by  the  >vriter  in  1889,  the 
government  payinii;  for  luition.  JScven  miles  ?outh  of 
tills  rancherii,  near  Hopland,  was  anotlier  rnnclieiia 
of  Dig'ger  Iiuliaiis  who  ^^ent  hy  liie  name  of  Sanel. 
Ilerc  v.a:-;  a  rniall  cl.r.r^'l!  which  was  likewise  r.scd  as 
a  school  and  conducted  1  y  a  fc^male  teaclier  under 
government  conlrac':.  The  building;  was  cnlarj^ed 
early  in  1890. 

At  Hopland  Holy  Mass  was  cekbia'.ed  in  a  i)riva1o 
ln)U33,  or  i:i  tlio  dis'r'c';  s:!i'jo1  huildin;;--,  for  the 
white  settlers. 

The  settlors  in  Anderson  Valley  were  also  visited 
occasionally  and  Holy  Mass  said  in  a  private  house. 

l.ATi:  in  188'.)  a  small  buildinii'  was  crtcled  at  a 
ranc!:ciia  of  Iiuliaiis  aljout  one  mile  north  of  Tkiah, 
just  in  front  of  the  Catholic  cemetery,  with  a  view  of 
instructing  and  gainirii;  the  Indians  who  were  all  pa- 
gans. The  Arciibishop  had  kindly  furnished  ^?^00  for 
that  jAirpose. 

Yah  north.,  too,  in  Round  Valley,  the  whites  and 
Indians  claimed  tlie  attention  of  the  Fathers,  so  that 
o  1J3  the  writcL-  wa?  calfj.l  to  administer  the  sacra- 
ments to  a  dying  woman,  eighty  miles  from  Ukiah. 
The  trip  lasted  four  days,  as  the  roads  were  washed 
out. 

Fr,.  Victor's  hcaltli  Ijcgan  to  decline  under  the 
havdfhips,  and  he  was  recalled  to  St.  Louis  on  Sep- 
tember 28th,  ISSS  to  be  succeeded  by  Fr.  Zephyrin 
Engelhardt.  For  a  year  and  a  half  the  latter  held  the 
charge,  when  the  Very  Ivev.  Fr.  Ferdinand  Bergmei- 
er,  then  provincial,  accompanied  him  on  the  trip  from 
St.  Turibius  to  L'kiah  across  the  mountains.  There- 
upon, January  20th,  ISiJO,  he  Avas  stationed  at  San 
Francisco,  whence  ho  could  reach  the  Mendocino 
County  missions  by  rail.  This  was  a  great  relief; 
however,    the   Mendocino  County  missions    were    sur- 


—  476  — 

rendcied  to  the  Most  Rev.  Archbishop  of  San  Fran- 
cisco in  January  1893. 

Fr.  Gregory  Knepper  took  Fr.  Zaphyrin's  place  at 
St.  Turibius  on  January  18th,  1890,  and  remained  un- 
til Auj^ust  17th,  1891,  when  he  changed  places  with 
Fr.  Placidus  Krekeler  of  San  Francisco.  On  Jatmary 
lOih,  1893,  Fr.  James  Nolte  of  San  Francisco  was  ap- 
pointed superior  in  place  of  Fr.  Stanislaus  Riemann, 
who  was  transferred  to  Los  Angeles.  At  the  same 
time  Fr.  Maximilian  Klein  of  St.  Louis  took  the  place 
of  Fr.  Placidus,  Avho  went  to  Bayfield,  Wisconsin. 

In  the  following  year,  November  2()th,  Fr.  Maximi- 
lian succeeded  Fr.  James  who  had  been  assigned  to 
St.  Bonifce',  at  San  Francisco.  Fr.  Athanasius  Goette 
of  San  Francisco  was  made  assistant  and  arrived  on 
November  20th,  but  on  account  of  ill-health  he  was 
returned  to  San  Francisco  on  January  1st,  1895.  His 
X)lace  was  tilled  by  Fr.  Gregory  who  arrived  from 
San  Francisco  on  January  2d. 

On  April  1st,  1897,  Fr.  Gregory  was  appointed  su- 
perior, whilst  Fr.  Maximilian  was  put  in  charge  of 
the  residence  and  parish  at  Fruitvale,  California  ;  Fr. 
Vitalis  Feldman  of  San  Francisco  became  assistant. 

Dup.iNG  all  these  years  the  following  lay-brothers 
were  at  St.  Turibius:  Erasmus  Beier,  Nicolaus  Uhr- 
macher,  Leo  Buerger,  Leander  Genoch,  Bernard 
Jurezyk,  Arnold  Wilms,  Irena?us  Kraus  who  is  in 
charge  of  the  school,  Pacificus  Wojciechowski,  Hip- 
polytus  Degenhardt,  and  Placidus  Dehm,  who  has  la- 
bored in  the  barn  and  on  the  farm  from  the  appear- 
ance  of  the  Fathers  until  now. 

At  present  there  are  80  Catholic  Indians  at  St.  Tu- 
ribius ;  75  at  Sulpiuir  Banks ;  30  at  Cash  Creek ;  20 
in  Coyote  Valley;  25  in  Scott's  Valley;  and  20  at 
llpperlake. 

The  mission  records,  from  July  1870  to  June  1897, 
contain     the     following   items :    Baptisms,    1,500,    of 


-  477  - 

which  1,201  whole  those  of  Indians;  marviagcs,  2-15, 
of  whicli  200  were  Indian ;  ftnd  defttha  from  Decern, 
her  ISbl  to  June  1S07  numbered  75,  of  wliidi  OO  were 
ladiun.  There  are  no  records  of  den  Ilia  before  the 
Ijeriod  beginning  with  1881. 


PRUITVALS. 

St.  ELisahetK's. 


Fr.  Seraphin  Lanipe  first  held  service  for  the  G.ir- 
nians  of  Oakland  and  vicinity  on  August  14tli,  1892, 
in  ''Father  King's  Hall",  corner  of  Grove  and  Sev- 
enth Streets,  Oakland,  rnd  thereafter  every  Sunday 
and  Holyday  of  Obligation  down  to  October  22d, 
1893,  when  St.  Elisabeth's  church  was  dedicated  by 
the  Most  Kev.  Archbishop  of  San  Francisco.  Several 
Dominican  and  Jesuit  Fathers,  Rev.  Fr.  King,  to- 
gether with  Fathers  Clementin,  Seraphin,  and  Atha- 
nasius  assisted  on  this  occasion. 

All  the  German-speaking  Catholics  of  Oakland, 
Fruitvale,  Alameda,  and  Berkeley  are  supposed  to  be 
members  of  this  congregation.  A  school  was  soon  o- 
pened  and  given  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  St. 
Dominic.  The  average  attendance  at  present  is  one 
hundred. 

The  first  pastor  was  Fr.  '  eraphin  Lauipe;  he  v.r.s 
assisted    bv    Fr.    Stanislaus  Kijuumti.    T'k^s.^    togetii- 


—  47S 


Very  Txt.  Kilian  Schlcs3Sor. 


-  470  - 

er  >vith  Brother;  Nicolaus,  luijenc  Obert,  and  Vic- 
torin  Tillman,  lonned  the  community. 

Lv  January  180-1  Fr.  Stanislaus  was  transferred  to 
Los  Angeles,  when  Fr.  Kilinn  Schlocsscr  of  Santa 
Barbara  was  assigned  to  Fruitvale.  From  December 
loth,  189a,  to  February  15th,  189-i,  Fr.  Provincial 
Michael  Richardt  held  the  canonical  visitation  in  Ca- 
lifornia, and  also  visited  Fruitvale.  Fr.  Kilian  was 
absent  at  Santa  Barbara  from  August  1st,  1891,  until 
September  11th. 

Fr.  Michael  again  visited  California  fro.n  January 
11th  to  March  {id,  1895,  and  arrived  at  St.  Elisabeth's 
on  January  19th.  On  December  31st,  1895,  Fr.  Mi- 
chsel  once  more  held  the  visitation  at  Fruitvale,  hav- 
ing just  arrived  from  Tucson,  where  he  had  conferred 
with  Bishop  Bourgade  concerning  the  acceptance  of  a 
parish  at  Phoenix,  Arizona.  The  parish  was  accepted, 
and  Fr.  Seraphin  of  Fruitvale  appointed  rector  and 
superior  of  the  new  missicn  on  January  10th,  189G. 
His  place  was  filled  by  Fr.  Gerard  Becher  of  Santa 
Barbara. 

On  September  80th,  189G,  Fr.  Gerard  suffered  a 
stroke  of  paralysis  which  disabled  him  for  parish 
work.  He  was  transferred  to  St.  Anthony's  convent, 
San  Francisco,  and  replaced  by  Fr.  Soraphin  of  Phoe- 
nix for  a  short  time  only ;  for  early  in  1897  he  was 
appointed  rector  of  the  orphanage  at  Pajaro  in  place 
of  Fr.  James  Nolte.  Fr.  Maximilian  Klein  of  St.  Tu- 
ribius  became  superior  at  St.  Elisabeth's.  Vr.  Kilian 
succeeded  Fr.  Clementin  as  commissary  of  the  west 
ern  houses,  but  remained    at    Fruitvale. 


—  4S0  — 


Sb.    Elisabsth's    Churci   an:l  ConTont. 


—  481 


SAN  FEAKCIECO. 

Si.   Antfionys.  Army  Street. 

On  July  23d,  1803,  it  vras  oITicially  announced  in  St 
Boniface'  church,  that  a  second  German  parish  Avould 
be  organized  in  San  Francisco  with  the  apijroval  of 
the  Most  Rev.  Archbisliop  and  the  consent  of  the 
Very  Eev.  Fr.  Provinciah  The  territory  comprised 
was  to  be  the  southern  part  of  the  city  known  as 
"The  Mission."  Twentietli  Street  was  to  be  the 
northern  boundary.  The  patron  saint,  suggested  by 
the  Most  Rev.  Archbishop  himself,  was  to  be  St.  An- 
thony of  Padua. 

A  lot  was  purchased  on  Army  and  Folsom  Streets, 
and  there  church,  school,  and  convent  of  St.  An- 
thony arose  in  the  course  of  time.  Meanv/hile  a 
store-room  was  rented  on  Mission  Street,  and  the 
first  Holy  Mass  said  there  on  November  5th,  1893. 
Fr.  Cletus  of  St.  Boniface'  was  selected  to  attend  to 
the  incipient  congregation  temporarily. 

On  July  15th,  1801,  the  school  was  blessed  l)y  the 
Most  Rev.  Archbishop,  and  opened  with  52  pupils  in 
charge  of  the  Dominican  Sisters  on  July  18th.  The 
average  number  of  children  at  the  present  time  is 
176.  The  corner-stone  for  the  new  church  was  laid 
on  August  12th,  3804,  by  the  Rev.  P.  Yorke,  chan- 
cellor of  the  archdiocese,  as  the  Most  Rev.  Archbish- 
op was  absent. 


—  483  — 

The  builfling,  a  line  edifice  138  ft.  long,  was  at  last 
dedicated  by  Moat  Rev.  Patrick  Riordaii  on  Sunday 
March  10th,  1805.  His  Grace  preached  tlie  En-lish 
sermon,  and  Rev.  Father  Miller,  S.  J.,  of  San  Jose 
addressed  the  nuillitude  in  German.  The  church  is 
well  furnislied  with  vesiments,  bells,  statues,  stations, 
etc.,  and  the  music  at  divine  service  is  strictly  ac- 
cording to  the  regulations  of  Mother  Church,  as  is  be- 
coming to  loyal  sons  of  St.  Francis. 

There  are  several  societies  connected  with  the 
church.  The  Altar  Society  began  Avith  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  parish  under  Fr.  Cletus  on  November  .5t]i, 
1893.  In  the  course  of  timelhe  Young  Ladies'  Sodali- 
ty, the  Third  Order  of  St.  Francis,  and  St.  Joseph's 
Benevolent  Society  followed. 

From  June  17th,  189-i,  to  January  1st,  1897,  there 
occurred  19-1  baptisms,  twenty  marriages,  and  58  buri- 
als. It  is  thought  that  about  1,500  souls  belong  to 
St.  Anthony's  parish  at  the  present  time.  There  are 
more  than  4,000  Holy  Communions  during  the  year. 

Down  to  the  summer  of  1895  the  Fathers  had  oc- 
cupied a  little  cottage.  Ground  was  l)roken  for  a  new 
and  more  suitable  residence  on  June  5th,  and  the 
new  structure  was  blessed  on  August  2d  by  Fr. 
Kilian  Schloesser. 

The  first  pastor  appointed  to  St.  Anthony's  in  1893 
was  Fr.  Leo  Bruener,  at  the  same  time  rector  and 
superior  at  St.  Boniface'.  Fr.  Cletus  was  made  as- 
sistant and  moved  into  a  little  cottage,  west  of  the 
schoolbuilding,  with  Bro.  Nicliolaus,  at  the  end  of 
July  1894. 

At  the  provincial  chapter,  held  in  St.  Louis  during 
August  of  that  year,  Fr.  Leo  was  transferred  to  St. 
Anthony's  as  its  first  resident  rector.  On  Novem- 
ber 13th,  however,  Fr.  Cletus  went  to  Minnesota 
and  Fr.  Quirinus  Stuecker  took  his  place.  On  No- 
vember 12th,  1895,    Fr.  Aloysius  Wiewers   came  from 


—  484  — 

Santa  Bnrbara  nnd  remained  nntil  May  2'Jd  of  the 
following  year,  to  undergo  niculcul  treatment  for  his 
eyes. 

Besides,  brothers  Nicholaus,  Leander,  Dorotheua, 
Loo,  and  Philip  aaaisted  th3  Fathers  of  St.  Autho- 
nv's  at  dillerent  times. 


LOS    ANGELES. 

St.    Josep.Vs. 

The  Franciscans  -were  called  to  Los  Angeles  in  Oc- 
tober 1893  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  Mora,  Bishop  of 
Monterey  and  Los  Angeles.  They  were  given  charge 
of  St.  Josei)h's  parish,  which  had  been  organized  for 
the  German-speaking  Catholics  by  the  Rev.  Flor. 
Bartsch  in  1888. 

The  Fathers  were  not  wholly  strangers  to  the 
place;  for  as  early  as  August  2d,  1769,  the  Francis- 
cans Juan  Crespi  and  Francisco  Gomez  crossed  the 
north  branch  of  the  San  Gabriel  River,  which  they 
called  Rio  Porciuncula,  where  Los  Angeles  now 
stands.  From  the  Franciscan  feast  of  the  day  the 
place  was  named  Nuestra  Sefiora  de  los  Angeles  (Our 
Lady  of  the  Angeles) ;  hence  the  name  Los  Angeles. 
However,  the  town  of  Los  Angeles  was  not  founded 
until  1782  by  order  of  Governor  Neve.   (1) 

As  the  neighboring  mission  of  San  Gabriel  had 
been  established  long  before  that  date,  and  as    there 

(1)    Bancroft  I,  140-143;  340;  314:  318;  460;  Lifo  of  Fr.  Junlporo  Sorra,  35. 


—  -185  — 

^v^r^  nono  but  Franciscans  in  tli3  country  for  many 
years  later,  the  spiritual  care  of  Los  Angeles  fell  to 
these  Fathers.  It  is  not  clear  ^^  hen  tjiey  said  the 
first  Mass  there.  Bancroft  (2)  says:  "In  1811  au- 
thority was  obtained  for  the  erection  of  a  new  pue- 
blo chapel  by  the  citizens,  and  the  cornerstone  was 
laid  and  blessed  in  August  3814  by  Fr.  Gil  y  Ta boa- 
da  of  San  Gabriel,  with  the  permission  of  Fr.  Presi- 
dent Senan.'' 

I'eyoxd  laying  the  foundation  no  progress  was  made 
before  1818,  since  in  January  of  that  year  Sola  or- 
dered that  the  site  be  clumgcd  in  favor  of  a  higher 
one  near  the  comisionado's  house.  At  this  time  the 
citizens  had  subscribed  five  hundred  cattle  for  the 
enterprize,  but  Sola  feared  that  sufficient  funds  could 
not  be  realized  by  selling  the  cattle,  and  therefore 
proposed  to  take  them  and  include  the  cost  of  the 
chapel  in  the  next  year's  estiniate. 

In  1819  Fr.  Prefect  Payeras,  through  an  appeal  to 
the  Fathers,  obtained  goods  for  the  building  fund 
worth  five-hundred  and  seventy-five  dollars.  This  sum 
with  earlier  contributions  was  expended  on  the 
church,  and  the  walls  were  raised  to  the  window 
arches  before  1823.  Neophytes  from  San  Gabriel  and 
San  Louis  Rey  did  the  work  at  one  real  a  day.  Nor 
is  it  certain  whether  the  cornerstone  was  laid  on  the 
15th  or  the  19th  of  August. 

Meanwhile  the  matter  of  chapel  service  was  still 
an  open  question.  The  Fathers  of  San  Gabriel  an- 
nounced their  inability  of  attending  to  the  spirit- 
ual welfare  of  the  pueblo  and  ranchos.  Fr.  Senan  pre- 
sented the  matter  in  a  strong  light  to  the  governor, 
who  in  his  report  of  1818  made  an  appeal  to  the 
viceroy  in  behalf  of  the  veterans  of  the  king's  ser- 
vice, who  had  gone  to  spend  their  declining  years  at 
Los  Angeles,  and  oi  ght  not  to  be  deprived  of   spirit- 

(2)    Bancroft  H,  351. 


^  48G  — 

ual  care.  Yet  the    Angelinos    obtained    no    chaplain. 

The  puel)lo  church  was  at  last  finished,  perhaps  in 
1822  or  1823,  but  certtiiuly  not  iu  1S21  as  lias  been 
represented.  In  tlie  aulumn  of  1821  Avork  had  been 
for  sometime  suspended.  Tlie  funds  had  been  exhaust- 
ed, and  $2,000  were  needed.  In  this  emerjiency  Fr. 
Payeras  made  a  new  and  most  earnest  appeal  to  the 
d.lTercnt  missions  to  contribute  cattle,  laborers,  any- 
thing, for  tlie  completion  of  the  edifice  as  a  monu- 
ment of  missionary  zeal  in  tlie  cause  of  God  and  St. 
Francis.  The  Fathers  seem  to  have  responded  liberally. 
The  governor  contributed  his  mite,  and  even  .the  cit- 
izens of  Los  Angeles  seem  to  have  taken  a  little  in- 
terest in  t]\2  matter,  so  that  the  church  was  complet- 
ed as  planned,  and  was  formally  dedicated  on  De- 
cember 8th,  1822. 

In  the  beginning  of  1821  the  municipal  authorities 
sent  a  petition  to  the  Fr.  Prefect  that  Fr.  Gil  y  Ta- 
boada  be  sent  as  pastor  to  Los  Angeles;  but  Fr.  Pay- 
eras  replied  that  the  ill-health  of  Fr.  Gil  would  rend- 
er it  impossible.   (3) 

Tuus  it  is  plain  that  by  accepting  St.  Joseph's  pa- 
rish, Los  Angeles,  the  Franciscans  were  simply  re- 
turning to  an  old  field  cultivated  by  their  brethren 
eighty  and  more  years  before. 

The  following  Franciscan  Fathers  have  since  been 
stationed  at  Los  Angeles :  A^ictor  Aertker,  superior, 
from  October  1803;  Cornelius  Schoenwa?lder  from 
October  1893  to  July  31st,  1801;  Stanislaus  Riemann 
from  January  IS!)!  to  September  3d,  1891:;  Quirinus 
Stuecker  from  September  4th,  189-1,  to  November  9th 
1891;  Athanasins  Goette  from  September  20th,  1894 
to  November  9th,  1891;  Aloysius  Wiewers  from  No- 
vember 14th,  1894,  to  December  1895;  James  NoUo 
from  November  22d,  1894,  to  August  4th,  189G;  and 
Philibert    Haase    from   July    1896.    Brotliers    Firmus, 


(B)    Buucroft  II,  56I-riG2. 


Leo,    Heribert,  Kilian,  Philip,  and  Ansgar,  were  also 
stationed  at  Los  Angeles  at  various  times. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  Fathers  fifty-two  children  at- 
tended tlie  school.  The  avcrnge  'attendance  now  is  a- 
buut  200;   the    Sisters    of    8t,    Dominic    conduct    the 


school.  The  school  building  was  enlarged  in  1895. 
Meanwhile  in  1894  the  church  and  residence  were 
enlarged.  Whilst  tliis  took  place  a  sacrilegious  wretch 
l)roke  into  the  building,  and  set  fire  to  the  taberna- 
cle. Part  of  the  main  altar  was  destroyed  and  the 
church  damaged  to  the  extent  of  $400. 


—  4SS  — 

The  parish  is  composetl  of  about  150  German  fami- 
lies. The  number  of  baptisms  from  October  Gtli  1898, 
to  April  20th,  1897,  was  one  liundred  and  ninety-six. 
There  are  about  8,000  Holy  Communions  per  annum. 

The  Third  Order  of  St.  Francis  Avas  introduced, 
and  now  counts  250  Oermaii,  kSpanish,  and  English- 
speaking  members.  A  new  church  building  is  contem- 
plated, for  which  purpose  a  building  association  Avas 
formed  in  February  18D7.  Fr.  Servatius  Altmicks  died 
liere  on  August  23d,  ISOH,  while  on  his  way  from 
Santa  Barbara  to  Memphis,    Tenn. 


(BiiPF^E^  mil 

S^CllALIElTTO. 

St.    Francis'. 

At  the  provincial  cliaptcr  held  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
on  August  22d,  1894,  it  was  decided  to  grant  the  pe- 
tition of  Rt.  K^v.  Bishop  ]\[onogue  of  Sacramen- 
to, and  to  found  a  mission  at  the  capital  of  Califor- 
nia. Accordingly  Fr.  Augustin  McClory,  till  then  at 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  was  ordered  to  organize  a  parish, 
lie  arrived  at  Sacramento  on  October,  16th  1891,  and 
began  his  work  as  assistant  priest  of  the  Cathedral. 

On  Oct.  27th,  1894,  the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Monogue 
fixed  the  limits  of  the  new  parish  as  follows: 

Westehn  boundary,  ISth  Street;  eastern  boundary, 
80th  street,  witli  permission  to  attend  the  Catholics 
four  or  five  miles  beyond  this  line,  until  such  time  as 
the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  might  deem  it  advisable  to  order 
otherwise;  northern  boundary,  the  river  or   city    lim- 


48d 


1^ 


.4 


':s3 


v^ 


St.  Trancis'   Churcli  and  School,    Sacramento. 


—  400  — 

its;  southern  boundary,  three  miles  north  of  Freeport 
until  ordered  otherwise. 

After  careful  deliberation,  warmly  supported  by 
the  bishop  and  Fr.  Clementin  Deymann,  a  site  was  a- 
greed  upji  which  wa^  the  half  block  on  K  Street, 
between  25th  and  20th  streets,  320  feet  long  and  IGO 
feet  wide.  The  price  paid  for  tlie  lot  was  $7,000,  A 
house  occupied  part  of  the  plat,  and  this  was  soon 
converted  into  a  chapel  and  residence.  On  January 
11th,  1895,  Fr.  Provincial  Michael,  accompanied  by 
Brothers  Adrian  and  Wendelin,  arrived  at  Sacramen- 
to, and  on  the  same  day  the  Fathers  and  Brothers 
took  up  their  abode  in  the  little  cottaj^e.  Union  Hall 
on  20th  and  O  Streets  was  rented,  and  on  Sunday 
January  20th,  1S95,  it  was  used  for  the  first  time  for 
divine  worship. 

BeotiiePv  Adrian  now  drew  the  plans  for  a  church 
and  convent,  and  the  contract  was  let  at  a  cost  of 
$0,126  on  February  5th,  1805.  Ground  was  broken 
on  the  7th.  The  church  is  a  frame  structure  J34x82 
feet,  with  a  cross  extension  on  either  side  12x24  feet. 

Mass  was  celebrated  in  the  new  church  for  the 
first  time  on  Palm  Sunday  April  7th,  ISCS.  The 
church  was  blessed  on  April  2Sth,  1890,  by  the  ad- 
ministrator of  the  diocese,  Very  Th.  Rev.  Grace,  now 
bishop  of  the  diocese.  Bishop    Mouogue  having    died. 

The  new  residence  was  built  at  the  same  time,  and 
occupied  on  May  Sd,  1896.  It  is  a  two  story  frame 
building,  84x50  feet,  with  a  one  story  addition  in  the 
rear   for  kitchen  and  dining  room. 

The  school,  which  is  a  frame  building  containing 
four  large  class  rooms,  was  erected  in  the  fall  of 
1895,  and  opened  on  November  5th,  1895. 

Fr.  Augustin,  the  first  superior,  was  transferred  to 
San  Francisco  on  July  29th,  1806  and  Fr.  Titus  Hug- 
ger appointed  in  his  place.  Fr.  Pius  Nierman,  who  had 
come  to  Sacramento  as  assistant  when  the  residence 
was  ready,  staid  one  year,  and  was  then  removed    to 


—  401  — 

San  Francisco.  He  returned  to  Sacramento  in  July 
1890,  when  Fr.  Titus,  wlio  had  succeeded  him,  be- 
came superior.  Brothers  Wendelin  Ilottinger,  Lean- 
der  Genoch,  Flavius  Czech,  Eugene  Obcrt,  and  Leo 
Buerger  were  tlie  other  members  of  the  community 
during  these  years. 


GI^pPTSn  IX. 

PHCENIX. 
iSV.  Mary's. 


Aftee  repeated  and  urgent  requests  on  the  part  of 
Rt.  Rov.  Bishop  Bourgade,  Yicar  Apostolic  of  Arizo- 
na, the  only  Catholic  congregation  in  this  city  was  at 
last  accepted  by  the  Very  Rev,  Fr.  Provincial  Mich- 
ael Richardt  towards  the  close  of  1S95.  Fr.  Seraphin 
Lampe  of  Fruitvale  California  was  appointed  super- 
ior and  rector.  He  arrived  with  Fr.  Jos6  Godiol  of 
Pdjaro,  California,  in  January  180(5.  A  few  weeks  af- 
ter Fr.  Novatus  Benzing  of  St.  Louis  arrived  togeth- 
er with  Brothers  Ildelons  and  Robert. 

The  congregation,  a  mixed  one  of  Mexicans  and 
English  speaking  Catholics,  was  in  a  poor  condition 
materially  and  spiritually,  but  the  Fathers  went  to 
work  with  a  will  and  succeeded  in  bringing  a  little 
life  into  the  people. 

As  neither  church  nor  dwelling  answered  the  pur- 
poses, it  was  resolved  to  renovate  the  old  adobe 
church  for  the  Mexicans,  and  to  erect  a  new  church 
for  the  English  speaking  members,  and  also  to  build 
a  brick  convent.  It  is  under  way  now.  The  old 
church  through  Brothers  Adrian,  Ildefons,  and  Eugene 


-  492  — 

has  assumed  a  quite  dilTerent  and  tr.ore  agreeable 
appearance  inside  and  outside. 

The  ceiling  is  vaulted,  and  two  new  side  altars  and 
other  improvements  were  introduced.  Fr.  Seraphin 
was  removed  to  Pajaro  in  July  1896,  and  Fr.  Kova- 
tus  made  superior.  Fr.  Sevrin  from  St.  Louis  also 
was  stationed  here  and  arrived  August  8th,  1600,  in 
place  of  Fr.  Jose  Godiol,  who  was  returned  to  Cali- 
fornia on  account  of  ill-health.  Fr.  Alban  was  as- 
signed to  Phoenix.  To  arouse  the  religious  spirit  the 
Fatliers  labored  hard,  and  inviled  two  Paulist  priests 
from  San  Francisco,  Revds  Clark  and  Doherty,  to 
conduct  missions  for  the  people.  Thus  a  mission  was 
preached  to  non-Catholics  at  the  opera-house  from 
January  17-20,  and  another  for  Cath(>lics  at  the 
church  from  the  24-;>l,  which  both  did  much  good. 

At  Tempe,  a  Mexican  station,  9  miles  from  Phoe- 
nix, which  is  visited  twice  a  month,  one  Paulist  held 
a  mission  for  non-Catholics  lasting  four  days.  Other 
places  visited  by  the  Franciscans  at  irregular  intervals 
are  Fort  Dov/ell,  Mesa,  Wickenburg,  Santo  Domingo, 
Boquai,  and  Gila-Bend. 

The  bishop  also  gave  the  Fathers  charge  of  all  the 
Indians  in  Maricopa  County.  These  Indians  are  dis- 
tributed over  three  reservations  near  Phoenix,  Tempe, 
and  Gila  Bend,  but  their  condition  morally  and  relig- 
iously is  in  a  sad  way.  They  are  Pimas,  Papagos, 
aiul  Maricopas,  more  or  less  mixed.  These  tribes 
have  been  visited  by  the  Franciscans  centuries  be- 
fore, so  that  here,  too,  the  Fathers  are  not  strangers. 
Nothing  permanent  could  so  far  be  accomplished. 
The  future  may  be  more  successful  with  the  help  of 
charitable  people.   (1) 

H)    Vide  "Franciscans  in  Arizona." 


—  4oa  - 


LIST  OP  rilANCISOANS  WHO  DIED  IN  CALIFORNIA 
FROM  17C9  TO  1897. 


D  ito.  Nano. 

1775.  Lu's  Jayme, 

1783,  Juia  Crespi, 

1781.  Juan  Figuer, 

1781.  Jose  Antonio  ds  Murguia, 

1781.  Juui'peio  Scrra, 

1789.  Josi§  Cavalier, 

1793.  Antonio  ratornn, 

1707.  Julian  Lopez, 

1800,  Juan  Mariner, 
1800-  Vincente  Fuster, 

1801.  Francisco  Pujol. 
180.3.  Fran.  Mig.  Sanchez, 
1?03.  Fjrailn  Fr.  Lisa^n, 
1801.  Antonio  Cruzado, 
180G.  Vincente  Santa  Maria, 

1807.  Nicolas  Lazaro, 

1808.  Buenaneutura  Sltjar, 
1808.  Andrds  Dulanto, 

1810.  Marcclino  Ciprts 

1811.  Francisco  Dunietz, 

1812.  Pedro  Panto, 

1812.  Juan  Andrt's  Quintana, 

1812.  Jose  Antonio  Urrcsti. 

1813.  Jose  (le  Miguel, 

1811.  Jcs^  Antonio  Calzada, 

1816.  Martin  de  Landaeta, 

181S.  Florencio  II  anez, 

1821.  Joaquin  Pas'.  Nucz, 

1821.  Juan  Ullibarri, 

1323.  Jos^  Fraacisco,  Eeliai, 

1823.  Mariano  Pa  vera?, 
1821.  Antonio  Rodriguez, 

1824.  Juan  Martin, 

1825.  Estevan  Tapi?, 

1829.  Antonio  Jaime. 
18.30.  Magin  Catald, 

1830.  Juan  Bautista  Sancho, 

1831.  Gerdmino  Bns-n.na, 
1831.  Francisco  Cufier, 


Mission. 

Tuge. 

San  Diego, 

224. 

San  Carlos, 

87. 

San  Diego, 

233. 

Sant  I  Clara, 

327-328. 

San  Carlos, 

ica-iou. 

San  Luis  Obispo. 

283. 

Santa  Barbara. 

351. 

San  Ciirlos 

253. 

San  Diego. 

235-236. 

S:  n  Juan  Capistra 

no,    316. 

San  Antonio. 

219. 

San  Gabriel 

270. 

San  Carles, 

131-135. 

San  Gabriel, 

270. 

San  Buenaventura 

341. 

San  Diego, 

412,  411. 

San   Antonio, 

2G2. 

San  Juan  Bautista,        4C0. 

San  Luis  Obispo, 

285. 

San  Gabriel, 

272. 

San  Diego, 

239. 

Santa  Cruz, 

375. 

San  Fernando 

411. 

San  Gabriel, 

272. 

Santa  In('z. 

434. 

San  Fernando, 

412-114. 

La  Soledad, 

382-383. 

San  Gabriel, 

273. 

San  Fernando, 

415. 

San  Buenaventura 

,   312-13. 

Purisiraa  Concepcion,  366. 
Purisima  Concepcion,  366. 
San  Miguel,  406-407. 

San  Juan  Bautista,  402. 
Santa  Barbara,  357. 

Santa  Clara,  331-^32. 

San  Antonio,  263. 

San  Gabriel,  273-74. 

San  Buenaventura,       344. 


—  49-1  - 

'^ 

1831. 

Jos6  Brtrona. 

S.ln  Juan  Cdpistrano, 

321. 

1833. 

Jos''  Bern  Sanchez. 

SaQ  Gabriel, 

275. 

1833. 

Luis  Gil  y  Taboada, 

San  Luis  Obispo, 

287. 

183i. 

Francisco  Javier  Urfa, 

San  Buenaventura 

, 

314. 

1835. 

Vincente  Fr.  Sarrla, 

La  Soledad, 

385. 

193.3. 

Pedro  Cabot, 

San  Fernando, 

410. 

1836. 

Miircos  de  Victoria, 

Santa  In<?z, 

435. 

1838. 

Fernando  Martin, 

San  Diego, 

241. 

1839. 

Rafael  Moreno, 

Santa  Clara, 

333. 

1810. 

Buenaventura  Fortuny, 

San  Buenaventura 

, 

311. 

1810. 

Felipe  Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta 

,  Santa  In^z. 

435-136. 

1812. 

Ramon  Abella, 

Purisiiu'i, 

3.33. 

1812. 

Francisco  G.  Ibarra, 

San  Luis  Rey, 

427. 

1815. 

Juan  Moreno, 

Santa  In^'z, 

437. 

1846. 

Garcfa  Diego,  Rt.  Rev., 

Santa  Barbara, 

193. 

1816. 

Narcisco  Duran, 

Santa  Barbara, 

ri98-99. 

1846. 

Jos''  Maria  Zalvidea, 

Sin  Luis  Rey, 

428. 

1847. 

Tomds  El.  Est(:-nega, 

San  Gabriel, 

277. 

1818. 

Vincent-!  Pascual  Oliva, 

San  Juan  Capistrano, 

,  322. 

1850. 

Bias  Ordaz, 

San  Gabriel, 

277. 

1856. 

Jost.^  JoMquin  Jimeno. 

Santa  Barbara, 

200, 

456. 

1863. 

Jose  Alcina, 

Santa  Barbara, 

4.58. 

1875. 

Jose  Gonzalez  Rubio, 

Santa  Barbara, 

202. 

1876. 

Malachias  Bannon, 

Santa  Barbara, 

* 

1884. 

Francisco  do  Jesus  Sanchez 

,,  Santa  Barbara, 

3G2, 

,  458. 

1889. 

Gabriel  Rieman, 

San  Francisco, 

468. 

1890. 

Aloysius  Nauer, 

San  Francisco, 

408. 

1896. 

Ferdinand  Bergmeier 

Santa  Barbara, 

207. 

1896. 

Servatius  Altmicks, 

Los  Angeles, 

207. 

1896. 

Clementin  Deyreann, 

Phoenix,  Arizona, 

463. 

1896. 

Bonaveoture  Fox, 

Santa  Barbara, 

458. 

1897. 

Francisco  Alvarez, 

San  Luis  Rey. 

458.  ** 

.According  the    Tabella  Necrologico  Sacerdotum  Dioccesis   Montoroyensis. 
**  Father  Alvarez  died  on  Saturday  July  10th. 


■103 


GENERAL    INDEX- 


Aachil,  Aalruriii,   Aaran,   £32. 
Abella,  Fr.  Ramon,      120.     150, 

173,    190.  :J49-251,  2S7'2SS,  300, 

.306-310,  3C8.  387.  409,  424.  440. 
Abandoned,  San  Diefjo  to  be,  51. 
Abuso  of  power,  S3,  11-5 
Acai;ulco,  2,  20,  143.  2.33. 
Accusations,  false,  125,  12G,  4-05, 

443. 
Achois  Comihavit,  411. 
Achup,   .364. 
Adam.  Very  Rov.,  4.30. 
Administrator     of    the    dioceso. 

198.  199.  202. 
Aertker,    Fr.    Victor.    204.     206, 

459,  461.  464,  465,  472,  473,  475. 
Agreda.  Ven.  Mother.  2,56,  259. 
Agriculture,  73.  1.30,  141,  150,179. 
Agueda,  258,  259. 
Aguila,  Jose,  388. 
Aguirro,  Capt. ,  ,344 
Ahumada,  Fr.  (O.  P.),  2.39. 
Alameda,  117,  .310,  390.  477. 
Alba,  Fr.  4.30. 
Alberni,  20:3. 
Alcahl,  see  San  Diego. 
Alaiulapa,  432. 
Alberto.  376. 
Alf^aldes  124,  177. 
Alcina,  Fr.  Jose,  200,  201,  458. 
Alejo  Nino,   245. 
All  Sants.  litany  of,  13. 
Aleman,  minister.  161. 
Alemanv,    Most  Rev.  J.  S.,  199, 

200,  202.  332,  470. 
Aleman,  Fr.   B.,  4.32. 
Allowance  for  the  missions,  118. 
Alta  California,  see    Upper    Ca- 
lifornia. 
Altimlra.  Fr.  150,  158,  ,309,  343, 

357,  446-449. 
Altmicks.  Fr.  Servatius,  207,208. 
Alvarado.    Gov.    164,     181,    193, 

264.  287.  410. 
Alvarez.  Fr.  Francisco,  202,  432, 

458,  459. 
Alviso,  Nicoljis,  .388. 
Amador,  Serg.  303,  328,  390,  395. 
Amaiaves,  342. 

Amat,  Rt.  Rov.  Th.  200,  409. 
Ambas  Californias,  184. 


Ambris,  K^v.  Dor.  194,  266.   388. 
American  Conquest,  198, 
Amestov.    Fr.   Marcos,  141,  353, 

3i>6,  :Jo7. 
Amole,  297. 
Am->rrts.  Fr.  Juan,  141.  150,  173, 

219.  441  443. 
Amurrio,  Fr .  G-egorio,  20.  21. 31, 

.33.  68.    71,    75,    220,  228,    232, 

314.  315.  316. 
Andrade,  Jose,  205, 
Ano  Nuevo,  s'^e  Point. 
Anderson  Vallev,  475. 
Angel  Isl.and,  77,  78,  290. 
Angelus,  21.5-216. 
Ansaines,  398.399. 
Antonio,  Don  Jos',   187. 
Anxietv  at  San  Diego,  52. 
Anza,  'Capt.    74,    79.    1.38.    227, 

228,  2G9,  282,  283,  290-292,  294. 
Anzar,    Fr.  Juan,    190.  197,  198, 

252.  379.  402,  403,  424. 
Apology,  123. 
Apostolic  College,  200. 
Apuoquele,  2.37. 
Apaches.  414. 
Arabia,  Fr.  Nicoh's  de,  1. 
Aranzazu,  ship,  371. 
Aranjuez,  441. 
Arbondio.  Fr.  361,  458. 
Arenas,  3.34. 
Arenaza,    Fr.  Pascual,  116,    120, 

247. 
Arevalo,  Fr.  Manuel,  89. 
Arguollo,  125,  1.38,  156,  157,  242, 

380,  441.  447.  448. 
Arguello.  Rpv  Jcs^.  341. 
Argument  of    Fr.    Guardian,  90, 

161. 
Arizona.  Franciscans  in,  90,    92, 

114,  1.38,  211,  461,  492. 
Armona.  Matias  de,  17,  24,  GO. 
Arnaz,  Jos;'',  345. 
Arrellano.  Fr.  see  Ramirez. 
Arrest  of  Fr.   Sarria,  157-158. 
Arrest  of  Fr.  Luciano,  469-470. 
Arrest  of  Fr.  Martinez,    159-160. 
Arricivita,  81,  106. 
Arriguibar,  Fr.  P.,  20,  21.  26,  30. 
Arriilaga,  Jos6  de,  116,  132,  136, 

238,  318,  382. 


•-  4CG 


Arrorta,  Fr.  Jcb'.,  IIG,  120,  '^17, 
363,  cC!. 

Arroyo,  Fr.  rco  Cupsta. 

Arroyo  Snn  Junn  Enutictn,  C3. 

Arroyo  del  Turro,  ,^53. 

Arroyo  de  L'ma,  M7. 

Arroyo  PodrrpoHO,  353. 

Arroyo  d*^  P' dro  Repalndo,  373. 

Arroyo,  de  San  Fnincisfn.  £91 . 

Arroyo,  de  Irs  Dolorej,  291. 

Arroyo,  Jos^,  224. 

Arsenal,  collertion  for  thr,  154, 

Artega,  Don  Nicohis,  168. 

Asuncion.  40.  44,  3o7 

Asylum,  Church,  129,  ^fS. 

Arriviil  of  tip  first  bishop,  187. 

Atok,  215,  :97. 

AtafTuama  Mountains,  415. 

Avila,  Francisco,  414. 

Avila.  J' so.  19J. 

Audiencia,  80.  83. 

Autobicfrraj  hies,  148. 

Ayaln,  77,  £90; 

AyuntaraieEtos,  158,  164. 

Aznar,  Fr.  Antonio,  69. 

Arizpc,  110. 

Eachelot,  Ecv.  Jean,  171.  275. 

Barzn,  Rev.  J.    Antonio,  12.  IS. 

Balda,  Fr.  Francisco  de.  1,  2. 

BallcstPrcs.  Corp.  .S07.  .^98. 

Bancroft,  II.  XL.  8,  22.  28,  47, 
66,  81.  81-86.  92.  lCC-109,  123, 
128,  1.30,  135,  136,  1.39,  142, 
143,  154,  lOr,  163,  169,  181, 
289,  .322,  333,  387,  405.  458. 

Bancrofts  ij^noiancc,  322. 

Bancroft's  an'm  sity  towards  Fr. 
Sorra.  84-86. 

Bancrolfs  lame  excuse  for  Gov. 
Neve.  91. 

Banditii's,  history,  279. 

Banishment  of  F.  Martlnoz,  286. 

Banner  of  Our  Lady,  267. 

Baptism  frustrated.  41. 

Baptisms,  first  in  Ui)pcr  Califor- 
nia, 43. 

Baptisms,  Fathers  not  hnstv.72. 

Barcenilla,  Fr.  Is:dor,  120,  141, 
270,  .309,  390. 

Barona,  Fr.  Jose,  120,  150,  236, 
238  239,  319,  321.  422. 

Barri's  animosity,  22, 

Barri,  Gov.  23,  24  20,  27,  234. 

Barry,  Brother.  202. 

Bartlett,  John  Russel,  277. 

Basterru,  Fr.  Dion.  5,  7,  18,  31. 


Bay  of  San  Francisco,  49,  76,  77, 

£80,  290. 
Bay,  Trinity,  77. 
Bcavido,  Fr.  Mntoo,  89. 
Bear  Valley.  C3. 
Lecher,    Fr.    Gerard,    £03,    207, 

464,  465,  479. 
Beier,  Bro.  Erasmus,  472,  476. 
Benicia.  4-70. 

Bernardino,  Mrst,    Eev.  Superi- 
or General.  458,  459,  461. 
Berkeley,  477. 
Ber^'mfier,    Fr.    Ferdinand,  202, 

204.  £06,  458,  475. 
BiiT  Vallev,  155. 
Bigct-y,  8". 
Biograi  liical  sketches  of— 

Abelb,      Fr.  Ramon.  .368. 

Amestoy,  ,,  Marcos,  357. 

Amor(^s,     ,,  Juan,  443. 

Amur'o,     ,,  Gregorio,  316. 

Altimira,   ,,  Jos6  343. 

/  Itmicks,  ,,  Servatius,  207-208. 

'Anzar,        ,,  Antonio.  403. 

Arenaza,    ,,  Fascual,  247-248. 

Arroitp,      ,,  Jcs6  304. 

Barcenilla,,,  Isidoro.  270. 

Baron  a,      ,,  Jcse.  321. 

Bergmeier, ,,  Fojdinand.  207. 

Boscana,    ,,  Gen'ii'ir  o,  273. 

Cabot,         ,,  Juan,  'IdO. 

Cabot.         ,,  Pedro.  416. 

Calz-;da,     .,  Antonio,  434. 

Cambon,    „  Pedro  BcTiito,  .301. 

Carnicer,    ,,  Baltasar,  2 J 9. 

Carranza,  ,,  Domingo.  420. 

Catala,       „  Magin.  .331-332. 

Cavalier,    „  Jcse,  283. 

CVdina,      ,,  Jr se,  461. 

Cipres,       ,,  Marceh'no,  2S5  86 

Cort's,        ,,  Juan,  Lf.pe,  354. 

Crespi.        ,,  Juan  87. 

Cruzado,    .,  Antonio,  £70. 

Cuesta,       ,,  Arroyo      435-436. 

Cueva,        ,,  Pedro.  391. 

Dantf,         ,,  Antonio,  302. 

Dpymann,  ,,  Clementin.  463. 

Dulanto,     ,,  Andres,  400. 

Dumetz,     .,  Francisco,  272. 

Diego,  Bishop  Garcia,  198. 

Duran,       Fr.  Narciso.  198-199. 

Espf,  ,,  Jos6,  .'.05. 

EstCmega,  ,,  Tomds  El.  277. 

Estevan,    ,,  Pedro  de  270. 

Faura.       „  Jcse.  319. 

Figucr,      ,,      Juan,  233. 


—  497  ~ 


Pernandcz, 
Fernandez, 
Pernandez, 
Fortuni, 
JFuster,         , 
Garcia, 
Garcia, 
Gil  y  Tab. 
Giribet, 
Gonzal'^z, 
Gutierrez,    , 
Gutierrez,  , 
Horra,  , 

Ibafif^z, 
Ibarra, 
Itiirrato, 
Jaime, 
Jimono, 
Jimeno, 
Landaeta, 
Xcxsuen,  , 
Lazaro,  , 
Lopez, 
Lopez,  , 
Lopez,  , 

Mariner,      , 
Marquinez,, 
Martin,        , 
Martin,        , 
Martiarena, 
Martinez, 
Martinez, 
JMerelo,        , 
-Miguel,        , 
Moreno,       , 
Moreno, 
Mugdrtegui 
Mufioz, 
Murgui'a, 
Muro, 
Noboa, 
Noriega, 
Nuez, 
Oliva, 
OibSs, 
Ordaz,  , 

Ordmas, 
Palou. 
Panto, 
Paterna, 
Payeras, 
Pena, 

Teyri,  , 

Puers, 
IPieras, 
Pujol, 


Fr.  Jose  Maria,  3C6 
„  Gregorio,  364. 
„  Manuel,  374-375. 
,,  Buenavent..    .'J44, 
,  Vincente,    316-17. 
„  Diego,  305. 
„  Jos^,    420. 
,,   Luis,  287. 
„  Miguel,  284. 
,,  S3e  Rubio, 
„  Jos:'  d\    393. 
,  Romualdo,  4^3. 
,,  Concepcion,   4(;5. 
„    Florencio,      .382. 
,,  Francisco,    427. 
,,  Domingo,    400. 
,,  Antonio,         .357. 
„  Antonio   201-201:. 
„  200-201,    456. 


414. 

Ic4. 

414. 

400. 

374. 


Martin 

Ferinn 

Nicolas 

Jacinto, 

Baldomero 

Julian,    25L\ 

Juan,  2.3G. 

Marcelino,    377. 

Juan,  407. 
,.  Fernando,   241. 
.,  Jose  Manuel,  400. 
,,  Luis,  288. 
,,  Adriano,  406. 
,  Lorenzo,  263. 
„  Jose  de,  272. 
.  Rafael,    .3.33. 
,  Juan,  4.37. 
„  Pablo,  .316. 
„  Pedro,    414-415. 
„  Jos^   A.  327-328. 
„  Miguel,    396. 
„  Diego,    .328. 
,,  Matias,     247. 
,.  Joaquin,       273. 
„  Vincente,    .322. 
„  Rr\m  in.     .377. 
„  Bias.  277. 
,,  Crist6bal.  270. 
,,  Francisco,      299. 
,,  Jose  Pedro,    239 
,,  Antonio,    351. 
,,  Mariano,   .366-67. 
.,  Tom.4s,     .328.329. 
,,  Antonio,    424. 
„  Eugene,  487. 
„  Miguel,  262. 
,,  Francisco,    249. 


Quijas,     Fr.  Lorenzo,  396. 

Quintana,    ,,  Andr^-s.  375. 
Real,  „  Jose,  a3;i-354. 

Riemaa,        ,,  Gasbriel,  468. 
Rioboo,         ,,    Juan  Ant..  234. 
Ripoll,  „  Antonio,  ;i57. 

Rodriguez,  ,,  Antonio,  .366. 
Rubi,  „    Mariano,  .381. 

Rubio,  „  Gonza.,  '?!02A^». 

Sala'.ar,       „  Alonso    Isi.,  374. 
Saenz,  ,.  Juan,   .3u9. 

Sanchez.  ,,  Francisco,  270. 
Sanchez,  .,  Jos;';  Ber..  275. 
Smchez.  .,  Fran..  .362,  4r:q. 
Sancho,  ,,  Juan  Bau.,  263. 
Suitiag.),  .,  Juan  Jose,  iiia. 
Santa  Maria,,  Vinc-nte.  3ii. 
Sarria,  „  Vincente,    .385. 

,,  J  OS  J,    34z-3i.>. 

„  Junip.,   103-105. 

.,  Buenavent.,    232. 

,,  Francisco,    314. 

„  Estevan,     402-03. 

,,  Hiiario,  236. 

,,  Francisco,   415. 

,,  Franc'sco.  .344 

„  Jose  A.  414. 

,,  Jose  A.  ill. 

„  Jos^,  3.32-.3.33. 

,,  Marcf  s.  4.35. 

.,  JnSH,  249. 

„  Jose,  Ma.,  428. 
148-149. 


S-'iuin, 

S-rra, 

Sitjar, 

Suner, 

Tapis, 

Torrens, 

Ullibari, 

Un'a, 

Urfa, 

Urresti, 

Viader, 

Victoria, 

Vifials, 

Zalvidea, 
Bestaid,  J-r. 
Bishop  of  Sonora.    88,  128,    138, 

145,  151,  164,  402. 
Bishop    of    Cal'fornia,  183,    185, 

187,    188,    191,    193,    194,    1{«-, 

198,  .345. 
Bishop,  second  of  California,  200. 
Blows  to  a  mission.ary,  116., 
tiodega,  Lieut.  77. 
Bodega,  441,  442. 
Boriea,  Diego  de,  116,  118.    119, 

121-125,  132.  304,  305,  325,  389, 

397,  .399,  418. 
Borromeo,  294. 
Bosf-ana,  Fr.  Ger(^nimo,  141,  150, 

239,  237.  .321,  .363,  .364,  422. 
Botello,  Narciso,  345. 
Bound'^"-y     between     Franciscan 

and  Dominican  missions,  33. 
Bourgjide.  Rt.  Rev.,  491. 
Brief,  Papal,  84. 
Branciiorte,   130,   116. 
Bur-areii,  viceroy,  23,  25,  C9,  79, 
80,  82,  83,  324. 


498  — 


Buildings,  Mission,  73,  212,  306, 
3U8-31U,     329,     L'30,     350,     351, 
352,  374. 
Bubal,  138. 
iiuehon.  Bay,  382. 
Bourgade,  Bishop,  479. 
Bulletin,  San  Francisco,  409. 
Brenan,  Rev.  Wm.  472. 
Brothers,  first,  200. 
Brueuer,  Fr.  Leo,  467. 
Buerger,  Bro.  Leo,  476. 
Buriburi,  .305., 

Oaballer,  or  Cavalier,  Fr.  Jose, 
20,  61,  02,  Go,  71,  116,  216,  281- 
283,  432. 
Cabot,  Fr.  Juan,  111,  150,  159, 
287,  309,  363,  382,  383,  406, 
416. 
Cabot,  Fr.  Pedro,  263,  264,  415, 

416,  427. 
Cadegomo.  7,  30. 
Cabrera,  Agapito,  194. 
Cabrera,  Buenc,  46,  47,    49,    C6. 
Calabazas,  118. 
Calaveras,  140. 
California,    Lower,    16,  14,     20, 

22-25    38    87 
Califor'ni'a,'  Upper,  11.  13,  16,  17, 
20.  33,  34,    38,  39,    43,  68,    71, 
80.  102. 
C.-ilzaua,  Fr.  Antonio,  116,    120, 

270,  317,  363,  4J33,  434. 
Camacho,  Fr.  Isidor,  193. 
Cambcn,  Ir.  Ftdro  Benito,    20, 
27,  32.  33,  61,  62,  66.  68,    119, 
220,    228,    247,   266,    £68,    290. 
291,    £93,    294,    296,   298,    301, 
337. 
Campa  v  C(  s,  Fr.  5,  7,    16,    21, 

27,  31-,34,  68,  76-78,  £90,  305. 
Camulos  Rancho,  414. 
Canada  del  Bavitismo,  43. 
CaiiaLia  do  Ics  Osos,  45,  63,  281. 
Canada  de  Osuna,  240. 
Canada  de  los  Olomijalies,  441. 
Cafiedo,  Jose,  321,  ,322. 
Canizares,  39,  100,  293, 
Cantua,  Vincentc,  388. 
Cape  San  Lucas,  234. 
Carlos  227,  228. 
Caranco,  Fr.  Juan,  3. 
Carmelo  or  Carmen,  40,  215-246, 

253,  254,  267,  294. 
Carmelo  Bay,  50,  57,  65. 
Carmelo,  Rio  de,  46. 
Carmen,  Alviso,  129. 


Carmelites,  2,  304. 
Carmen  Island,  18. 
Carnicer,  Fr.  120,  141,  248,    219, 

381,   405,  406, 
Carriages,  prohibited,  148,  153. 
Carrasco,  Don  Juan,  372. 
Carranza,  Fr.  120,  141,  374,  376, 

420. 
Carnadero  rancheria,  399. 
Carpinteria  456,  458. 
Carquines  Straits  ,308. 
Carrillo,  Carlos,  166.  168. 
Carrillo,  Anastasio,  ,35 i. 
Carrillo,  Domingo,  ,367. 
Carrillo,  Jcaquin  437,  439. 
Cash  Creek,  476. 
Cash  Valley,  473. 
Cassanova,    Rev.    A.    248,    253, 

254. 
Castaileda,  ,334. 

Castro,  Francisco,  157,  164,  446. 
Castro,  Jos(?  263,  409. 
Castro,  Tiburcio.  402. 
Catala,  Fr.  Magin,  119,  123. 124, 

150,  .329.  331,  ,390,  398.  463. 
Catalan,  Fr.  Benito,   120,  262, 
Catholic  missionaries,  218. 
Catholic  Religion,  218. 
Caw  Mounta  ns,  155. 
Cayegues,  118, 
Celis,  Eulcgio  de,  417. 
Cemeterj'.   129. 
Cerralvo  Island,  9,  20,  27. 
Cession  of  some  m'sslons  in  the 

north,  144-145. 
Cession  of  Lower  Colifornia,  23- 

25,  67. 
Channel     of  Santa  Barbara,    44, 

66,  95,  160,  ,3.37,  ,%2. 
Chanlans.    75,  76,    1J5,  123,  129, 

112. 
Chaclanes  .302. 
Chapter.  Intermediate,  204,  207, 

209,  467. 
Chapter,    provincial,     204,     206, 

465,  467,  483,  488. 
Charles  III.  9. 
Charges  of  Fr.  Hcrra,    125,  126, 

128. 
Chinigchinich,     or     writings    of 

Fr.  Boscana,  275. 
Choquet,  Capt.  229,   230. 
Chocuay,  446. 
Christians  in  Upjer    California, 

102. 
Church  property,  197, 


—  409 


Church  mnsio,  465. 

Churt'h  Asvlum  129,  228. 

Chuttus^reliis,  380. 

Ciprea  Fr.  120,  111,  219,    2G2-63, 

_2S5,  407,  43:J. 
Circulars     of     variona     Fathora, 

121,  14G-148,  151-153,  164,    173, 

190.  209. 
Classical  school,  211. 
C'lementin,  Fr.  seo  Deymann. 
Clerics,  4.32. 
Clear  Lake.  469. 
Cloverdalo.  1,55. 
Clement  XIV,  80. 
Clemens,  Brolher,    470 
Cloth  for  In.lians,  17. 
Coast  Ran^'e  Mountains,  473. 
Goapau,  237. 
Codina,  Fr.    Franciaco,    200-202, 

362,  459,  461. 
Colonial  JTistory,  211. 
Co  limn,  20., 
Coloi-ado   Kivor,  75.  79,  87,    116, 

133,    138,    271,    296,    338,    342, 

348, 
Colorado  disnster,  90,  92. 
College   of    San    Fernardo,    3-5, 

8.  23,  51,  61,  88.  106, 107,  114, 

119,    122,    144,    145,  156,    173, 

-350,  135,  191,  193,  199,  200. 
CoUepo  of    Zacatecas,  sec   Zaca- 

tecns. 
College  of    Quer^'taro,  sec    Quc- 

r^taro. 
College  of  Jalisco,  see  Jalisco. 
College,  Apostolic,  £00. 
Collegians,  194. 

Commissary  General,  105  148-149. 
Comisario,     jirefecto,     145,     158. 

171,    180,    181,    190,    198,    199, 

201,  202, 
Commissary  provincial,  211,  461, 

463,  479. 
Commissariat  of  California,   211, 

461. 
Commlssnry  Department,  216. 
Complaints  of  Fr.  Serra,  70. 
Complaints  of  Fr.  Lasuen.  122. 
Complaints  of  Fr.  Tarns,  136, 
Compia'nts  of  the  Fathers,  115, 
Complaint  of  Fag(^s,  312. 
Comisionados,  162.  182,  218,  17:. 
Comondi'i.  7.  .30,  329. 
Commentaries     of    Fr.     Duron, 

165-166. 
Conmiuulo  SuiTragiorvn^  458, 


Community   of    Santa    Barbara, 

202. 
Concepcion,  ship,  .5,  21,  27,  120, 
Concepcicm,  L;iguna  de  la,  45. 
Concejjciou,    Fr,    do    Ilorra    soo 

Horra. 
Concordato  funeral.   174. 
Confirmar.  faculdad  de.    80,    81, 

86-87,    93,    95,    233,    200,    269, 

283,  298. 
Confirmation,  sacrament  of,    81, 

86,  93,  .326. 
Confirmation  prohibited,  83. 
Congress,  Mexican,  156,  166,168, 

178,  184. 
Congregation    of    Our    Lady    of 

Dolores,  167. 
"Congress  of  Boston",  .380. 
Constnnso,  Migud,  14,  39,  G3, 
Constitution  of  Mexico,  156. 
Contributions  from  old  misslcns, 

119,  .373,  405.  412,  451, 
Controversies    between    Church 

and  State,  108. 
Conquest,  American,  198, 
Converts  nt  San  Antonio,  65,73. 
Converts  at  Snn  Gabriel,  GG. 
T'opart.  Fr.  Juan  Bautista,  3. 
Cornelius,  Fr,,  see   Schcenwa?ld- 

cr. 
Coron'^1,  Junn,  .35. 
Coronel  Ignacio,  409. 
Corporal  punishment,  174. 
Corpus  Chiisti,  60.  62,  194. 
Cosoy,  40,  221,  2.37. 
Cortes,  Fr.  Juan,  120,    126,  141, 

351,  353,  354. 
rot(5s,  Fr.  Lope.  270. 
C6rtes  Spanish.  151. 
Uoia,  Sanon,  383,  381. 
Cota  Manuel,  358. 
Cot  and  Pico,  428. 
Cotton  raising,  150. 
Council  of  the  Indies,  121, 
Council,  47,  49,  67. 
Counter-cbargf  s  114-115, 
Country,  description,  38. 
County,  Kerr,  138. 
Countv,  San  Btrnadino,  138. 
County,  Fie&no,  139, 
County,     Merdccino,     208.     465, 

469.  470.  473,  475,  476,  465, 
Countv,  Marin,  445. 
r.n,-y^u-.  Take.  469,  470,473. 
Ccvarrubias,  Jos^.  437,  439. 
Cc>o;e  V..lley,  476. 


500 


Creek,  Las  Llag.^s,  117. 
Crespi,  Fr.  Juan,  5,  14,  17,    30, 
S6,  39,  43,  45-47,    49-52,    54-57, 
t2,  66,  71,  75.  79,  87,  98,    116, 
245-247,  253,  254,  289,  298,  3S7, 
459,  484. 
Ci-iUiinal  blunder,  9?. 
Uritieal    notes  of    Fr.    Sanchez, 

169,  170. 
Cruelty  to  Indians,  111-112.  128, 

236. 
Croix",   de  la,    6,  GO,    Gl,  68,    82- 

85,  88,  107,  338. 
Cross  of  TeiJc,  5. 
Cross  at  Monterey,  50,  55,  56. 
Cruzado,    Fr.    Antonio,    20,    62, 

71,  141,  268-271,  336. 
Cruz,  Don  Mateo  de  la,  167, 
Cuculla,  Fr.    (O.  P.)    Francisco, 

273 
Cuesta,  Fr.  Arroyo  de,    141  368, 

393,  400,  402,  409,  435. 
Cueva,  Fr.  Pedro,  141,  .318,  cl9, 

.390,  391. 
C  ichilloncs,  302. 
(Juliacan,  317. 
Cured,   Fr.  Serra,  35. 
Curates,  177,  178. 
Costody  of  San  Gabriel,  88,  105- 

106. 
Custody  of  San  Carlos,  88,    106. 
Custody     of     the      Immaculate 

Heart   of  Mav,  209,  211. 
Dim  at  San  Diegc,  2.37. 
L)  inti,  Fr.  Antonio,  ilG,  117,  1?0, 

301,371, 
Ddvola,  Count  de,  167. 
Death-rate  179,  see  moitality. 
Death  and  funeral  of  Fr.  Serra, 

99-108. 
D-ath  of  Bishop  Diego,  19?. 
Death  by    starvation,    .Jbi,    385, 

387. 
Death  of  Fr.  Ferdinand.  207. 
Dedication  of  San  Luis  Rey,43C, 
Decision  of  the  Supreme  Court, 

197. 
Decision  of  the  Junta,  70. 
Decree  of  expulsion,  158. 
Decree  of  the  Sacred   Cong,  de, 

Prop,  Fide,  203. 
Decree  of,  secularization,  195. 
Defense,    Protestant,  91. 
Defunctorum  Suff.  Coip.  458. 
Deficit,  122. 
Degenhardt,  Hippolytus,  476. 


Dehm,  Bro,  Placidus,  476. 
Delanto,   or    Dulanto,    Fr.     141, 

400. 
Demiflin,  Fr.    William,  (O.    P.), 

470,  472. 
Den,  N.  and  R.,  361. 
Desertion  of  neophytes,  124. 
Destitution,  154,  276. 
Deymann,    Fr.    Clementin,    211, 

332,  459,  461,  477,  479,  490. 
Diary  of  Fr.  Cr.  spi,  50,    76,  87. 
Diary  of  Fr.  Garcfa,  138, 
Diary  of  Fr.  Zalvidea,  139. 
Diary  of  Fr.   Mufioz,    139. 
Di  iry  of  Fr.  Ordaz,  155. 
Di:iz,  Rev.  100,  101. 
Diaz.  Fr.  Juan,  138. 
Dickneite,    Fr.  Rayner,  206,  208. 
Dieeo,  Bishop  Garcia,  187,    190, 

193,  194,  197,  266,  313. 
Dieguenos,  42. 
Difhculties,  83. 
Digger  Indians,  472. 
Dicces'3  of  the  Caliiornias,  184. 
Dipi:.tacion,  157,  161. 
Directory  Catholic,  458,  459. 
Disappointment  of  Fr.  Serra,  88, 

92,  95. 
Discoveries,  75,  77. 
Discovery  of  relics,  254. 
Diseases,  179. 
Discipline,  mission,  214. 

Distress  at  San  Gabriel,  276. 
Distribution  of  missionaries,  62, 
68. 

Discouragement    of  Bishop 

Diego,  "191. 
Dissatisl'action    of  the    Fathers, 

141-115. 
Division  de  las  misiones,  33. 

i^ivi.^ion  of  ilie  missions,  143. 

Doctrinas,  121. 

Doclrina,  126-127. 

Documents  dest.'-oyed.  193. 

Dolores,  Arroyo  cie,  291,  293. 

Lvolores,  mission,  195,  199,  291, 
293-294,  313,  449.  See  San 
Francisco  mission. 

Dominicans,  23,  24-27.  33,  168, 
170,  238,  211,  260,  458,  470, 472, 

Dominican  Sisters,  4G4-4C5,    477. 

Donations,  74. 

Dos  Pueblos,  353. 

Drafts    unijaid,   142,   162. 

Oress  at  the  missions,  216. 

Oumotz,    Fr.    Franciso,    20,    61, 


—  501  — 


02.  G6,  71.  141,  219,    220,    271. 

272,  338,  .310,  .311.  111.  J 12. 
Dur:in,     Fr     Narciso     111.    l.jO, 

156- F)8,   IGl.   IGl.   1G5.  InO,  173, 

175-177.   180.   100.  191.     197-198 

201.  276.  332,  .358-3C0.  .368.375, 

'.)87,  .390.  .383,  .394.  440. 
Dunui's     opposition    to    regula- 
tions, 175-177. 
Duran's  Notes.  170. 
Dnrau's  reixjrt,   191. 
Duron's    replv     to    Gov,     Pico, 

194-195. 
Dwineile,  214. 
DulJiran,   Brother,   2C2. 
Dvp.  Kev.  4.30. 
Earthquake.  273.  319,   .341.  .354, 

3G5,  :399,  414.  4,34. 
Ecclesiastical  tax,   12"^. 
Echaso,  or  Eohasco,  Fr.  16.    22, 

24, 
Ee'ieandi'a,    Gov.,    1.58  159,    161. 

113,  166.  169-170,  174,  .3a3,  409. 
Education,  hit; her,   194,  211. 
Elirhardt,  Br.  Onesimus,  464. 
Ele-eion   de  psvrtido,  C83-384. 
Ellections,  124. 
El  Cajon.  242. 
Ennneipation    of    Indians.    160, 

176,  177,  .322,  425. 
Encino  Valley,  118. 
Encroachments  107-108, 
Enpelhardt,    Fr.  Zephyrin,    465, 

475,  476. 
Ensefiada  de  Ics  Farallcnes,    49, 

55,  289. 
Epidemic,  17,  .v81, 
Error,  an.  .37. 
Escude.  Fr.  150,  .376.  422. 
Escudero.  Fr.  Juan,  16,  22,    24. 
Escorts,  .397. 
Eslenes  Indians,  245. 
Espi,  Fr.    Jose,    119,    120,    2C2, 

.305,  374,  381. 
Espinosa.  Salvador,  .388. 
Estene^a,  Fr,  150,  173,    192,  275- 

277,  310.  311.  .322,  406,407,  443, 
Esteves,  Fr.  Jose,  89. 
Estevan,     Fr.    Pedro,     119,  141. 

236.  280. 
Estudillo,  Lieut.  375. 
Estudillo.  Jose  A.  427. 
Exaggeration,  279,  423. 
Excomm.unication.  228.  C22. 
Ex-cution,  first  in  Calif.,  23?, 
Exhortation  of  Fr.  Serra,  6,  7, 


Expeditions  to  Lower  Cali..  1-2. 
Expeditions  to  Upper  California 

by  land,   14,  .34,  .39-50.  ,54  55. 
Exjjedit'ona    by    sea     to     Upper 

California,   1.3,  14,  .35.  .36,  54. 
Expiloring   expeditions   by    lard, 

14.  .34-:r»,  117-118,  138-140,  155, 

293,  447. 
Exploring     expeditions   by     sea, 

75-79,   155. 
Ezeta,    Capt.   Bruno,  77,  78. 
Fabian,  neophyte,  343. 
Facultad  de   Ctmfirmar.  81. 
Fag^s.  Pedro,   14,  .39.  55,  56,  G.3- 

67.  70.    87.    109.    Ill,    113-116, 

132,  220,  2.35,  268,  269,  327,337, 

.349,  .362. 
False  accusation,  .329. 
Farallones,  see  Enseilada. 
Faura.  Fr.  J.,  120,  141.  319,  419. 
Fernanuo,  Fr.,  see  Parron. 
Feldman.  Fr.  Vitalis,  468,  476. 
Feiicidad,  s'-hooner,  77, 
Fernandez.  Fr.  Gregor.,  119,  285, 

,3a3,  .364. 
Fernandez.  Fr.  Jose  M.  120.  .306. 
Fevnardez,  Fr.  Manuel,  119  120, 

.329.  .374. 
Fernandez,   Rev.  Pedro.  7,  16  ' 
Fernandinos.  116.  144.    173,    177, 

178,  180,  181,  190,  197,  199,200, 

359,  368,  384,  38ij,  427. 
Ferdinand,  Fr.,  see  Bergmeier. 
Fessler,  Fr.  Hugo,  206. 
Figuer,  Fr.  Juan,  20,  22.  25.  68, 

71.  116,  232,  2a3,  238,  269,283. 

.317. 
Figueroa.  G-v.  171,  174-176,  199, 

251.  .322,  425.  443. 
Fire  at  San  Miguel.  406, 
Fi'-e  at    San    Luis  Obispo,  283. 
Firmus,  Bro.,  486. 
First    Mass   at    San    Francisco, 

292. 
Florida,  108,  4.34, 
Font,  Fr.  Pedro,  138,    227,    269. 

283,  290,  291. 
Foot,  sore  of  Fr.  Serra,  .34. 
Forbes,  Alexander,  214. 
Fort  Point,  291. 
Fortuni,  Fr.  141.  1.50.    173.    181, 

344,  345.  .391,  393,  .394,  401,  402, 

424-425.  442,  449,  4.52. 
Fox,  Fr.  Bonaventure,  202,  204, 

.361,  458,  470. 
Franciscans,  1-3,  -13,  18,  143,152, 


502 


155,  158-159,  ia3,  1G8,    212-218, 
235,  279. 
Fraileros,  91. 
Francisquito,  250. 
Fi-ancist-an  Sisters,  4G8. 
Freemasonry,  193,  209,  429. 
Fremont,  General,  428. 
Fresno,  139. 
Fruits,  132. 
Fruitvale,  203,  207,  209,  467,470, 

477,  479. 
Fugitives,  124.  .^00.  303. 
Fund,  Pious,  161,  162,    184,    see 

Pious  Fund. 
Fuster,  Fr.  Vincente,  20,  21,  32, 
33,  68,  71,  120,  220-222,  224-228, 
232,  316,  319,  .363. 
Gallagher,  Brother,  202,  204 
Gallagher,  Kev.  A.   362. 
Gallican,  ^41. 

Galvez,  Don  Jos^,  8,  9,  11-14,16- 
19,  27,  43,  48,  53,  60,  61,  63.63, 
114,  288,  336. 
Gangan^lli,  54. 
Garces,  Fr.  Francisco,  138. 
Garcia,  Fr.  Jose,  3,  116,  120,141, 

301,  305,  419,  420. 
Garcia,  Fr.  Diego,  171,  174,  176, 
177,  180,  181,  183-185,  333,   380, 
381,  443. 
Garcia,  Inocente,  410. 
Gardens,  132. 
Gasol,  Fr.  Jose,  136,  147. 
Gaston,  Fr.  Juan  Ignacio,  4,    5, 

7,  17,  21,  27,  30. 
Gente  de  razon,  150,  166,  273. 
Gentiles,  140. 

Ganoch,  Bro.  Leander,  476. 
Germans  in  San  Francisco,    208, 

209,  464. 
Geverno,  Rev.  E.  D.  470. 
Gerard,  Fr.  see  Becher. 
General,     Most    Rev.     Superior, 

202,  203,  209. 
Gigedo,  Viceroy,  121,  122. 
Gierschevvski,  Fr.  Cietus,  467. 
Gey,  Fr.  Isidor,  465,  467. 
Gil  y  Taboada,  Fr.  150,  180,  272, 
286-287,  309,  353,  356,  365,  373, 
376-377,  390,  402-403,  440. 
Gili,     Fr.    Bartolcm^,    119,    141, 

285,  381. 
Gilrov,  117. 
Giribet,    F-.    Misruel,    116,    120, 

233-285,  300,  301. 
Geronimo,  Fr.  371. 


Gleeson,  Rev.  W.  2,    3,    40,    47, 

179,  289,  384,  387. 
Godiol,  or  Godyol,  Fr.  Jose,  201, 

202,  204,  461. 
Goette,  Fr.  Alha.,    468,  476,  477. 
Goleta,  456,  4.59. 
Gomez.  Fr.  Francisco,  6,  14,  35, 
36,  39.  49,  54,  62,  190,  192,219, 
289  459. 
Gomez,  Rev.  Jose  M.    194,    288, 

368,  410. 
Goni,  Rev.  Pedro  M.  3. 
Gonzalez  Fr.  Francisco,  120,141, 

374,  376,  387. 
Gonzalez,  Fr.  Rubio,  see  Rubio, 
Gonzalez,  Rtimon.  194. 
Gonzalez,  Com .  329. 
Goycoechea,  Capt.  125,  126,  375 
Grant  of  land,  193  194. 
Grajera,  125. 
Grammar,  Indian,  436. 
Grievances  of  the  Fathers,  24. 
Guttchama,  271. 
Guadalupe.      Lower,    California, 

10,  21.  23,27.  30. 
Guaicuris  Indians,  17,  22. 
Guadalajara,  51.  70,  147,  202. 
Gnardan,  Fr.   18.  19.  21,22,  24, 
25,    54,  60.61,  67,  76,  79  80,84, 
85,  87,  89,  92,  95,  lOo,  110,  111, 
114,  115, 119,  124,  126, 133,  136, 
143,  116,148,    151-152,  161-162, 
226,  228,  305,   349, 
Guerra,  Capt.  .344,  368,  415. 
Guatemala,  458. 
Gutierrez,    Fr.   Jos^,    141,     173, 

197,  264,  265,  311,  452. 
Gutierrez,     Fr.     Romuaid.     341, 

387,  396,   4.33. 
Hahana,  270,  .3.33,  .3.34. 
Haberlin,  Brother,  202,  204. 
Halbfas,  Fr.  Vincent,  206. 
Harbinger,  ship,  159 
Hartnell,  379,  409,  4.36,  444. 
Haat'.ngs,  473. 
Hatred  of  religious,  103. 
Healdsburg,  155. 
Hemp,  151,  2.39,  4.34. 
Henseler,  Fr.   Augustin,  467. 
Hermenegildo,  Jose.  200. 
Hernand  z,  F-.  432. 
Herrera,  Fr.  Jose,  20. 
Herrera,  President,  197. 
Higuera,  Ignacio,  391. 
Hill,  David,  352. 
Hill,  Daniel,  361. 


—  503 


History,  Banc/oft's,  86. 
History    of  Calif.,  miss'ons,  119. 
History    of  Calilorria,  343. 
History  of  Upper  Californi--'.,  214. 
Holy  Cross  Collogo,  88. 
Holy  Cross,  Fathers  of,  470. 
Hopland,  155,  475. 
Horra,   Fr.  Conc<>pcion,  120,  125, 

126,  128,  404,  405. 
Hospital,  St.  Joseph's,  4C8. 
Hospital,  322. 
Hostilities,  72. 
Hoy  a  ravine,  45. 
Hncrger,  Fr.  Titus,  407,  468. 
Huhitos,  447. 
Humboldt,  42. 
Hunter,  Capt.,  428. 
Ibanez,  Fr.  141,  263,  381,  .^82, 
Ibarra,  Fr.  273,  414-416,  424,420. 
Imas,  Fr.  Vineente,  20-21,  26,30. 
Imliacs,  2,  8,    10,  22,  25,  38,  40, 

42-44,  75,  90,  121-122,  133,    148, 

154,  162,  174-177,    179-180,  181, 

277,  279-281,  296-298. 
Indian  attack,  revolt,  40-41,  222- 

225,     267,  295,   3C8,    342,    356, 

3€6,   L£8. 
Indian  characteristics,  90. 
Indian     complaints,     discontent, 

112,  124,  302,  .303. 
Indian  dress,  38,  76. 
Indians  of  San  t)iego,  42. 
Indian   food,  72,  124,  472. 
Indians  punished,  227. 
Indian  rapacity,  40. 
Indian  fugitives,  .302,  .303 
Indians  refuse  foo-^,  40. 
Indian  religion,  296. 
Indian  students,  424. 
Indian  suicide,  231. 
Indian  wards,    154. 
Incorporation  of  Santa    Barbara 

College,  203,  204. 
Independence  of  Mexico,  1.55. 
Indignation  of  Don  Galvcz,  10. 
Indulgence,  "sale"  of,  86. 
Industries,  213,214,  280,  309,318, 

3.30,  351,  352. 
Informes  Generales,  141,  1.50,  163. 
Insanity  of  Fr,  Horra,  124. 
Instructions    in    the  vernacular, 

128-127. 
Insubordinalion,  149-150, 
Inventories,  7,  113,  152,  see  also 

Local  History  of  each  mission. 
Interference,  83,  84,  153. 


Inquisition,  120,  1.3G. 

"Intentions",  129. 

Iquina,  .380. 

Iriarle.Fr.  Juan  (O.P.),  25,  26. 

Iturbide,  1.55. 

Itiirrate,   Fr.  Sa.,  120,  141,  400. 

Iturrigiiray,  Viceroy,  433. 

Jacobini.  Archbishop,  2a3. 

Jaime     Fr.     Ant')nio,     120,    1.50, 

158,  247,  .357,  381,  382,  3a3. 
Jalisco,  or  Xalisco,  4,  5,  9. 
Ja mocha,   2.37. 
Janat,  237. 
Jayme,  or  Jaiinf^,  Fr.    Luis,    20, 

61.62,  71,  79,  219  222,  225,  226, 

2,33,  238,  315-317. 
Jesuit  Fathers  in  Lower  Califor- 

nii,  3,  6,  18,  26,  28-32,  80,  168, 

179. 
Jesuits   exi)elled,  3. 
J(-sait  missions,  217. 
Jiineno,  Fr.  Joaquin    Jose,    165, 

173,  180,  181,  190,   192-194,  199, 

200,  .359,  377,  379,  422,  435-437, 

439,  456. 
Jinieno,   Fr.    Antonio,    192,    194, 

199-200,  .344,  345,   357,  .'iCO,  369, 
377,   458. 
Jimenez,  Rev.    238. 
Joseph  of  Cupertino,   59. 
Joy  in  Mexico  and     Lower     Cali- 
fornia, 60, 
Junipero,  Fr.  see  Serra. 
Juneosn,  Fr.  Domingo,  20,  01,  62, 

6G,   71.   216,   281,   282. 
Junta,   69,    70. 
Junta,    Real,    111. 
.Turczyk,    Bro.    Bernard,   476. 
Kearney,  General,   196. 
Kelseyvdle     469,   473. 
Kern 'County,    138. 
Kilgenstein,  "Fr.   Jerome,    206. 
King,   Rev.   477. 
Kiiian,    Fr.    see   Schloesser. 
Kino,   Fr.  Eusebio,  (S.  J.)  3,  107. 
Kirwan,    Brother,   202. 
Kizh   langunge,   280. 
Klein,    Fr.    Maximilian,  476,  479. 
Knepper,   Fr.    Gregory,  467,  476, 
Kolopp,  Rev.  470. 
K:aus,    B-o.    Irenaous,   476. 
Krekeie-,  Fi-.  Pla.,   40.5.  467,  476. 
Lago,  Fr.  Manuel,  20-21,  26,  30. 
L-'guna,   Fr.  Jose,   20,   22. 
Laguna    d^^   Ics  Dolores,  292  294. 
Laguna    de   la  Ccncepcion,  45. 


504 


Laguna]  de  San  Daniel,   45. 

Laue   County,   208,   469. 

Lake  Tulare,    138. 

Lakeport,  47.3. 

Lampe,  Fr.  Seraphin,  467,  477, 
491,  492. 

Landaeta,  Fr.  Martin,  119,  120, 
141,  305,   309,   412. 

Tianjrsdorf,    391. 

Land   titles.    196. 

Langlois,   Rev.  199.^ 

ijHiia  ,  t.vpe.,    see     Expeditions. 

Lasuen,  Pr.  Fermin  Francisco, 
5,  7,  10.  .31.  .33,  60,  65,  68, 
71,  105,  106,  110,  112.  113,  114, 
117-121,  124-128.  132-i;^,  141, 
228,  232-236,  247,  248,  2.54,  260, 
269,  284,  300,  302,  30.3,  314,  .315, 
317.  .3'>R,  .399.  349.  352,  .363,  371, 
375,  380,  390,  398,  404,  411,  418, 
419, 

La^^t  aavs  of  Fr.  Junipero  Serra, 
94-99. 

Laurel    Creek,    310. 

Lauretana,  ship,  25. 

Lauth,  Rev.  470. 

Lay  Brothers,  200,  432. 

Ldzaro,  Fr.  Nicolas,  141,  412. 

La  Brea  ranch,  399. 

La  Croix,  see  Croix. 

La  Paz.  2,  3.  12,  18. 

La  Puente.  271, 

La  Salve,  138. 

La  Zanja,  118. 

Las  Choyas,  237. 

Las  Flores,  425,  427. 

Las  Llagas  Creek,   117. 

Las  Pozas,  117-  118,  404. 

Lease  of  missions,  196. 

Legomera,  Fr.  Jose,  21,  31. 

Legislative  Assembly,  157. 

Lethert,  Bro.,  lid.,  491. 

Letter,  pastoral,  146.  147. 

Letter  of  Bucareli,  226.  2.30. 

Letters  of  Fr.  Serra,  .36,  51,  54- 
55,  57-60.  a3-65,  68. 

Letter  of  the  Captain  General, 
82. 

Letters  of  Fr.  Lasuen,  .371-372, 
404. 

Letters  of  Fathers  to  pass  free, 
111. 

Leum  Island,  4,34. 

Liberty,  Indian,  176. 

Lihro  de  difuntos,  358. 

Licens'j  to  retire,  114. 


License  to  confirm,  86-87. 

•'life  of  Fr.  Serra,"  300. 

Lift  of  missionaries,  33,  49M94. 

Little  River,  77. 

Li\antonome,  442. 

Linares,  Fr.  Antonio,  20,  21,  27, 

32. 
Llagas  de  San  Francisco,  46,  86. 
Llano  de  los  Petalumas,  441. 
Lobos  Creek,  291. 
uotsa.  Rev.  2.38. 
Lopez,  Fr.   CristcSbal,   1. 
Lopez,    Fr.  Baldomero,    lir-120, 

.373,  374. 
Lopez,     Fr.  Jacinto,     120,     141, 

398,  400. 
Lopez,  Fr.  Guardian.  148. 
Lopez,  Fr.  Julian,  248,  253. 
Lopez,  Ger^mino,  200. 
Lora,  Fr.  see  Ramos. 
Lorenzana,  Archbishop,  67. 
Loreto,  6-8,  12,  14,  16-18,    20-23, 

25,  26;  29,  60,  61,  132,  143, 2.30, 

233  234. 
Los  Angeles,  44,    130,   175,    2a3- 

208,  4-29-4.30,    468,  476,  48  -.88. 
Los  Angeles  Star,  277,  279. 
Los  RoDles,  256. 
"Los  Cristianos,"  4". 
Lower  California,  l*6o,  179,    211, 

231,  260. 
Lower  California  missions,  6,    7, 

10,  26,  28-32,  la-;. 
Lower  Lake,  473. 
Lull,  Fr.  122. 
Luciano,  Rev.  see  Osuna. 
Lucio,  Fr.  see  Saenz. 
Luyano,  Fr.  Juan  B.,  (S,  J.)  31. 
Luzivilla,  Francisco,  3. 
Malabehar,  Fr.  4.30. 
Mallorca,  4,  87,  219. 
Mallorca,  Fr.  Juan  de  (S.J.)  30. 
Manilla,  Fr.  (O.  P.)  241. 
Majaiapu,  432. 
Manogue,  Rt.  Rev.  488,  489. 
Manufactures,  131,  151. 
Manzanilla,  20,  233,  328. 
Manuscripts  destoyed,  193. 
Mapipinga,  118. 
Margarita,  43. 
Margil,  Ven.  Fr.  95,  4G3. 
Maricopas,  492. 
M-iria  Magdalena,  43. 
Mariano,  Fr.,  see  Payeras. 
Marron,  Juan  M.  427. 
Marron,  Brother,  202. 


—  505  — 


Marin,  County,  4i5. 
Marquinez,  Fr.  141,  2S5,  28G,  37G, 

377. 
Mariner,  Fr.  110,   118,    120,    234, 

235,  2:{8.  317. 
Marriage  ceremony,  297. 
Mirtiarena,     Fr.     Manuel,      119, 

141,  202,  :300.  ;i09,  381,  398,408. 
Mnrtin,  Fr.  Juan,    119.   138,150, 

170,  270,  3G.3,  405-407. 
Martin,  Fr.  Fernando,  150,    181, 

2.39  241. 
Martinez,  Fr.  Antonio,  4,  7,  26, 

30.   141,   150,  1.55,  159-101,  273, 

23.3,  280. 
Martinez,  Fr.   Adrlano,  120,  .398, 

400. 
Martinez,  Ignacio,  444. 
Mason,  Gov.  190,  288. 
Masonic,  hatred,  3,  6,  .32,  ig."". 
Masses  for  the  dead,  7. 
Master  of  novices,  202,  211,  132. 
Matanchel,  5. 
Matamo,  2.37. 
MayorfT-i,  Don,  82,  88,  89, 
Mazatian,  2,  313,    ;{:54. 
Mechanics    and    mx-hanical    in- 
dustries, 130-132. 
Mc  Clory,  Fr.  A.  468,  488,  490. 
McKinley  and  Foster  .322. 
Meals  at  the  mission,  215-216. 
Measurements  between  missions, 

38.5. 
Meeting  at  Santa  Barbara,  199. 
Meier,  Rev.  4:i0. 
Mekeguwe,  ;353. 
Memorial  of  Fr.  Horra,  125. 
Memphis,  203-208,  465,  407. 
Meneodez,   Fr.  Antonio,    (O.  P,) 

170.  241,  .3.59. 
Mendocino  County,  208,  465. 
Mendoza.  Mariano,  317-318. 
Mercado,  Fr.  Jose.  264,  173,    190, 

.^33.  .3.34,  .385,  387,  443,  444. 
Merced,  139. 

Merelo,  Fr.  120,  141,  249,  233,.*^ 03. 
Mercy  Hospital,  468. 
Merino,  Fr.  Ag..  120,   .390. 
Mescatitlau,  .3.52. 
Mesa   492. 

Method,  Spanish,    108,212. 
Method  Franciscan,  212-218,  279. 
Meti.  237. 

Mexican  congress,  166,  168. 
Mexican  republic,  156,  240. 
Mexico,    independence  of.  155. 


M-xico,  193,  209,  218,  429. 
Mexican  revolution,  143. 
Michael,  Fr.,  see  Richardt. 
Micheltorena,  Gov.  18S,  191,  194, 

427. 
xMichoacan,  100. 
Middletown,  473. 
Mij,'uel,  Fr.  Jose,    120,    125,   271, 

272,  285,  .3.51,  371. 
Miracle,  48. 

Mira  Vallez,  Coant  de,  167. 
Mission  results,  72,  107-108. 
Mission  system,  89,  107,  108,  177, 

338. 
Mission  property,  1.54,  188,  190. 
"Mission  Indians,"  277,  279-281. 
Missions  m  Upper  California,  12, 

62,  71,  119,  140,  150. 
Missions,  Franciscan. 213-218,  279. 
Missions,  state  of,  153. 
Missions  robbed,  181,  193. 
Missions  first  seculariz'^d,  178. 
Missions,  Franciscan,   214-215. , 
Missions,  Spanish,  108. 
M's^^ionary  revenues,  128. 
Missionaries,  Catholic,  218. 
Missionaries  refuse,  90. 
Missionaries,  treatment  of,  91, 
Missionary  troubles,  110,  142. 
Missions,  79,  119. 
Missions  for  Non -Catholics,  492. 
Missionaries  serving   alone,    110, 

111. 
Missionaries  thanked,  121. 
Missionaries  exonerated,  128. 
Mission  system,  change  of,  133. 
Missions'  aid  to  soldiers,  153-1.54. 
Missionaries,    first   in  California, 

1.  2,  6. 
Missionaries,  new,  20,  61,  68,  140, 

141. 
Missionaries,  distribution  of  first, 

62. 
Missionaries    in   California,    116, 

119,  171. 
Mofras,  42,  242,  275,  288,  396,  429, 

439. 
Mojave  River,  1.38. 
Monument  to  Fr.  Serra,  103. 
Moncada,  see  Rivera. 
Monjerio,  213,  279. 
Mtmterey,  11-13,  16,  19,  20,  25-26, 

,35,  .39,  46,  49,  50,   52.57,   59  65, 

73-76,  78,  79,  81,  87,  97,  103,  154, 

158,  160,  164,  171,  194,  199,  219, 

220,  226,  227,  229-231,   246,  252, 


506  — 


253,  258,  288,  282,  289.  291,  313, 

348,  352,  372,  327,  38:^. 
Monterey  arsenal,  154. 
Monterey,  viceroy,  1. 
Monterey  expedition,  19. 
Montecito,  45G,  458. 
Mora,  Bishop,  206,  429,  430,  484. 
Mora,  Fr.  Vincente,  (O.  P.)  26. 
Moraga,   123,    139,    140,   291-294, 

302.  324,  327,  329.  399. 
Morales,  Manuel  Garcia,  27. 
Morau,  Fr.  Juan,  4,  G,  IV,  28.  54. 
Moreno,  Fr.  Rafyel,  3;i3,  173,  180, 

181,  192. 
Moreno,  Fr.  Juan,  194,   197,    "57, 

36G,  .368,  377,  401,  402,  409,  410, 

437. 
Mormons,  428. 
Mortality,  179,  310,  .3.31. 
Mother  Mary  of  Jesus,  64. 
Mountains,  Caw,  1.55. 
Mugiirtegui,    Fr.  Pablo,    74,    75, 

102,  105,  116,  220,  232,  283,  304, 

311,  316,  375. 
Mulege,  7,  14,  17.  21,  .30. 
Mufioz,  Fr.  Pedro,  139,    141,  406, 

412,  414. 
Murguia,  Fr.   5,  6,  17,  21.  £5,  28, 

29,  33,  65.  68.  71,   87,   91,  116, 

282,  283,  293,  324,  327,  32P. 
Muro,  Fr.  Miguel,  190,    197,  311, 

395,  396. 
Murder  of  Fr.  Jayme,  222. 
Murder  of  Fr.  Bergmeier,  206-07. 
Murder  of  Fr.  Quintana,  375-376. 
Mutsua  vocabulary,  436. 
Mutsunes.  399. 
Nacimiento,  46. 
Nactre,  Eugene,  264. 
Nanaguani,  440. 
Napa,  446,  447. 
Napa  Creek,  446. 
Nauer,  Bro.  Aloysius,  463. 
Neuman,  Fr.  Maximilian,  467. 
Neve,  Gov.  84,  85.    91,    106,    107. 

110,  113,  121,  1.32,  133,  230,  336, 

:338,  347,  484. 
Neve's  animosity,  91. 
New  San  Francisco,  447,  ^48. 
New  Missions,  119. 
Nierman,  Fr.  Pius,  467.  490. 
Nipaguav,  221. 
Noboa,  Fr.  Diego,  89,  93,  94,  116, 

119.  234.  327,  328. 
Nocedal,  Fr.  Jos^,  76,  293,  294. 
Nogueyra,  119. 


Nolte,  Fr.  J.  468,  473,  479,  483. 
Nootka,  119,  372,  380. 
Noriega.  Fr.  101,  114,  116,  247. 
North  Beach,  77,  290. 
Noticias  of  Fr.  Palou,  23,  24,  301. 
Notfs,   critical,   of  Fr.  Sanchez, 

169,  170. 
Notes  of  Fr.  Duran,170. 
Novato,  442. 
Novatus,  Fr.,  491,  492. 
No  vena,  52. 

Novices  at  San  Luis  Rey,  430  432. 
Novices,  first  at   Santa  Barbara. 

200. 
Novitiate  at  Santa  Barbara,  199, 

200,  2C9,  211. 
Novitiate  at  San   Luis  Rey,  430, 

461. 
Nuesira  Seiiora  del  Pilar,  6,  28. 
Nuestra  Senora  de   los  Dolores, 

6,10. 
Nuestra  Senora  de  Loreto,  7,   29, 
Nuestra   Sefiora   de    Guadalupe, 

see  Guadalupe. 
Nucz,  Fr.  Joa.,  150.  272,  273,  414. 
Oakland,  177,  310,  477. 
Oath  of  allegiance,  156-158.   240, 

241,  242. 
Oath  of  Bishop  Diego,  185. 
Obert,   Bro.   Eugene,  479,  491. 
O'Brian,  469. 
Ocegueda,  Fr.  432. 
O'Keefe,  Fr.  Joseph,   J.  202,204. 

.-^53,  4H2. 
Olb^s,  Fr.  Ramon.  150,   272.  356, 

376,  377,  422,  434. 
"Old  Missions  of   California"  42, 

92.  179,  244,  280. 
Oliva,  Fr.  Vincente,  150,  192, 199, 

239-242,  250,  273,  309,  322,   406, 

414,  424,  428. 
Olives  cultivated,  150,  239. 
Olompalies,  Caiiada  de  los,  441. 
Old  Town,  40. 
O'Mallev,  Bro.  Joseph,  202,   ^)4, 

.362,  459. 
Opposition  to  regulations,  175. 
Oramas.  Fr.  Cristobal,  116,   119, 

270,  317,  349,  351.  363. 
Ordaz,   Fr.  Bias,    150,    155.   192, 

198,  199,  277,  .309,  311,  322,  323, 

.344,  407  ,416-418,  4.35. 
Orders,  religious,  expelled,  193. 
Ortega,  Joaquin,  427. 
Ortega,  Serg.  45,  232,  314. 
Ortega,  Antonio,  452. 


507 


Orphanage  at  Pdjaro  48,  4r,9-4(^?,. 

Orizaba  Franciscans,  111-145,17.3. 

Orovsoni,  ^/M. 

Orvifio,  Fr.  109. 

Osos  Indians,  ,398. 

Osuna,  Fr.  Luciano,  4C9-470. 

Our  Lady  of  Mt.  Caimel,  40. 

Our  Lady  of  Loreto,  0. 

Our  Lady  of  Refuge,  191.  194. 

Our  Lady  of  Sorrows,  200-201. 

-"Our  Centennial"  50,  289. 

•"Our  Father"  in  Indian  as  at — 

San  Diotfo.  42. 

S?.n  Antcnio,  258. 

San  Gabriel,  '^W. 

San  Juan  Capistrano,  323. 

Santa  Clara,  3So. 

San  Fernando,  418. 

San  Luis  Rev,  429. 

Santn  Inez,  4.39. 

San  Rafael,  445. 

San  Francisco  Solano.  453. 
Paganism,  stubborn,  42. 
Pajaro,    48,    204,   208,   211,     COO, 

458.  459-4(53,  479,  492. 
Pala,   San   Antonio  de,   422-425, 

427. 
Palacios,  Fr,   Martin  de,   20,  21, 

26,  30. 
Palacios,  Fr.  432, 
Pale,  118. 
Palou.   Fr.  Francisco,    4-7.   91], 

14,  16-18.  20-26.  28,    29.   ,32,   .3,'% 

36,  48,  51   54,  60,  63,  06,  68.    71 , 

72,  78.  83.  87,  94,  95.  97-99,    10] , 

103,  104,  112-114,  lie,   220,   226, 

232,247,258-260,282,290,    29 i, 

296,  298-301,  .314,  316,  317,   ;^27, 

.328.  .348. 
Palou 's  objections,  18. 
Pam^  mission,  87. 
Pam6,  118. 
Panella.  Fr.  Jose,    120,   141,   2.3C. 

238,  2,39.  419. 
Pangua.    Fr.    Fran.,   89.   £0,136. 
Panto,  Fr.  Jose,  141,  239. 
Papagos,  492. 
Papal  Bull.  83. 

Papers,  valuable,  destroyed,  19.^. 
Parents,  missionaries  as,  153-154, 

166. 
Parish,   first  at  San   Francisco, 

199. 
Parron,  Fr.  Fernando.  4,  7.  12-14, 

26,  29,  34,  .36,  37,  40,  50,  54,   57, 

59,  62,  219. 


Pasion,  Rio  de  la,  1.39. 

Pass.  Tejon,  1,39. 

Pastoral   letter  of  Fr.  Sarrfa.llG. 

Pastoral  letter  of  the  first  bishop, 

185,  191. 
"Patera"  .352. 
Paterna,  Fr.  Antonio,  20.  61,   62, 

67,  71,    101,    119,    220,   268-270, 

28;),  .3.36,  3^9  351. 
Patron  of  the  diocese,  191. 
Patron   Saints,    San   Louis   Rev, 

4:iO. 
Patronato,  112,  113. 
Paulinus,  Fr,  see  Tolksdorf. 
Paulists,  492. 
Pay  eras,    Fr.  120,    144,    146,    148, 

149-152,  1.53-154,   156,    238,   2;)9, 

247,  363-366,  381,  409,   441,   485, 

486. 
Payeras'  appeal,  486. 
Pedragoso,  El,  .349. 
Pedragoso    Creek,  .353. 
Penances   of  Fr.  Serra,  92. 
Pena,  Fr.  Francisco  de  la,  20,  21, 

.30.  66,  67,  71,    75,    76,    87,    119, 

220,  282,  293,  294,  296,  304,  o24, 

.327,  ;;28,  .37.3. 
Penasquitos  rancho,  240. 
Peralla,  Serg.  39l. 
Perez,  Juan,  14,  b^i,  54,  57,  75. 
Perdimo,  Fr.  Diego  de,  1. 
Petition  of  the  Fathers,  18. 
Petinelli,  Rev.  A.  470,  471. 
Perous-,  132. 

Perez,  Fr.  Bernardino,  173,  180. 
Petition  of   citizens,  188. 
Petition  to  the  Superior  General, 

203. 
Petition  of  Fr.  Serra,  89. 
Pet  iluma,  441,  442,  446. 
Petalumas,  Llano  de  Ics,  441,447. 
Petaluma  Creek,  f:G3. 
Peyri,  Fr.  Antonio,  120,  150,    170, 

2S5,  419.  420,  422-424. 
Thilipp,  Bro.,  487. 
Phoeni.\,  211,  4G1,  463,   479,   491, 

492. 
Pico,  Gov.  194,  197,  252,  S97,  403, 

417. 
Pico  and  Manso,  417. 
Pco,  and  Alvarado,  ,397. 
Pier..s,  Fr.  Miguel,  20,  61,  62,  C5, 

66,  71.  119,  256,  262. 
Pi  mas,  492. 
Pimeria,  ,59. 
Pinole,  216. 


508  — 


Pious  Fucd,  U2,  161,  162,  167, 
168,  181,  188,  190,  197,  216. 

Plan,  Neve's,  92,  133.  a38 

Plan  of  Poi  tola,  51. 

Plunder,  reign  of,  181-183,  193. 

Point  Concepcion,  45. 

Point  Reyes,  77,  289,  290. 

Point  San  Luis,  45. 

Point  Ano  Nuevo.  46.  48. 

Point  Pinos,  46,  47,  50,  56,  57. 

Point  Almejas,  49. 

Point  Angel  Custodio,  49. 

Point  San  Pedro,  49. 

Poisoning  of  Missionaries,  406, 

Pope  Leo  XIII,  203. 

Popeloutecljoni,  397. 

Population,  Indian,  of  Lower  Ca- 
lifornia, 10,  25. 

Portilla,  Captain,  425. 

PorciuncuKi,  Rio,   44. 

Portium^ala,  60. 

Port  of  Monterey  not  found, 46-48. 

Portold,  Gasi  ar  de,  5,  14,  .34,  .36, 
.39,  42,  43,  49,  50,  53-56,  63,  289, 
a37. 

Port  of  San  Francisco,  49. 

Potatoes,  1.32. 

Potter,  Brother,  202. 

Potrero,  306. 

Poverty  of  oan  Buenaventura, 
344. 

Poverty  of  San  Luis  Ohispo,  387. 

Poverty  of  Soledad,  384  .387. 

Prat,  Dr.  14,  ,36,  .39. 

Preaching  of  Fr.  Serra,  92. 

Prefecto  com'sario,  see  comisario. 

Prefect  and  President,  145146. 

Prefect,  Fr.  1,52,  153,  1.56,  164, 
250,  407,  448. 

Preparation  for  death  of  Fr.  Ser- 
ra, 94. 

President,  Fr.  152,  156,  180,  198, 
231,  .364,  .%5. 

Presidio  of  San  Diego,  112,  2.33. 

Presidio  of  Santi  Barbara,  112. 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  112. 

Prestamero,  Fr.  Juan,  20,  21,  30, 
.33,  68,  71,  75,  282. 

Principe,  ship,  229. 

Prices  for  j)roduce,  113. 

Priest,  first,  201. 

Principio,  Rio,  77. 

ProhiV)ition  to  confirm.  84. 

Propagation  of  the  Faith,  Society 
of,  470,  471. 

Propaganda,  Ccngr.  de,  203,  421. 


Property,  mission,  restored,  180. 
Protest  of  Fr.  Payeras,  153  154. 
Protest  of  Fr.  Guardian,  llH. 
Protestant,  defense  l)y  a,  91. 
Province  of    the    Sacred   Heart, 

203  204,  208,  456,  459. 
Pueblo,  19. 

Puente,  Den  Jcs<^  de  la,  168. 
Puers,  Fr.  Eugene,  465,  467. 
Pujol,  Fr.  120.  141.  106. 
Punishments,  174,  217,  .303. 
Purisima,    Lower     California,   7, 

10,  17,  21,  23,  ."O,  87. 
Purisima   Mission,  fc8,   1C7,    144> 

1.56,  162,  190,  191,  195,  2.36.  £85» 

316,  .356,  362,  370,  405.  435,  440. 
Purisima  mission  lands,  .367. 
Purisima  rancherias,  .367. 
Purisima   statistics,  .370. 
Purisima  sold,  368. 
Quapa,  118. 
Quarrel  with  Fages.  66. 
Quer^taro     college,  4,    7.  82,  88, 

103,  106,  138,  167,  227,  2£9,  £83, 

290. 
Quij.as,  Fr.  173.  190,  .311,  334,  395, 

443.  444,  452.  453. 
Quintana,  Fr.  Andres,   141,   375, 

476. 
Quiros,  Capt.,  29.3. 
Raab,  Fr.  Felix,  208. 
Railroad,  Southern  Pacific,  138. 
Ramirez,  Pedro,  188,   265. 
Ramirez,  Fr.  Juan,  3. 
Ramirez,  Rtv.  Ig.  Arellano.   322. 
Ramos,  Fr.  de  Lora,  5,  6,  24,  28. 
Rauchena,  10. 

Rancherias  near  San  Diego,  237, 
Rancherias  of  San  Juan  Bautis- 

ta,  .398. 
Rancherias  of  San  Rafael,  442. 
Range,  San  Gabriel,  1.39. 
Raynerius,  see  Dickneite. 
Razon,  gente    de,  see     gente    de 

razou. 
Re  d.  Fr.  Antonio,  17.3,  190,  197, 

i:52,    .311.  .379,  .397. 
Re  il,  Fr.  Jos^.  173,  251,  252,  311, 

.333. 
Febt  i  ding  of  San  Diego,  229. 
R  c(  ption  of  novices,   430. 
Reception    of    the      first    bishcp 

187. 
Rechsteiner,  Fr.  Mar.  208. 
Ro-3eJication  of    San  Luis  Rey^ 

430. 


509  — 


-RiHluc-tion  of  Ihe  missions.  12:2. 
Refutation,  126.128. 
-  Re^'idort's,  124. 
Registers  restored,  232 
Refjuhitions,  mission,  215-210. 
Reijulations    of   Go\.,    Figueroa, 

175. 
Rejrulations  of  tlie  Fr.  Guardian, 

l.%-137. 
Regulations  of  Don  Galvez.  18. 
Regulation  of  J781,  p.  122. 
Reid  and  WorUniar),  277. 
Reid,  Bro..  Dominic,  202,  .%2. 
Reinsdorf,  Fr.  Romuaid.  -168. 
Reisdorftr,  Rev.  P.  J.  470. 
Rehicionts,  1,  2,  3. 
Relics  of  Fr.  Serra,  101-102. 
Religion.  Indian,  296. 
Religious  Orders,  429. 
Remarkable  siory,  258-259. 
Remedies,  78. 
Rengel,  General,  362. 
Renunciation  of  Tedos  Santos, 22, 
Reply  ofFr.  Serra,  83. 
Replies  of  the  Fathers,  165. 
Report,  Fr,  Palou's,  24,  28. 
Reports,  113,  117.    120,    121,    125, 

135,  136,  140, 148-149,  i79,  359, 

364. 
Report,  Fr.  Duran's,  191-193. 
Represen<^ation  of  Fr.  Serra, 281. 
Republic,  Mexican,  156. 
Requests  granted,  18. 
Resignation  of  Gov.  Fages,  116. 
Reservation  plan,  218. 
Results  of  secularization,  180. 
Retirement  of  mi.ssionaries,  114. 
Retreat,  see  Spiritual  Exercises. 
Revenues  of.  the  bi.shoj',  191. 
Revenues,. missionarv,  128,  129. 
Revolt,  Indian,  ;22,  "79,   162,  222- 

225,  356,  4:35. 
Revolution,  Mexican,  143. 
Reyes,  Bishop,  105. 
Reyes  rancho,  411. 
Rpyes,  Fr.  Antonio,  f8. 
Richardt.  Fr.  Michael,  206,  2G9, 

479,  490,  491. 
Riding  of  the  Indians,  114,  153. 
Rieman,  Fr.  Gabriel,  468. 
Riemann.    Fr.    Stanislaus,     472, 

476,  479. 
Rietti,  Fr,  Ubaklo  da,   458,  459, 

470,  486. 
Rincon,  vJ53, 
Jlio-delvCarmeJo,  ,46,. 216,  250. 


Rio  San  Antonio.  45. 
j  Rio  San  Diego,  222. 
i  Rio  San  Gabriel,  266,  484. 
I  Rio  San  Migu^^l,  266. 
j  Rio  de  los  Temblores,  267. 

Rio  Santa  Ana,  44. 
j  Rio  Santa  Inez,  45.  353,  362. 

Rio  Santa   Maria,  45. 

Rio  Salinas,  256. 

Rio  Pdjaro,  48. 

Rio  Porciuncula,  481. 

Rio  San  Lorenzo,  48,  .373. 
I  Rio  San  Joaquin,  87,  394,  441. 

Rio  Colorado,  92,  1.3.3,  1.38. 

Rio  d(<  San  Clemenle,  117. 

Rio  de  la  Pasion,  1,39. 

Rioboo,  Fr.  Juan,  20.  21,  27,  28, 
89,  93,  114,  116.  234.  .317. 

Riordan.  Most  Rev.  P.  204,  46i, 
472,  473,  475-477. 

Rics  and  Reed,  410. 

RipoU,  Fr.  Antonio,  1.50,  158, 
356,    .357,  365. 

River,  Santa  Rrsn,  .362. 

River,  Merced.  1.39. 

River,  Mojave,  1.38. 

River,  Sacramento.  1.39.  441. 

River,  Russian,  155. 

Rivera,  Fernando,  14,  36,  .39.49, 
70.  78,  79.  226-228,  230,  231, 
283,  289-293.  .324. 

Robinson,  187,  188,  264,  275,  279, 
343,  .394,  407,  409,  436. 

Robert,  Bro..  491. 

Rodriguez,    Com.  125.  238,  .318. 

Rodriguez,  Fr.  Antonio,  141,  150, 
286,  434. 

Romanis,  Rev.  C.  de,  470,472. 

Rome,  207,  209,  424,  430. 
j  Romeu,  Gov.  .371, 
j  Romeu.  Jos^  Antonio,  116. 

Romo,  Fr.  Jos(J  M.  202,  203,  361, 

.362. 
I  Rosales,  Rev.  Jos«,  192,  345. 
I  Romero.  Felipe,  22-.*. 
I  Round  Valley,  155,  ^75. 
I  Route  between  Velieatd  and  San 
;      Diego,  34. 

jRubf,  Fr.  M.  116,  119,  .",71.  381. 
:  Rubio,  Fr,    Gonzalez,    173,    181, 
190,    194,    198,    199.    201,    202, 
.333,  .359,  .394,  ."95,  458. 

Rule,  Ten,  178. 
I  Ruiz,  Lieut,  2.39,  240. 
I'Rules  of  St.  Francis,  liu-117. 
I-Runaways,  124. 


510  — 


Sacalanes,  ."02-303. 

SacTiimento  Viilley,  155. 

Sacramento,  209,  467,  468,  488-91. 

Sacramento  River,  139,  441. 

Sacred  Heart  Province,  456. 

Saenz  Fr.  Lucio,  141,  400. 

Sagshijiieel,  352,  3513. 

Saizar.  Fr.  Juan,  141,  150,  309., 

Sajirit,  316. 

Sal,  Com.  Ill,  113,  117,  125,  304, 

372  373 
Salazar,  Fr.  119-121,  373,  37^. 
Salinas,  or  saltworks,  18,  46. 
Salinas,  River,  46. 
Salary  of  the  Bishop,  184. 
Salary  of    the    missionaries,    see 

Stipends. 
"Sale"  of  Indulgences,  86. 
Sale  of  missions.    196,     see    also 

Local  history  of  each  mission. 
Salmeron,  Fr.  Zarate,  1-3 
Salmon,  Alejo,  194. 
Salvatierra,  Fr.  Jos^^  Maria,    (S. 

J.)  29,  167. 
Salve  Regina,  13. 
Salsona  Indians,  295.        * 
San  Antonio    Mission,  19,  65,  71, 

86.  94,  97,  117.    118,    164,    178, 

180,  190,  220,  246,  2i8,  249,  258, 

256-265.  281.  .382,  385,  388,404- 

407,  4L6,  487. 
San  Antonio,    ship,    14,    20,    .3;  ' 

36,  .37,  39,  50,  51,  53,  55,  56,  61, 

63,  64,  73,  76,  95. 
San  Antonio,  Rio,  45. 
San    Antonio,    missionaries    for, 

62. 
San  Antonio  mission  lands,  264. 
San  Antonio  statistics,  265. 
San  Antonio  de  Pala,  see  Pala. 
San  Bias,  5,    18,   20,  26,    .36,  37, 

39,  61,  67,  69,  76,  77,  87,    131. 
San  Benito  Creek,  .399. 
San  Benito,  117,  .397. 
Saa  Bernardino  Couity.  138. 
San  Bernardino,  271,  "^72. 
San  Bernardino  Plains,  117. 
San  Bernardino  Times,  271. 
Snn  Bruno,  49,  305. 
San   Buenaventura  Miesicn,    12, 

13,  39,  45,  48,  54,  59,  65,  (56,  88, 

93.  112.  116.  118,  145,  151,  178, 

190,  190,  192,  1£6,  201,  233,  268, 

336-346,  347,  411,  412. 
San  Buenaventura,    missionaries 

for,  62,  67, 


San  Buenaventura,  leased.  345. 

San  Buenaventura  statistics, 
345-346. 

San  Carlos,  ship.  13,  14,  20,  .35- 
37,  52,  54.  67,  76,  77,  78,  233, 
290,  292,  294,  301. 

San  Carles  Mission,  13,  48,  60, 
61,  65,  71.  73,  75,  78,  81,  86,  87, 
88,  92,  93,  94,  97,  100,  113,  118, 
119,  1.34,  1.36,  146,  164,  173,  220, 
226,  228,  2.34,  244-255,  256,  260, 
267,  281,  289,  294.  295,  .309,  333, 
35S,  373,  376,  .381,  406. 

San  Carlos  mission  lands,  250. 

San  Carlos    statistics,  252. 

San  Clemente,  Rio,  117. 

San  Clemente,  40,  44,  45,  47,  48, 
50,  51,  53-55,  59,  60,  62-08,  71, 
72,  74,  76. 

Can  Daniel,  Laguna  de,  45. 

San  Diego  Mission,  3,  11,  12,  16, 
19,  20,  25,  27,  32.  34-o7,  iU,  i., 
47,  48,  M,  51,  53-55,  59,  62-8f , 
71-74.  79,  81.  87,  93,  118,  m, 
136,  137,  143,  151,  158,  160,  161 , 
170,  176,  178,  185,  190, 192,  1C6, 
215,  219,  220,  221,  226-228,  2::5.- 
138,  239,  240,  258,  2t6,  267,  281, 
282,  289,  294,  319,  ^m,  411,  412, 
418,  420,  423,  425. 

San  Diego,  sale  of,  242. 

San  Diei,^o,  sickness,  at,  42. 

San  Diego  mission  lands,  240-242, 

San  Diego,  stockade  at,  41. 

San  Diego    statistics,  242-2-14. 

Saa  Diego  Indians,  42, 

San  Dieguito,  241. 

San  Diego,  suffering  at,  50, 

San  Elzeario,  46. 

San  Emilio,  357. 

San  Est^van,  .353. 

San  Felix,  19. 

San  Fernando  de  Velicatd,  14, 
16,  19,  21.  27,  30,  .3.3,  .34. 

San     Fernando,    see    College  of, 

San  Fo-nando  Rey  Mission,  119, 
140.  151,190,  192,  196,  264.  411- 
418,  420. 

San  Fernando  mission  lands,  415. 

San  Fernando    statistics,  117. 

San  Fernando  leased  and  sold, 
417. 

San  Francisco  discovered,  289. 

San  Francisco  de  Asis  Mission, 
19,  4S,  62,  78.  81,  87,  92,  04, 
117,  119,  132,  136-138,  110,155, 


ill  — 


161,  164.  191,  190,  227,  28S.  291, 
313,  321,  32u.  ^ViU,  ;{3i.  372.  373, 

376  :;8i,  :m,  393,  420,  410,  4i3, 

443419,451,452,  4G1. 
Sail  F/ancisjo  mission,  namo  of, 

294. 
Sun  Francisco  mission  lands.  310, 

311. 
San  Francisco    statistics,  313. 
San  Francisco    Bay,    49,  7u,    73. 

87,  95,  439.  440,  444. 
San  Francisco  Presidio,  230,  293. 
39^4,  442. 

San  Francisquito   Creek,  49  291. 

San  Francisco  Borja,  Lower  Ca- 
lifornia, 7,  10.  25,  27.  30,  2,34. 

San  Francisco  Javier,  Lower  Ca- 
lifornia, 6,  7,  10,  14,  16,  21,  23, 
29,  329. 

San  Francisco  Solano  Mission, 
103,  117,  lis,  1(X),  173,  177, 
178,  195,  291,  310,  .311,  446-45.3. 

San  Francisco  Solano  statistics, 
452-45;]. 

San  Francisco  Solano  tribes, 
451. 

San  Gabriel  Mission,  19,  44,  62, 
65,  m.  67,  71.  72,  79,  93.  118, 
132,  136,  138,  139,  151.  161.  164. 
170  171,  173.  190.  192.  19  5.  2(n, 
220.  227,  2:33.  234.  266-281.  311, 
313,  315.  328,  337.  341.  ^56,  359. 
411.  412,  415.  418.  420,423,  42i, 
48^. 

San  Gabriel  mission  lands,  275. 

San  Gabriel  rancherfas,  275. 

San  Gabriel  Range,  139. 

Sao  Gabriel  secularized,  275-276. 

San  Gabriel  statistics,  276. 

San  Gabriel  sold.  277. 

San  Ignacio.  7,  21.  23,  27,  30. 

San  Jacinto.  425,  427. 

San  Joaquin  y  Santa  Ana,  341. 

San  Joaquin  River,  19,  45,  87, 
139.   140,  441. 

San  Jos6,  ship,  47. 

San  Jos(^  Mission.  113,  115,  119, 
130,  1.32,  1.38,  140.  158,  164,  173, 
178,  190,  196,  198,  202,  2  J9,  302, 
:J03,  .359,  .389  .397,  400,  449,  451. 

San  Jo3^  statistics,  .395. 

San  Jose    sold,  .396-.397. 

San  Joso  Comondii,  6,  10,  21, 
23.  30, 

San  Jos^  del  Cabo,  6.  9,  10,  12, 
13,  16,  17,    21,    23,    25,    28,  32, 


328. 
San  Juan  Baut!sta   Mission,  119, 

139,  110. 

178,  195,  196,  309,  375.  379,  397- 

403.  422,  423, 
San     Juan     Bautista       mission 

lands.    102. 
San     Juan     Bautista    statistics, 

403. 
San  Juan  Bant^sta  sold.  403. 
Sa  1  Ju  in  C  H  ist  ano  Mission,  19, 

4.3,   79,  102.  lis.    176,    179,    190, 

112,  1P5,  19(",  227.  229,  230,  2.32, 

234,  239,  260,  273,  311  323,  3(«, 

412,  418,  419,  427. 
San    Juan     Capistrano     mission 

li.nds,  322. 
San  Juan  Capistrano    statistics, 

.323. 
San  Juan  de  Di6s.  25. 
San  Lorenzo  River.  48. 
San  Lucas  Cape.  12,  14. 
S  in  Luis  Gonzaga,  6,  10. 
San  Luis  Obispo  Mission,  19,  45, 

50,  65,  71,   72.    94.   95,   97,    117, 

118.  132,  136.  159,  178,  195,  196, 

2  53,  260,  238,  270,  281-288,  287, 

349,  387,  404,  405,  407,  410,   419. 
San  Luis  Obispo  statistics,  2S6. 
Sau  Jjuis  Point,  45. 
San  Luis  Rev  Mission,    43,    119, 

138,  176,  179,  190,  192,  196,  200, 

209,  211,  2/1,  321,  322,  ,394,  402, 

418-1.32,  459,  461,  485. 
Sao  Luis  Rey  sold,  42F. 
San  Luis  Rey   mission  lands,  423, 
San  Luis  Rey  statistics,  424-425. 
San  Luis  Valley,  235. 
San  Marcos,  117,  .353. 
San  Mateo,  .305,  341. 
San  Mateo  Creek,  291. 
San    Miguel    Mission,    119,    1.38, 

140,  164,  165,  178,  191,  195,  196, 

248,  219,  260,  262,  .382,  402,  404- 

411. 
San  Miguel  mission  lands,  40/. 
San  Miguel  statistics,  409  410. 
San  Miguel  sold,  410. 
San  Miguelito,  285. 
San  Miguel   Bay,  3. 
San  Pascual,  19. 
San  Pedro  Ranch,  310. 
San  Pedro  Creek,  446. 
San  Pedro  Point,  49. 
San  Pedro  Bay,  41. 
San  Rafa-1  Mission,  155,  160,  173, 


512  — 


195,  190,  199,  310,  439,  44G,  447- 
449,  451,  452. 

Sin  Rafjel  rancherias,  442. 

San  Rafffil  sold,  444-445. 

San  RafiBl  statistics,  445. 

San  Ilaf;fil  mission  lands,  442. 

Santa  Ana,  Lower  California,  9, 
11,  12,  18,  19,  22,  60. 

Santa  Ana  River,  44. 

Santa  Barbara  Channel,  44,  93. 

Santa  Barbara  Mission,  45,  53 
59,  107,  120,  126,  128.  1.36,  1.39, 
151,  159,  160,  162,  187.  188,  190- 
192,  196-204.  206-208,  211,  236, 
250,  319,  331,  .336,  340,  345,  347, 
362,  382,  411,  412,  4.32,  4.33,  4.35, 
456-458,  459,  465,  469,  470,  479, 

Sant-i     Barbara    statistics     358- 

359. 
Santa    Barbara      mission    lands, 

358. 
Santa  Barbara  rentod  and  sold, 

361. 
Santa  Barbara  Presidio,  347,  376. 
Santa  Catalina,  44. 
Santa  Clara  Mission,  19,  62,   87, 

94,   117,   118,  119,  129,  140,  161, 

173,  178,  190,  194,  196,  198,  2:i0, 

290,  302,  324  .3;S5,  371,  373,  375, 

397,  400,  443. 
Santa  Clara  mission  lands,  332. 
Santa  Clara  statistics,  .334-3.35. 
Santa  Clara  orchard  sold,  .3.34. 
Santa     Cruz  Mission,     48,     119. 

124,  130, 165,    173,  200,  201,  132, 

370-379. 
Santa  Cruz  mission  lands,  379. 
Santa  Cruz  statistics,  379. 
Santa  Delphina,  46. 
Santa  Eulalia,  449. 
Santa  Gertrudis,  7,  10,  21,  23,  27, 

.30. 
Santa  Isabel,  117,  239,  240,  242, 

427. 
Santa  Inez  MissJor,  139,  110,  151, 

162,  178,  190,  192,  196,  200.  201, 

341,  .3.52,  356,  368,  432-439. 
Santa  lu^z  mission  lands,  4.35. 
Santa  Inez  statistics,  4.36-437. 
Santa  Inez  River,  45,  353. 
Santa  Lucia,  45. 
Santa  Lueia  Peak,  45. 
Santa  Mart^arita  ranch.  287. 
Santa  Marfrarita,  75,425,427. 
Santa  Maria  mission  L.    C.    10, 


14,  27,  .30. 
Santa  Maria  de  los  Angeles,  7. 
Santa  Maria  Rio,  45. 
Santa  Rosn  Rio,    45. 
SantiRosa,  441,. 442. 
Santa  Rosalia,  'i,  14,  21,  23,  .30. 
Sanchez,  Fr.  MiK'.iel,  21,  28,  141^ 

269,  270.  271,  317,  373. 
Sanchez,  Fr.  Jose,  B.  141,    150,. 

156,  163,  165,  169-170,    180,   2,38„ 

239,  273,  275,  :565,  .366,458-459. 
Sanchez,  Fr.  Francisco,  173,  193,. 

194,  199,  202,  345,  .361,  362,  437,. 
4.39. 

Sancho,  Fr.  Juan  de  la  Torre,  4, . 

7,  21.  27,  30,  .31,  141,  150,  263. 
Sandwich  Islands,  171,  275. 
Santa    Maria,    Fr.  Vincente,  20,. 

21.  27,  29,  76,  77,    78,   116,    118.. 

119,  141,  229,  232,  290,338,  340, 

341. 
Santiago    de  las  Coras,  6,  11,  12, 

16,  17,  21,  2;j,  32,  .328. 
Santiago,  ship,  76,  77,  81. 
Santiago,  Fr.  (S.  J^  28. 
Santiaero,  Fr.  Juan  J  isc  Norber. 

116,  141,   301,  316,  319,  418,  419. 
Santillan,  Rev.  P.  313. 
Santa  Anna,  President,  188. 
Sarabia,  see  Arabia. 
Sarri'a,   Fr.    Vincente,    141,   144, 

147,  145,146,  149,  1.50,   156,  1.57, 

158,  160,  180,  249,  356,  38:1,  384, 
Saving,  A.  118-119,  388,  402,  436, 

443. 
Scarcity  of  food  at  Monterey,  63. 
Scarcity  at  San  Carlos,  75,    161. 
Scott,  Wilson,  and  Mc  Kierney, 

288. 
Scurvy,  35.  36. 
Schools,  464,  472,  473,  477. 
Schcenwaelder,       Fr.     Cornelius,. 

204,  465,  467,  468,  486. 
Schlcesser,  Fr.  Kilian,    206.    211, 

479. 
Schots,  Fr.  Fred.   4.'8. 
School,  Classical,  2111 
Scotts  Valley,  473,   4 16. 
Searsville,  49. 
Secularization,     121,      151,     152, 

160,  161.  I(i3,  164,    165-171,    174, 

175,  177,  178,    180,  190, 192,  194, 

195,  218;.251,  270,  .322,  3J4,  344, 
.355,  367,  .378,  388,  .395,  402,  409, 
416,  425.4.36.. 

Senn':^nos  Indians,  .331. 


—  51.3  — 


Seminary    at   Santa    Inez,    19.), 

194,  201,  437. 
Senra,  Fr.  Marcelino,  20,  21,  25, 

28,  31. 
Senan,  Fr.  Jose,  116,  119  120,129 

14.5,  146, 149,  150,  156,  163,   247, 

.341,  .342,  447,  448. 
Serra,    Fr.  Junipero,   4-7,  11-14, 

16,    19,   29.    .34.36,    39-42,     47, 

48,  50-55,  60-72,  74,  79-89,  92-95, 

97,  98,  116.  1.32,    135.    140,    144, 

219,  220.   226-2,34,    245-247,   2.5.3- 

260,  269,  272,   281-283,   288-290, 

291,  295,  298.  300,  315,  317,  326, 

,327,  .3.36-.3.38,  347,  348. 
Serra  and  the  Viceroy,  69. 
Serra's  penances,  92. 
Serra 's  prudence,  66. 
Serra's  statement,  69,  71-73. 
Serra  in  Mexico,  69-74. 
Serra  returns,  74. 
Serra  gives  Confirmation,  86. 
Settlers,  dispute  with,  133. 
Severin,  Bro.  492. 
Shasta.  155. 
Shea,  Dr.  86,  436. 
Sheehan,  Fr.  B.  202. 
Short,  Rev.  Pat.  171. 
Sickness  among  the  explorers,  48, 
Sickness  of  Fr.  Serra,  68,  92,  93. 
Sierra  Gorda,  4,    5,    61,  87,    103, 

,328. 
Sierra  Santa  Lucia.  256. 
Sierra,  Fr.  Benito,  16,  17,  21,  27, 

.30,  76,  77. 
Sierra  Nevada,  1.39. 
Silver  watches,  147. 
Simi,  415. 
Simi  Valley,  118. 
Sinaloa,  20,  2.33. 
Sisters  of  St.  Dominic.  487. 
Sitjar,  Fr.  Buenaventura,  20,  61, 

62,  66,  67,  71,  100  101,  117,    119, 

125,  141,  249,  256,  258,  260,  262, 

.380,  404,  405. 
Soberanes,  Feliciano,  388. 
Societies,  464. 
Sodomy,  326. 
Sola,  144,  152-156,  310,  .376,    440, 

485. 
Sola,     Fr.    Faustino,    116,     283, 

•M)l. 
Solano,  443. 

Solano  and  Dolores,  449. 
Soldiers,  misconduct  of,  91,  268, 

415. 


Solodad  Mission,    119.    1-52,  178, 

195,  196,  .370,   ,372,  378.389. 
Soledad  statistics,  .388,  389. 
Soledad  sold.  .388. 
i  Soler,    100,  108-110,  121. 
!  Soler,  Fr.  Jose,  59. 
I  Soler's  plan   nnd    absurd  report, 

109-110. 
I  Solis  revolt,  159. 
Solteros,  18. 
Somera,  Fr.  Angel,  20,  20,  61,  62, 

66,  67,  220.  266,  267. 
Sonoma,  446,  447,  449,  453. 
Sonoma  Creek,  441. 
\  Sonora,  schooner,  77,  78. 
Sonora,  4,  16,  59,  75,   80,    82,  87, 

88,  106,  107,  128,  136,    145,    152, 

165,  167,  181,  184. 
Sotomavor,  171,  180,  .396. 
Sosa,  Fr.  Mariano,  (O.P.)  273. 
Southern  Pacific,  R.  R.  138. 
South  Bend,  Ind.,  479. 
Spanish  language,  126-127. 
Spanish  territory,  1.37. 
Spaniards,  Franciscan,  158. 
Spoliation,  method  of,  181. 
Spiritual  Exercises  of  Fr.  Serra, 

.327. 
Spiritual  Exercises,  1.36-137,  147. 
St.  Agnes,  4.33. 
St.     Anthony's,    San  Francisco, 

209,  479,  481-484. 
St.     Boniface',     San    Francisco, 

204,  208,  464-468. 
St.    Elisabeth's,    Fruitvale,  209, 

477-479. 
St.  Francis,  44,  64,   48,  49,  146, 

191,  259,  288,  290,  292,  294,  296. 
St.  Francis  de  Sales,   191. 
St.  Francis'  Orphanage,    P^jaro, 

459,  see  Pdjaro. 
St.  Francis'  Church,  San    Fran- 
cisco, 199. 
St.  Francis,  Sacramento.  488-491. 
St.  Joseph,  Patron,  12,    13,   .36, 

39,  46,  52,  53,  95. 
St.  Mary's,  Phoenix,  491-492. 
St.  Michel,  Archangel,  231. 
St.    Turibius    Mission,    155,  208 

465,  467-477,  479. 
St.    Turibius    mission  statistics, 

St.  Louis,'  Mo.  207,  208,  211,  464- 
Stanford,  Mrs.  Leland,  103. 
Starvation,  .385.387. 
State  of  t.  missions,  71,  72,  73,  142, 


5]  4  — 


Statistics    of     Upper    Califoraia 

missions,  455. 
Statistics,  see  Local  History    of 

each  mission. 
Statistics   of    Lower    C'alifornia, 

28-32. 
Statistical  report-s  cease,  178. 
Statistical,  116,  129-130,  141,  150, 

162-ia3,  179,  183. 
Stipends  fcr  missionaries,  61,  122, 

128,  142-143,  154,  162,  198. 
Stipends,  unpaid,  162. 
Stockton,  140. 

Stock-Raising,  1.30.  141,  178,  183. 
Story,  A,  remarkable,  258-259. 
Struewer,  Bro.  Beatns,  204,  464. 
Stubborn  paganism,  42. 
Stuecker,  Fr.  Quirin.  483.  486. 
Suisun,  441,  447,  449. 
Sulphur  Banks,  473,  476. 
Suner,  Fr.  Francisco,    141,    150, 

249,  319,  321,  342,  344,  356,  357, 

422. 
Sunol  and  Pic),  445 
Supreme  Court  U.  S.  197. 
Sweathouse,  Indian,  472. 
System,  wrong,  8. 
Taboada,  Fr,  see  Gil  y  Taboa. 

da. 
Tacavme,  419. 
Tacopin,  118. 
Tacuenga,  118. 
Taguaqui  232. 
Taguasmiki,  380. 
Tajunga  Mountains,  415. 
Tamales,  297,  442. 
Tamascal,  Fr.  Nicolas,  (S.  J.)  28. 
Tatillosti,  .398. 
Tapis,  Fr.  116,  126,  1.35,  136, 139. 

143,  145,  150,  248,  249,  271,  285, 

318,  .351,  .353,  .365,  371,  .376,  393, 

400-403,  420,  422,  4.32-434. 
Tares  Indians,  .324. 
Taxes,  162. 

Tax,  ecclesiastical,  128. 
Taylor,  423. 
Tayuayam.  ,349. 
Teaching  Spanish,  41. 
Tehachapi  Pass,  1.39. 
Tejada,  Fr.  Franc.  Javier,  22,27. 
Tejon  Pass,  139. 
Tello,  Fr.  Antonio,  1 
Temblores,  44,  267. 
Temecula,  427. 
Temescal,  472. 
Tempe,  492. 


Temple,  John,  368. 

Temporal  management,  146,  358- 

.359. 
Ten  year  rule,  178. 
Tepic,  5,  19,  22,  61,  68,  74,    233. 
Tequedeuma,  427. 
Tertiaries,  202. 
Teutopolis,  206,  207,  208. 
Texas,  95,  .396,  429,  463. 
Thamien,  .324. 
Third  Order,  464. 
Tiburon,  442. 
Tiles,  350. 
Tiscareno,  Fr.   4.30. 
Tithes,  162. 
Titles  to  lands,  196. 
Tixlini,  281. 
Todos  Santos,  6,  9,  10,  12,  17,  22. 

23,  28,  29,  .32,  60. 
Tokeene,  ,353. 

Tolksdorf,  Fr.  P.,  464,   465,  467. 
Torrens,    Fr.    Hilario,    116,    120, 

234.  2,35,  317. 
Transfer  of   California  Missions, 

see  Cession. 
Travelling  expenses,  19,  89,    12;^. 
Trial  of  Fr.  Martinez,  159-160. 
Treatment  of  missionaries,  91 
Triunfo,  118. 
Troops,  aid  from    the    missions, 

155 
Troubles     of     the     missionaries, 

143-144. 
Trinidad,  Trinity  Bay,  77. 
Tucson,  110.  479. 
Tularcitos,  250. 
Tulares,  406,  407,  409,  411. 
Tulare  Lake,  1.38. 
Tulare  Valley,  138. 
Tulea,  .38. 
Tuyunga,  118. 
Ubaldo,  Fr.,  see  Rietti. 
Uhrmacher,  Bro.  N.  472,  476,  479. 
Ulibarri  or  Ullibarri,  Fr.  141,150, 

.365,  400,  414,  415,  4.34. 
Ululatos,  451. 

Ukiah,  155,  465,  467,  473,  475. 
United  States.  196,  197,  218,  277, 

288.  .345,  429. 
Unpaid  drafts  and  stipends,  162. 
Upper    California,    211,   288,  see 

California. 
Upper  Lake,  473,  476. 
Urfa  Fr.  J.  A.  120,  1.38,  141,  .376, 

.390,  .^91,  412. 
Un'a  Fr.  F.  X.  120,  150,  180,  348, 


515 


344,  376,  3a3,  407,  411,  412,  4.33- 

435. 
Urresti,     Fr.   Jos(''   A.   141,     271, 

272,  318,  319.  341,  353,  412,  414. 
Ursulino,  224,  225. 
Usson.  Fr.  Ramon,  20,  21,  25,  29, 

G8,  71,  75,  76,  260. 
Usurpation,  91. 
Vahia,  or  Vatica,  401. 
Valdes,  Gervasio,  194. 
Valle  de  Filaco,  87. 
Valle,   Ifrnacio  de,  .379. 
Valle,  Antonio,  416. 
Vallejo,  Ig.  123,  329,  395. 
Vallejo,   M.  G.  396,  444,  452. 
Vallejo,  Jose  395. 
Vallev,  Big  155. 
Vallev,  Encino,  118. 
Valley.  San  Luis,  2.35. 
Vftlley,  Jesus  Maria,  1.55. 
Valley,  Round,    155,  475. 
Valley,  Anderson.  475. 
Vallev,  Sacraii-ento,  1.55. 
Valley.  Tulare,  1.38. 
Vallev,  Simi,  118. 
Valverde,  2.39. 

Vancouver,  305,  306,  329,  330,  340, 
Vandalism,  193. 
Vandieman's  Land,  42. 
Vcara,  measure,  .350. 
Velasquez,  Lieut,  27. 
Verger,  Fr.  Rafa?l,  23,  25,  84. 
Velicata,  14,  16,  19,    21,   27,    34, 

51,  68. 
Venadito,  viceroy,  151. 
Vegerano,  Jose  Maria,  killed,  41. 
Vernacular,  126-127,  146,  148. 
Verdugo,  Corp.  225. 
Veyti.i,  Fr.  Juan  de  Medina,    5, 

7.  21,  27,  32. 
Viader,  Fr.  Jose,  120,    140,    150, 

161,  173,  180,  329,  .331 .3.33,   375, 

399. 
Viaticum  to  Fr.  Serra,  97. 
Vicar-general,  1.36,  145,    146,  156, 

180.  181,  198-202. 
Vicario  foraneo,  120. 
Vieario  castrense,  120. 
Vice-prefect,  146,    156,    180,    181, 

190,  202. 
Victoria,     or    Vitoria,  Fr.  Anto- 
nio, 181,  .318,  319,  .341-343,  353, 

.366,  .368,  414,  4.35. 
Victoria,  Gov.  164,  423. 
Victor.  Fr,  see  Aertker. 
Victoria,  President,  1.57. 


Victorin,   Bro.  479. 

"Vida   del  Padre    Junipero     Ser 

ra"  .300.301. 
Vila,    Vincente,  14,  .37,  .39,  47,  52, 

289 
Villa,  Diego,  194. 
Villumbrales    Fr.    Andres,  4,   6, 

21,  27,  .30.  .31. 
Villuendos,  Fr.  Francisco,  21,  28. 
Violation  of  Church  Asylum,  129. 
Violence  to  Fr.  Barona,  ,321. 
Vinevards,  1.32. 
Vina  Is,  Fr.  Jos^    120,    141,    247- 

249. 
Virtues  of  Fr.  Serra,  104-105. 
Virmond,  .394. 
Visalia,  1.39. 

Visitador  General,  9,  12,  288. 
Visitations,  203,  479. 
Vizcaino,  Sebastian,  2,  3,   47,  56, 

57. 
Vizcaino,  Fr.    Juan,    14,    16,   35, 

.36,  39,  41,  50  54. 
Vocabulario,  258,  436. 
Vocations,  203. 
Wade,  Fr.  P.  202. 
Wagons,  148. 

Wallischeck,  Fr.  Peter,  208.  211. 
Wards  of  the  missionaries,  153. 
Washerwoman's  Bay,  291. 
Washington  ship,  ;^80. 
Water- power,  1.32. 
Watsonville,  204,  459,  464. 
Wealth  of  the  missions,  121,  128. 

154:  see  Exaggeration, 
Weaversville,  155. 
Weaving,  318. 

Weis.  Fr.  Bernardin,  207,  211. 
Wendelin,  Bro.  490,  491. 
Wewer,   Bro.  Adrian,  490,  491. 
White  population.    1.30. 
Wickenburg,  492. 
Wiewers,  Fr.  Alovsius,  208,  458, 

483,486. 
William,  Fr.  see  Dempflin. 
William  Williams,  428. 
Wilms,   Bro.  Arnold,  476. 
Wirz.  Fr.  Herman,  461. 
Wine,  1.32,  .309. 

Wojciechowski,    Bro.,  Pac,  476. 
Wolf,  Rev.  S.  464. 
Worldly  extravagance,  148. 
Wounds  of  St.  Francis,  46.  86. 
Writings  of  Fr.  Palou,  .300-.301. 
Writings  of  Fr  Deymann,  463. 
Xalisco,  Cronica  de,  1. 


516 


Xalisco,  College,  see  Jalisco. 
Yanonalit,  347,  348. 
Yerba  Buena  Island,  117. 
Yumas,  92,  296,  348. 
Zacatecas  College,  171, 173,  178, 

180,  190,  198,  202,  333,   402,  430, 
Zacatecas    church,  185. 
Zacatecanos,  171,    173.   174,    177, 

180,  181,  190,  197,  198,  264,  275, 

311,  333,  359,  377,  379,  403,  443, 

452. 


Zalvidea,  Fr.  139,  141,  150,  170, 
192,  271-273,  279,  318,  321,  322, 
412,  427,  428. 

Zaragoza,  233. 

Zamorano,  169. 

Zamudio,  Fr.  Bernardino  de,    1. 

Zeal  of  Fr.  Serra,  79. 

Zephyrin,  Fr.,  see  Engelhardt. 


U.  I.  0.  S,  D. 


('orri^enda. 

Papre  8,    lino  2,     road  -ecclesiastical. 

in,    „     2,  from   bottom,    omit— to, 

16     ,,     7,      ,,  ,,      ,     read— accompanied. 

1".    ..     2,      ,,  ,,      ,    road — succeeded. 

19,  note   four,  re  id— settlement. 

20,  line  6,  from    bottom,     read— Juan  Antonio   Rioboo. 
•5*'.     ..      5,      ..  ,,       ,     read— establishment. 
X<.    .1     2,      ,,             ,,      ,    read— Villuendas,   Franci.sco. 
^1     I.      17,    ,,              ,.      ,     read— concluded. 
66,  line  9,  from  bottom,    read— prudence. 
88,     ,,      8,  from    bottom,      read— returning. 
99,    ,,    1,      „              „      ,     read— mournful, 
101,  ,,    21,  read— handkerchief. 
Ill,  ,,    2,    road — necessary. 
Ill,  „    8,  read— kings. 
123,  „    4,  from  bottom,        read— 1797. 
127,  note,  read — missionaries. 
i:C,      ,,    10.  from  bottom,  read— relations  with. 
i;W,      „    27-28,  omit  clause— "then  it  seems  stationed 

at  San  Jose." 
141,      ,,    1."),   from   bottom,  read— F.  J.  Uria. 
16.5,      ,,    21,  read— happened. 
178,      ,,    11,  read— ecclesiastical. 
191,      ,,    19,  read— declares, 
194,      „    18,  read— Ambris. 
200,      ,.    2,    read— preparatory. 
2(X),      ,,    i;{,    read — announced. 
203,      ,,    12,    read — recruit. 

206,  ,,    12,  read — occurred. 

207,  ,,     14,  read- interim. 
216,      „    10,  from  bottom,  read— each. 
2:54,      ,.    13,  read— past  for  part. 
236,     ,,    2,  read— Jos^. 
254,      „    8,  read-slab. 
264,      ,,    4,  read— seventy-five. 
264,  note  line  2,  read — south. 
273,  for  note  21,  read— 3. 
287,  line  3,  from  bottom,  read— dysentery 
;^01,  note  line  11,    read— truth. 
342,      ,,    17,  read- Buenaventni'a. 

414,  „  7,  from  bottom  read— transferred. 

415,  ,,  10,   read — stationed. 
417,  .,  9,  from  bottom,   read— management. 
422,  ,,  22,   read— Ger6nimo. 
429,  ,  21,   read— religious. 
4;M,  „  15,   from  bottom,   read-convent. 
442,  ,,  18,  read— tho  rancheria. 
495,  „  43,  for  Arrellano,  Fr.,  read— .\rrellan().  Rev. 


'0S35518499 


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